Imvelaphi yomGaqo-siseko yonyulo loMongameli

UMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States, owagunyaziswa ngo-1788, wadala inkqubo entsha ngokupheleleyo yokukhetha isikhulu esiyintloko sesizwe. Ngaphambi kokuba isetyenziswe, iZihlomelo zoMbutho zazingenalo isebe elilawulayo, zishiya ilizwe lingenayo inkokeli enye. Abaxhasi baphikisana kakhulu kwiNkomfa yasePhiladelphia ngo1787 ngendlela yokukhetha umongameli. Abanye abathunywa bakhetha unyulo oluqhelekileyo, ngoxa abanye befuna iKhomishini ukukhetha umongameli. ISicwangciso solawulo soburhulumente sabangela ukuba i-Electoral College, isiko esikhethekileyo esinolungelelanisayo nolawulo lwesizwe ngoxa sasikhusela ukhetho kulawulo oluqhelekileyo.

Inqaku II lomGaqo-siseko libeka ulungiselelo lokuqala lonyulo lomongameli. Lithetha ngomntu onokuvota, indlela abanyulwa ngayo, noko kwenzekayo xa kungekho mvoti uzuza uninzi. Abafaki zixhobo bashiya iinkcukacha ezininzi ngabom kwiKhomishini nakumazwe, bevumela inkqubo ukuba iguquke ngexesha elithile ngomthetho kunye nokutshintshwa komgaqo-siseko. Oku kuguquka kungqineke kubalulekile njengoko uhlanga lwandisiwe ukusuka kumazwe angamashumi amahlanu ukuya kumazwe angamashumi amahlanu nanjengoko kwandiswa kubemi bempahla abamhlophe phantse bonke abemi beminyaka elishumi elinesibhozo.

Ukuqonda oko umGaqo-siseko ukukuthethayo ngenene ngonyulo lomongameli kufuna ukwahlula umbhalo wokuqala ukusuka ekulungisweni kunye nemimiselo karhulumente elawula inkqubo ngoku. UmGaqo-siseko umisela ukwakhiwa komzi wezakhiwo, kodwa umthetho wesizwe uzalise iinkcukacha ezininzi ezisebenzayo. Ama-odolo akwanegunya elibalulekileyo phantsi kweGatya II, elithi iphondo ngalinye liza kumisela abanyuli "kuMntu onjalo njengoMthetho onjalo ungangqalathisa. Olu lwimi lunike amazwe abanzi phezu konikezelo lwe-bolo-voti, umqwalanisi, kunye nolawulo lokhetho.

Inkqubo yeKholeji ye-Electoral

Inqaku II, Icandelo 1

UmGaqo-siseko wokuqala unika ukuba urhulumente ngamnye amisele inani labakhethi elilingana nelonke inani labo bamelelwayo kwiBhunga — isixa sabaphathi bayo (ngamaxesha onke ababini) kunye nabameli bayo (abahlaliswe ngabantu). Le ndlela ithetha ukuba amaphondo amancinci anempembelelo engenakulinganiswa nangoko kubemi. Umzekelo, iWyoming inevoti ezintathu zabanyuli abalinganayo kubantu abangaphantsi kwama-60 000, ngoxa iKhalifoniyani inamashumi amahlanu anesine kwizigidi ezingamashumi amane zabantu.

Abahlalutyi badibana kumaphondo abo ahlukeneyo kwaye baphosa amavoti kumongameli kunye nesekela lomongameli. UmGaqo-siseko ufuna ukuba ubuncinane omnye wabavoti abangengommi bemeko yonyulo. Lo mthetho uthintela ukuba kungakhuthazwa abatshayeli abathandekayo kwaye ukhuthaze imidibaniso ebanzi yesizwe. UmGaqo-siseko wakuqala wanika umvoti ngamnye wabanyuli ababini kamongameli, kunye nembaleki enokuba yisekela lomongameli. Le nkqubo ivelise unyulo lwengxaki yonyulo lwe 1796 kunye nonyulo oludiweyo lonyaka wekhulu lewaka linye, olukhokelela ngqo kuMgaqo-Twelfth Remplist.

