UHlaziyo lweshumi elinesine kuMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States lungolunye lweziseko ezinamandla nezikhuphisanayo zomthetho kwimbali yaseMerika. Ngo-1868 kumva wemfazwe yamakhaya, kwaye kwayilwa ukuqinisekisa amalungelo ama-Afrika asandul' ukukhululwa, kodwa iingxelo zayo ``ingakumbi i-Ukhuseleko olulinganayo kunye ne-'Cecle"'s Procession'''. Liye lasetyenziswa ukususela ngoko ukukhusela amalungelo aphezulu esizwe, ukusuka ekunciphiseni isantya somtshato. Ukuqonda oku akuso sodwa nje isifundo embalini; kubalulekile ukuqonda indlela olu hlanga oluqhubeka ngayo luzama ukulingana phantsi komthetho. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa isiseko sombutho, izindululo, izicamango, ukucaciswa, nokuhlala kwengxoxo phezu komsebenzi walo namhlanje.

Imeko - ngqangi Yembali: Isizathu Sokuba Kufuneke UMthetho Wokwenziwa We - 14

Ukupheliswa kobukhoboka nguMphetho-Mgaqo weshumi elinesithathu ngo-1865 kwashiya izigidi zabantu ababengamakhoboka zingaqinisekanga semthethweni. Amaphondo aseMazantsi akhawuleza amisela “Imithetho Emnyama” eyathi yawamisela ngokuqatha amalungelo abantu baseAfrika, ngokunempumelelo idala inkqubo entsha yokuthotywa kwemikhosi. Kwangaxesha linye, uMthetho wamaRomatika ka 1866 wazama ukuqinisekisa ukuba ngumzi-mi welizwe kunye nokhuseleko olulinganayo, kodwa umgaqo-siseko wayo wawungaqinisekwangaqiniseki. IBhunga, elalikhokelwa yiRepublican, laqonda ukuba ukupheliswa komgaqo-siseko kwakufuneka kukhuselekile okusisigxilo nokukhuselwa phantsi kwayo nayiphi nayiphi na imithetho karhulumente eyayichatshazelwa kuwo.

IsiHlanziso se-14th soMphengululo sasingumsebenzi ophambili wenkqubo yokulungisa. Sandford v [FLT] ingumsebenzi obalulekileyo wokukhusela ababengamakhoboka kodwa kwanawokuguqula ubumi baseMerika ngokwabo. Ngokuvakalisa ukuba bonke abantu abazelweyo okanye abadaliweyo eUnited States ngabemi belizwe kunye norhulumente apho bahlala khona, ukupheliswa kwabangela ukuba iBhunga lisebenze kakubi iDred Scott v. Sandford isigqibo [1857], esiye sawakhanyela ukuba ngummi wabemi baseAfrika Afrika. I-Andrendrendment i-omatikantia aw, ivumela ukuba kuqhube umthetho ukuze kunyanzwe amalungiselelo alo-oomayo.[FLT.]

Amalungiselelo Ayintloko OMthetho We - 14 Wokwenziwa Komthetho

ISihlaziyi seshumi elinesine sinamacandelo amahlanu, kodwa amacandelo amathathu aye aba nempembelelo enkulu ekulinganani nakumalungelo abantu.

Ummi UClaus

Icandelo lokuqala liqala lisithi: “Bonke abantu abazalelwe okanye abalawulwa eUnited States, nabaphantsi kolawulo lwayo, ngabemi baseUnited States kunye noRhulumente apho bahlala khona.” Eli binzana lawuguqula umgaqo wokuba ubumi bamazwe obandulela ubumi besizwe. Laseka ubumi, ithetha ukuba nawuphi na umntwana ozalelwe e-U.S. (ngaphandle komlinganiselo olinganiselweyo, njengabantwana boonozakuvela-mazwe angaphandle) ngokuzenzekelayo uba ngummi wase-U.S. Eli lungiselelo liye laba ligosa elingumva kwingxoxo yanamhlanje yokufuduka, ingakumbi ngokuphathelele abantwana abazalwa bengazalwangangeni ndwendwe.