IsiHlanzi Somgaqo - siseko

Ratified in 1804, the Twelfth Amendment fundamentally changed how electors vote. Instead of casting two undifferentiated ballots for president, electors now cast one ballot specifically for president and a separate ballot for vice president. If no candidate receives a majority of electoral votes for president, the House of Representatives chooses from the top three candidates, with each state delegation casting one vote. If no candidate receives a majority for vice president, the Senate chooses from the top two candidates. The Constitution Annotated provides detailed analysis of these contingency procedures.

IsiHlaliso seTwelfth soHlaziyo sanciphisa inani labathathi-nxaxheba abathathwa yiNdlu ehlanu ukuya kwisithathu. Olu tshintsho lwenza unyulo oluvumelanayo lwakwazi ukulawulwa kwaye lwanciphisa umngcipheko wokufa. Indlu iye yasebenzisa le nkqubo kabini ukusuka ngo1804: kunyulo lomhla wama-1824 nowe-1876. Kuzo zombini ezi meko, iNdlu yakhetha umongameli owayengaphumelelanga kwivoti ethandwayo okanye uvoti olukhethiweyo, ebonisa amandla angaqhelekanga onyulo lwemiqathango.

Abasebenzi Abangenalukholo Nolawulo Lwelizwe

UmGaqo-siseko awuthethi nto ukuba abanyuli kufuneka balandele uvoti oluthandwayo lwelizwe labo. Oku kuthula kwadala impikiswano ethatha iinkulungwane ze-"abanyuli abangakholwayo" — abavoti abavota ngokuchasene nesibambiso sabo. Amaphondo amaninzi adlulisela imithetho ebophelele abavoti kwiziphumo ezidumileyo zovotelo, kodwa umbhalo woMgaqo-siseko unika abanyuli abazimeleyo umgwebo. Inkundla ephakamileyo igqibile le mbambano [FLT:] ku-2020 [FLT: 0] [Chifalo v. Washington, iphethe oko kuthi kuthi kunyanzelwe izifungo okanye ugwebo olungenalukholo.

Iimfaneleko Zokuba Ngumphathi

Iimfuno zomGaqo-siseko

Inqaku II, iCandelo 1 limisa iimfaneleko ezintathu zobumongameli. Umongameli kufuneka abe ngummi wendalo, ubuncinane oneminyaka engamashumi amathathu anesihlanu ubudala, kwaye abemi baseUnited States ubuncinane iminyaka elishumi elinesine. Ezi mfuneko zibonakala zicacile, kodwa nganye ibangele imibuzo engokwasemthethweni. Igalelo lommi elingumntwana eliye laxutyushwa kakhulu, ingakumbi kumongo wabazalelwa kwamanye amazwe kubazali baseMelika. IBhunga alizange lidlulisele umthetho ochaza "ummi wemvelo" ngokuchanekileyo, lishiye iinkundla zikhuphele ityala ukutolika igama xa kuvela iingxaki.

Imfuneko yobudala ingunobangela ongowona ungcungcuthekisayo, njengoko abatsha banokugqitha kumlinganiselo omncinci. umongameli omncinane wakha wakhethwa nguJohn F. Kennedy kumashumi amane anesithathu, kwaye oyena mncinane wathatha iofisi nguTheodore Roosevelt engamashumi amane anesibini emva kokubulawa kukaWilliam McKinley. Imfuneko yokuhlala ifuna iminyaka elishumi elinesine yokuhlala "nain" eUnited States, kodwa ayichazi ukuba loo minyaka imele ilandelelwe okanye ukuba ixesha libalwe kwilizwe elikude liphela. Ezi zenzo zobundlomkhaphelo azikhange zisombululelwe ngokugqibekileyo ziinkundla.

Uhlaziyo oluMatshi 20

Ngo-1951, uHlaziyo lwama-20 lweSinyuso luye lwamisela oomongameli kwimiqathango emibini enyuliweyo. Ikwanika nemvume yokuba isekela lomongameli eliphumelele kumongameli lisebenze ngaphezu kweminyaka emibini yegama longaphambili linganyulwa kanye. Le nguqu yalandelwa nguFranklin D. Roosevelt's's sekwezihlanu ezine zobumongameli kwaye ibonise inkxalabo ngokubhekiselela kulawulo lwegunya lolawulo. Inguquko isebenza kuphela kunyulo, ngoko usekela-mongameli osebenza ngaphantsi kweminyaka emibini yegama elingagqitywanga-1950 usengafuna amabinzana amabini apheleleyo alo.

IsiHlomelo Seshumi Eline Nokungabikho Kwemilinganiselo Efanelekileyo

Icandelo 3 loMphetho-mda weshumi elinesine weSigqibo soMgaqo-siseko ususiwe kwisikhundla sikarhulumente nabani na owafunga ukuxhasa umGaqo-siseko waza wabandakanyeka ekuvukeleni okanye ekuvukeleni i-United States. Eli lungiselelo, ekuqaleni elalijoliswe kwingingqi yophando, lisandul'ukwamkela ingqalelo entsha kumongo wohlaselo lweCapitol. IBhunga lingasusa ukususwa kokuququlunqwa ngevoti yesithathu yegumbi ngalinye. Inkonzo yophando lophando ipapashe uhlalutyo olukwinkqubo yeCapito 3 kunyulo lomongameli .

IMigaqo-nkqubo Yokhetho kunye neMigaqo-siseko Efileyo

Imini Yokhetho

UMgaqo-siseko awuchazi mhla wonyulo lomongameli. Igunyazisa iKhomishini ukumisela ixesha lokukhetha abanyuli nosuku abavota ngalo. Ingqungquthela imise uSuku loNnyulo njengoLwesibini lokuqala emva koMvulo wokuqala ngoNovemba 1845. Lo mhla uphela phakathi koNovemba 2 noNovemba 8, uqinisekisa ukuba unyulo luqhutywa emva kokuvuna kodwa phambi kwemozulu yasebusika ithintele uhambo ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba.

Amazwe anokukwazi ukumisela iiyure zokuvota kwanamathuba okuvota kwangethuba kule nkqubo. Ngoku amaphondo amaninzi anika uvotelo kwasekuqaleni kunye novoti, uqheliselo oluye lwaxhaswa ziinkundla ngokungqinelana nomthetho wonyulo wezwe. Ukungathethi komGaqo-siseko kwiinkqubo zokuvota kunika ububanzi obubanzi bamazwe, ukuba nje awaphuli ukhuseleko olulinganayo okanye ezinye iziqinisekiso zomGaqo-siseko.

Intlanganiso ye-Electoral College

UmGaqo-siseko ufuna abanyuli ukuba badibane ngosuku olunye kwilizwe lonke, le ngqungquthela ibekwe njengoMvulo wokuqala emva koLwesithathu lwesibini ngoDisemba. Le "ntlanganiso" yenzeka kwikomkhulu ngalinye lephondo, kungekhona kwindibano enye yesizwe. Ababhexeshi bafaka amaphetshana amaphepha omongameli kunye nomongameli wesekela, ngoko adluliselwa kuMongameli weCante, iPrivist yaseUnited States, nakumagosa karhulumente. Intlanganiso zombuso owahlukeneyo, kunolwendibano yesizwe, zinciphisa ubungozi bokusetyenziswa okanye ukugxambukela kwenye indawo.

Ukubala Iimveliso Zeeseli

UMgaqo-siseko ufuna uMongameli weNdlu yeeNtlanganiso ukuba avule aze abale amavoti onyulo phambi kwazo zombini izindlu zeBhunga. Le ntlanganiso idibeneyo iyenzeka ngoJanuwari 6 emva konyulo, njengoko imiswe nguMthetho weElectoral Countrial wonyaka ka-1887, njengoko ulungisiwe nguMgaqo-nkqubo we-Electoral Reformation ka-2022. Umongameli, njengoMongameli weBhosameli weBhunga, ulawula ukubalabala kodwa unemisebenzi yolungiselelo kuphela. Utshintsho lwamashumi amabini amabini anamashumi amabini ananye acacisa ukuba indima kaMongameli uMongameli inguwodwa, ususa ngokungeyiyo ekwayo yonke imivukelo yonyulo yama-202020.