Inkqubela KaClaus

Le ngxelo iyalela ukusuka ku- “nabani na wobomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho.” Ekuqaleni itolikwa ukuba isetyenziswe kuphela kumthetho osesikweni (njengelungelo lokuvavanywa ngokufanelekileyo), iNkundla Ephakamileyo kamva yaphuhlisa imfundiso yenkqubo ye[ efunekayo . Le mfundiso igcina inkululeko ethile engundoqo [1] njengasekunene kokutshata, ilungelo lokusebenzisa i-ethemiscation, kunye nelungelo lokusebenzisa i-ecustoms, nelokulawula i-mzimba . [2][5]

Ukukhusela UClaus Ngokulinganayo

Mhlawumbi eyona mithetho edumileyo yabaxhasi abalinganayo, iyalela: “Akukho Rhulumente... eyakukhanyela nabani na okwigunya layo ukhuseleko olulinganayo lwemithetho.” Eli lungiselelo libeka imbopheleleko kwiimeko ukuba baphathe bonke abantu ngokulinganayo phantsi kweemeko ezifanayo. Noko ke, iNkundla Ephakamileyo iqaphele ukuba asizizo zonke iindidi ezingavumelaniyo. Endaweni yoko, iNkundla isebenzisa imigangatho eyahlukeneyo yokuhlola kuxhomekeke kwiqela elichaphazelekileyo. Ikhethelo lobuhlanga liphantsi kwe- i-ethelekisa abantu ngokulinganayo [[FLT:], intsingiselo yokuba bamele bakhonze inzala karhulumente enyanzelekileyo kwaye banciphekelwe ngokungenalusipheko. [FFON]

Imfundiso Engavumelaniyo: Indlela UMthetho - siseko We - 14 Owandisiweyo Ngayo Umgangatho Wamalungelo

Enye yeendima ezibaluleke kakhulu, kodwa ezisoloko zityeshelwa, zoMphetho-mvakalo weshumi elinesine yi- i-corporation yeBhili yamaLungelo ngokuchasene namaphondo. Ekuqaleni, iBhili yamaLungelo yasebenza kurhulumente wezwelonke (umgaqo-siseko) unokuthi amisele intetho, amisele unqulo, okanye akhanyele iimvavanyo zabagwebi ngaphandle kokwaphula umGaqo-siseko. I-'Mthendeleko ka-Clasko ka-20145 kancinci yatshintsha oko. Ngothotho lwama lwemeko oluqala kwii-192016 (umz. [FLT.]G.[2] Glow' v. New, 1925, iNkukhundla ePhakamileyo yayiminswe “yi-Embusayo'enkqubo ye-Espopulans (eenkqubo yeNkstmagrac) kukhuselwa kweemeko zoogrards, nezo zikarhulumente zorhulumente zoburhulumente zasekuhlaleni zo

Phakathi kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesibini, phantse zonke iziphiwo zeBhili yamaLungelo zidityanisiwe (inkululeko yokuthetha, ukucofa, unqulo, indibano, ilungelo lokuphatha iingalo (kwi] McDonald v. iChicago), 2010, kwaye ilungelo lokucebisa, phakathi kwezinye. Oku kwandisa ngokuphawulekayo ukufikelela kokhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko, ukuqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo asisiseko ommi akahlukanga kuxhomekeka kwilizwe abahlala kulo. Imfundiso eququlukileyo ihlala iyintsika yelahlo-nkululeko yamakhaya.

Impembelelo Yamalungelo Abemi: Amatyala angaphezulu eNkundla

I-Ukhuselo olulinganayo kunye neMsebenzi ka-Claus yeNkundla ePhakamileyo yemfazwe kwezinye zezigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo kwimbali yaseMerika. Ngasezantsi kukho amatyala aliqela aphawula iziganeko ezibonisa amandla okuguqula ibutho labantu.

Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo (1954)

Esi sigqibo sangqinelanayo savakalisa ukuba ucalucalulo lobuhlanga kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke lwaphula uKhuselo olulinganayo luka Claus. Ukujika imfundiso “ehlukeneyo kodwa elinganayo” kwi Plesty v. Ferguson [1896], iJaji enkulu ye-Earl Warren yabhala ukuba“izakhiwo zemfundo ezihlukeneyo azilingani ngokwemvelo.” Brown ayiphelanga ngokuzenzekelayo, kodwa yanika isiseko esisemthethweni samalungelo abantu kunye nomthetho olandelayo, njengamalungelo oluntu oMthetho ka 1964. Imeko ihlala ingumzekelo onamandla we-Genethiwe-Genethiwervement esetyenziswayo kucalucalucalu-lucalu-lution.

Virginia (1967) enothando

Umthetho we-Virginia oweyisa ukutshata ngokweentlanga wadilizwa njengokwaphulwa komgangatho olinganayo kunye ne-'Accel Process Clauss'. INkundla yathi umtshato lilungelo elisisiseko, kwaye ukwahlulwa kobuhlanga kwimithetho yomtshato kulucalucalulo olungamkelekiyo. ukubhadula [ kusoloko kucatshulwa kumatyala angokulinganayo kwaye kubonisa indlela uHlunyulo lweMithetho yeshumi elinesine olukhusela ngayo ukhetho lobuqu kwimpatho yombuso.

Roe v. Wade (1973)

Isebenzisa inkqubo encinci efunekayo, iNkundla yalamkela ilungelo lebhinqa lokukhetha ukuqhomfa njengenxalenye yenkululeko ekhuselwe yi-14th Amendment. Ngeli xesha kamva ilungiswe i-Parenthoous v. Ityala[ [i-1992] kwaye ekugqibeleni yabalaseliswa ngaphaya kwendima yama-Dobs v. Isigqibo seJack’s Health Organization [2022], [[FLT: 4.] [iiiiiiiiiiiindlela] sabalase] indima yokukhusela ngasese kunye ne-Enyama. Isigqibo se-Dobbth siye salawula ukuphikisana nokuba ngaba uKhuselo lwe-Classicless, iinkundla zezentembe, ihlala phambi kokuba kumelelwelo.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Kwisigqibo esingu-5-44, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathi uLawulo-Mpandelo lweshumi elinesine lufuna ukuba kuqwalaselwe imitshato engokwabelana ngokwesini eyenziwa kwamanye amazwe nokunika iziqinisekiso zomtshato kwizibini ezingokwasemgangathweni. Zombini ezi zi-'Umthetho' (ukukhusela ilungelo elisisiseko lokutshata) kunye noMgaqo-mvano-mthetho otheth-xhakathiswayo (ukucalucalula ngokwendlela yesondo) u-'umthetho. [[FLT: 0]] Obergefell[[FL:1] kuboniswa ngokucacileyo indlela ulwimi olu-andement olunokusetyenziswa ngayo ekuqondeni ukulingana. Ukuhlolisisa okunento epheleleyo kwetyala, bona [[FLT:]

Iingxaki Nezindululo Ekusebenziseni Uhlaziyo Lweshumi Elinane

Phezu kwayo nje impumelelo yayo, uMmiselo We - 14 ungekangeneleli.

Isenzo Esiqinisekisayo

Ngoxa ukuKhuselwa okulinganayo kuthintela ucalucalulo lobuhlanga, ayiphenduli ukuba iinkqubo zesizwe ezingabonakaliyo ezilungiselelwe ukucombulula ucalucalulo lwexesha elidlulileyo zivumelekile. Izehlo ezikhoyo kwiYunivesithi yaseCalifornia v. Bakke [1888], iNkundla yathi imiqathango yohlanga ayizange ivumelane kodwa inokuba ngumba omnye ekuvulweni kwemfundo. Ukususela ngoko, iNkundla iye yayiqinisa ngokuthe ngcembe imilinganiselo, ifikelela kwi izidenge ze-Fair Adgictivess.[[Flct:3] [20]), eyathi ngokunelisayo ingcunyuse ingcuthelisa imfundo ephezulu. Abachasanayo baluthiwe-frentiant; nayiphi indlela esebenzayo yokuzibambana ifuna ukuthobeka kwemithetho esebenzayo.

Amalungelo

Isithembiso sokulungisa isiqinisekiso sokhuseleko olulinganayo asisoloko sinwenwela kwibhokisi yebhola ekhatywayo. Icandelo 2 loMphetho-mda weshumi elinesine ekuqaleni liquka isohlwayo sikarhulumente owakha wakha wavota kubemi bamadoda, kodwa oku kwangahoywa kakhulu de kube nguMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1965. Namhlanje, impikiswano ephambili kwimithetho yokuvota, i-gerrymanniting, kunye nefelony yahlula-mali. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ivumele imithetho emininzi enjalo ukuba ayiyichananga ngokucacileyo i-divticatary, kodwa imingeni iyaqhubeka phantsi koKhuselo olupheleleyo luka-Claus Claus. [[FLT:] Brenan Center yeJavicer yeJastice yale [[FLT] [FLF1:] inika izibonelelo ezibanzi kumalungelo okuvotasayo.

Ukuba ngummi Ofanelekileyo

Ingingqi ka-Claus iphantsi kohlaselo lwezopolitiko oluvela kwabo bathi abantwana abangenalwazi abanakuzenzela ukuba bafumane ubumi base-U.S. kodwa, umbhalo ocacileyo wesiphendu-magama ."“ Bonke abantu abazalelweyo... phantsi kolawulo lwaso”---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------wad batolika kuquka phantsa ukutshintsha abazali babo, nokuba ngaba abazali babo bakwindawo bakwindawo okanye abangeniswe kuvela ngokomthetho-mthetho-siseko, njengoko iNkumgangatho ophezulu ungazenziwawulawulanga kwi-10.[FLK [FFF:1] 88]