Usuku lokuHlakulelwa

ISinyuso sowe-1970, esagunyaziswa ngo1933, sasusa uHsuku loHlanzo ukususela ngoMatshi 4 ukuya ngoJanuwari 20. Olu tshintsho lwanciphisa ixesha "lokudada" phakathi konyulo lukaNovemba kunye nokuqalisa kwegama elitsha. Isivumelwano sinika kwakhona ukuba ukuba umongameli onguMlawuli ufa ngaphambi kokuba athathe isikhundla, umongameli ongusekela-mongameli uba ngumongameli. Ukuba akukho mongameli unyulwa nguMongameli we-Inugration Day, umongameli-wongameli ongumongameli de abe ngumongameli ofanelekileyo.

Iindima zeBhunga neSigqibo seNkxaso

Ukubala nogcino

IElectoral Count Reform Act yo-2022 iwuphucule kakhulu umgaqo wobalo lwevoti ezikhethiweyo kunye nokucombulula iimbambano. Phantsi komthetho wangoku, ukuchaswa kweevoti zikarhulumente kufuneka zibhalwe ngokubhala ubuncinane isinye sesiqingatha samalungu endlu neCamelo — umqobo ophezulu kakhulu kunemfuneko yangaphambili yelungu elinye kuphela elisuka kwigumbi ngalinye. Isichasi sibangela ukuba ingxoxo iphele kwiiyure ezimbini, ilandelwe ngamavoti kwigumbi ngalinye. Zombini izindlu kufuneka zivume ukuxhasa ukuchasa kwayo ukuze iphumelele. Olu tshintsho luvaliweyo lwenze inkqubo yokubala isiphene sokufumana imidlalo.

Ukhetho Olufanelekileyo Endlwini

Xa kungekho mvoti-mali womongameli ofumana uninzi lwezivoti zonyulo, uMphengululo weTwelfth uyalela iNdlu yabameli ukuba ikhethe umongameli. Indlu ivotelwa ngabathunywa bakarhulumente, inye imo nganye ivote enye. Le nkqubo ithoba impembelelo yamazwe amakhulu kwaye iqinisa amandla karhulumente omncinane. Umbangi kufuneka afumane amavoti kuninzi lwabathunywa besizwe — ubuncinane angamashumi amabini anesithandathu kwabameli abangamashumi amahlanu — ukuze aphumelele. Indlu isebenzise le nkqubo kabini: ngo1801 nango1825. Ngokukwanjalo iNxamlathiso ikhetha umongameli kukhetho lwemali ehlahlolwayo, kunye nomnye u-Sentator evoti ngamnye evoti.

Indima YeNkundla Ephakamileyo

UMgaqo-siseko awuyabeli ngokucacileyo iNkundla ePhakamileyo indima kunyulo lomongameli, kodwa iNkundla ithe yashwankathela iimbambano ezininzi ezinxulumene nonyulo. Inkundla yagqiba unyulo lomongameli wama 2000 ku- bush v. Gore, imisa iprojekthi yaseFlorida kwaye inika unyulo olunempumelelo kuGeorge W. Bush. Bush. Kutshanje, iNkundla ithetha nabachongi abangenalukholo ] Chifalo v. Washington kunye noluvo oluququzekileyo kumthetho wonyulo [FLT] [FLT] [FLT:].RUchuc. v. Okuqhelekileyo . INkubeko ithethayo kwimeko ye-controlvel, kodwa kulungele ukungenelela, kodwa kumalungelo olungele ukuma.

IziHlanziso zoMgaqo-siseko eziphazamisa unyulo loMongameli

Izilungisi eziliqela zomGaqo-siseko ziye zandisa zaphucula unyulo lomongameli ngaphaya kwesakhiwo sokuqala. Ezi zindululo zibonisa ukuqondwa okunentsingiselo kwesizwe yedemokhrasi, ukulingana, kunye norhulumente.

  • I Amendmentthmetic (1804) — amavoti ahlukeneyo avotilwe umongameli kunye nesekela lomongameli, iinkqubo eziguquliweyo zonyulo lwezintlu.
  • IPhondo leNtsimbi yeNkcubeko yeFintenth (1870) — ucalucalulo lobuhlanga ekuvoteni luye lwabonakala lungekho ngqiqweni, nangona ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kwahlala kubuthathaka phantse inkulungwane.
  • Sevententh Amendment (1913) — Ilungiselelwe unyulo oluthe ngqo lwabaphathi, oluchaphazela unyulo olungangqalanga lukamongameli ngokwenza iindlu zolawulo zikarhulumente zibenenkani kunyulo oluncinci kurhulumente.
  • [[NT:0] ISihlaziyo se-Ninenteth (1920) — ingxolo ekhutshiweyo kumabhinqa, iphinda-phinda-phinda iphulo lonyulo kunye nokuphinda-phinda umongameli.
  • Twetieth Amendment (1933) — Intshukumo yoSuku lokwenziwa kwemiboniso ukuya kuJanuwari 20 kwaye iseke iinkqubo zokulandelela.
  • Uhlaziyo olungamashumi amabini--Ulwenzeko (1951) — oomongameli abalinganiselwe kumabinzana amabini, achaphazela amandla obuchule.
  • Uhlaziyo olungamashumi amabini-Third Amendment (1961)] — amavoti agunyazisiweyo kwiSithili saseColumbia, anika abemi bekomkhulu lelizwe abamele unyulo lomongameli.
  • Uhlaziyo lweFourth Amendment (1964)] — irhafu yovolo oluceliweyo kunyulo lwamaqumrhu, ukususa umqobo wokuvota abemi abafumana imali ephantsi, ingakumbi kumazwe aseMazantsi.
  • Uhlaziyo---Sixth Amendment (1971) — yanciphisa iminyaka yokuvota yaba lishumi elinesibhozo, yandisa ukuvota ukuze iquke ulutsha olusele lukwizikhundla zomkhosi.

Ezi zindululo zaguqula unyulo lomongameli ngokudityanisiweyo ukusuka kwinkqubo elinganiselweyo, ephezulu ukuya kuqheliso lwedemokhrasi. Ulungiso ngalunye lwalungisa isiphene okanye ukungalingani kwinkqubo yokuqala, nangona impikiswano engaphaya kotshintsho oluthe lwaqhubeka.

Iimbambano zomgaqo-siseko wexesha elizayo

Iingxubusho Zotshintsho EzikwiElectoral College

I-Electoral College ihlala ingomnye wezona mpawu ziphikisanayo zenkqubo yonyulo lomongameli. Abahlalutyi bayiphikisa ngokuthi inika impembelelo engathethekiyo kumaphondo amancinci, ivumela abaza kufumana umongameli ngaphandle kophumelela ivoti ethandwayo, kwaye inike ingqalelo kwinani elincinane lamaphondo. Abaxhasi bayiphakamisayo ikhusela uburhulumente, inqanda ulawulo lwengingqi, kwaye ikhuthaza ukwakhiwa kombutho wengingqi, kwaye ikhuthaza ulwakhiwo lwengingqi olunqamlezileyo lwemibutho ezahlukahlukeneyo. IGatya leMithetho V linika kuphela indlela esesikweni yokuphelisa iElectoral College, ifuna ivoti ezimbini kwimida nezintathu zombini kunye nezixhobo zokuvota ngoonke amaphondo — umqobo ophezulu ongazange ulwelwe kukufutshane ukuthoba.