Ukhuseleko olulinganayo lwe LGBTQ+ Abantu ngabanye

Ngeli xesha [[FLT: 0] ikhuselekile ukulingana komtshato, ezinye iindawo zihlala zingadinwanga. Inkundla ayigqibanga ngokusemthethweni ukuba liliphi iqondo lokuhlola elisetyenziswayo kwimbonakalo yesondo okanye ubufanasini. Bostock v. County County[[FLG]] [2020]) itolika isiHloko se- VII samaLungelo kaNomal Act ukulwa nokwalathisa ucalucalulo olusekelwe kwimbonakalo yesini okanye kwilungu emsebenzini, kodwa iNkundla iye yala ukugqiba enoba uKhuselo olulinganayo nolukhuselweyo lunika ukhuseleko olufanayo. Imithetho karhulumente ijolise iimba zokufikelela kwindlu, igumbi lokuhlambela, kunye nokuzingela iqhubeke nokuthatha intlalo. Ukushwa komfatha, bona [FT]

IsiHlaliso Seshumi Elinane Kumadabi Asemthethweni Angexesha Elidluleyo

Namhlanje, uHlaziyo lweshumi elinesine lukwindawo ekuthethwa kuyo amatyala amaninzi aphezulu. Ezi ziquka imingeni yokuvalwa komjelo wokuqhomfa ukususela amaDobs (amanye amagxamesi aphikisa ukuba i-UKhuselo olulinganayo luka-Celasme ukhusela ukuqhomfa ngenxa yokuba ukuvalwa kolu luhlu kumabhinqa), iimpikiswano ngokusetyenziswa kohlanga kwi-mvumelwano [FLT:] izimvo zamalungelo eFair Adgistracts[), kunye namatyala abandakanya amalungelo okususwa komkhethelo wobuhlalo kubafundi ukusebenzisa izihlambiso ezihambisana nokuzibo zabo.

Enye indawo eqalisayo kukusetyenziswa koMphetho-mvandedwa weshumi elinesine ukuvavanya ubungcathu bezentlalo-ntle. Abanye baphikisa ngelithi “iimeko zikawonke-wonke” ezisungulwe ziiplatfomu zezezentlalo-ntle kufuneka ziwahlonele amalungelo enkululeko okuthetha abasebenzisi, ngoxa abanye bephikisa ngelithi amaqonga ngabadlali abanganyanzelwanga ziZikoliso Zokuqala okanye zeshumi elinesine. Ngoku iNkundla ePhakamileyo iqwalasela amatyala abandakanya imithetho karhulumente ethintela amaqonga ekususeni okuquluko ngokwembono. La matyala anokuwaguqula alungelelanisa indlela asebenza ngayo amatyala kawonke wonke amanani.

Ukongezelela, iCandelo leNguquko leCapitol lecandelo lesithathu, elisusayo eofisini nabani na obandakanyeka kwisiphakamiso emva kokufunga ukuxhasa umGaqo-siseko, wafumana ingqalelo entsha emva kohlaselo lwe-Capitol. Ezinye iinkundla zamagosa esizwe ziye zaqwalasela ukuba lowo wayesakuba nguMongameli uDonald Trump akasekwisikhundla sexesha elizayo phantsi kweli lungiselelo, ephakamisa imibuzo enokuconjululwa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo. Lo mxholo, othe waphelelwa ixesha elide, ubonisa ukuba umsebenzi oqhubekayo we-arentiment.

Isiphelo: Ilifa Eliphilayo LoMthetho - melo We - 14

UHlaliso lweMimiselo yeshumi elinesine asiloxesha elisisigxina lexesha lokuvuselelwa kwakhona. Lisixhobo esinamandla esisetyenziswa ngabagwebi, abamisi-mthetho, nabaxhasi bomthetho ukwandisa imida yenkululeko nokulingana iminyaka engaphezu kweyi-1050. Ukusuka ekuqinisekiseni ubumi bangaphambili, ukuphelisa ucalucalulo, ukuphelisa umtshato ofanayo, ukuchaza ngokusemthethweni, ukuchanabeka kwawo nokucaciswa ngokutsha ngenxa yotshintsho lwentlalo. Kodwa ukupheliswa kwemidabi kukwa kwamaqela anzulu kwiinjongo zantlandlolo, iintsingiselo zombhalo, kunye nendima efanelekileyo yamakhoboka. Njengoko kuvela imingeni emitsha, intetho ethetha intetho ethethayo, ukufuduka, ukuvocalula, ukufikelela kolawulo oluneyo ngokungathandabuzekiyo, ukusoloko kuhlala kusekho ibala lokulungelelanisa oko kuguqula idemo-demokhrasi nokutshintsha imbali.

ukuya kufunda ngokubhekele phaya, jonga Icandelo loLwazi lomthetho lweZiko loLawulo lwe 14 kunye noMgaqo-siseko weSiko loMgaqo-siseko woMbutho woMbutho woMzwe .