INational Popular Vote Interstate Company imele enye indlela. Ukuthabatha inxaxheba kumazwe anokurhoxa onke amavoti abo abavoti abachongi abafumana ivoti ethandwayo yesizwe, kodwa ukudibanisa kuphela kuthatha isiphumo xa amazwe amele ubuncinane ama-270 amavoti okhetho. Ngo-2025, amatyala afake amavoti angama-209 agunyazisiweyo, ayishiya incinci ekusebenzeni. Abaphengululi abasemthethweni baphikisana nokuba ngabandakanyeki bomGaqo-siseko abathi bamisele abakhi bolu khetho "kwiMan eMan eMgane njengeNgwebo equle." Akukho nkundla igqibelela ngokungqalileyo kwimithetho esemthethweni.

Ukubonakala komgangatho ophezulu nengqibelelo yokhetho

UmGaqo-siseko ushiya iimfaneleko zomvoti ubukhulu becala kumaphondo, phantsi kokupheliswa kwemithetho elawulayo ethintela ucalulo. Ama-ofisi amisela izigqibo zokuhlala, iinkqubo zobhaliso, kunye nemithetho yokuvota. Le mithetho ibangele ukubekwa kwemithetho yokuba bathwele umthwalo ngokungafanelekanga kusini na ilungelo lokuvota. INkundla ePhakamileyo iphakamise imithetho esengqiqweni enika izigqibo ezithi zifake imithwalo ezibalulekileyo kwimithwalo encinane. Isigqibo seNkundla yeNkundla yezo mbuso [FLT: 0] i-Shelby v. Raker v v. [[FLT:] [2013])) irhoxise phantsi kwemithetho yokuvota yamalungelo e-Votactives, ivumela imithetho elawula ucalucalucalu-calu-lucalu-lu-lucalucalu-lu-luvo olukhoyo, kuquka neemfu zevovoti ezikhoyo zokuvola, ii-voti eziququlu, ii-voti ze-voti, iiprovoti, kunye

Ukufumaneka kwebhola kunye nemikhosi yesithathu

UmGaqo-siseko awuthethi ngonikezelo lweziqendu ezifumana abathathi-nxaxheba. Ama-odoli amisela iimfuno zemfaneleko, kuquka ukusayinwa kwesicelo, iimali zokuqokelela, kunye nemiqathango yokubhalisa yeqela. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ibambelele kwiimfuno ezifanelekileyo zokufikelela ezinika intlawulo ezisemthethweni, njengokuthintela ukulahlwa kwemingxube esemthethweni nokuqinisekisa ukuba abatsha abaza kufumana inkxaso yokwenene. Noko ke, imfuno zemfuneko ezinzima ngokungeyo okanye ezidiscrifini zingaphazamisana nohlaziyo oluphezulu. Icandelo lesithathu kunye nababenzeli abazimeleyo bajongenemiqatha, njengoko amaxesha amaninzi kufuneka utyikityo olubalulekileyo kwimiqatha lwe-maorjour frart. Umthetho othe creantrac kufikelelo lwezigbalo lomkhosi ophezulu.

Isiphelo

UmGaqo-siseko unika isiseko esithe ngqinelana ngokuphawulekayo nonyulo lomongameli. Amalungiselelo awo okuqala aye ongezelelwa ziinguqu ezili-12, imimiselo emininzi yesizwe, imithetho yesizwe, kunye nezigqibo zomthetho. Inkqubo eyavelayo kwezi maleko yomthetho ibonisa inkxalabo yabalawuli ngokuphathelele i-mostalialism, amandla karhulumente, kunye nokuphendula kwegunya, ngoxa ibandakanya umgangatho wedemokhrasi owaguqukayo kwiinkulungwane ezimbini. Ukuqonda oko umGaqo-siseko uthethayo ngenkcazo-wo-yoqobo kufuneka kujonge ngaphaya kombhalo wokuqala kwiqumrhu elipheleleyo lomthetho-siseko olawula ukukhethwa kwesikhundla esiphezulu sohlanga. Ingxoxo eqhubekayo kunyulwa kolawulo oluphezulu.

Ukuqhubeka ufundo ngomGaqo-siseko wonyulo lomongameli, jonga ugcino-mali lweSizwe lwamaZiko-ncwadi eKholeji kunye nohlaziyo lomGaqo-siseko olucacisiweyo lweQumrhu II.