IsiHlayiso Seshumi Eline: Isiseko Samalungelo EMerika

UHlaziyo lweMimiselo yeshumi elinesine luye lumi njengenye yezinto eziye zaphumela kwimposiso kuMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States, ngokusisiseko ulwalamano phakathi korhulumente worhulumente, amaphondo, kunye nabemi ngabanye. Ukwenziwa kwaqiniselwa ngoJulayi 9, 1868, kwiziphumo zeMfazwe yamakhaya, oku kulungiswa kwenzelwe ukukhusela amalungelo abantu abasandul'ukukhululwa ekumakhoboka kunye nemigaqo yemithetho elungeleleneyo yokulingana nokusesikweni kuxwebhu olusungulweyo lwesizwe. Namhlanje, u-vota, ukuqonda uHlunqenelo lweshumi elinesine asiyomfundo nje kuphela; kunika ulwazi olubalulekileyo ngezokhuseleko olusemthethweni, amalungelo okuvota, kunye nemithetho elawula ubomi boluntu baseMerika.

Phambi kwesigqibo soMgaqo-siseko weshumi elinesine, uMgaqo-siseko awuzange unikeze ingcaciso ecacileyo yobumi, ushiya amazwe efuna ukwazi ukuba ngubani ofanelekela ukuba ngummi. Oku kuvunyelwa ukuba kuvunyelwe i-Dred Scott v. Sandford kwisigqibo sika-1857, apho iNkundla ePhakamileyo yachaza ukuba ama-Afrika angenako ukuba ngabemi. ISinyusi-Gajini se-14thi asiyiyo into yokuba kulawula kwaza kwaza kwamiselwa umjelo ofanayo wokuba ngummi okhoyo namhlanje. Amalungiselelo ayo akhankanyiwe kumadabini amaninzi asemthethweni ngenxa yamalungelo abantu, ukuvota, ukufikelela, kunye nokuphathwa okulingana phantsi komthetho.

Kuvoti, isiqinisekiso solungiso sokwenziwa kwenkqubo efanelekileyo, ukhuseleko olulinganayo, kunye nokusesikweni okusisiseko aziyongcamango ezingekho ngqiqweni. Ziyila isiseko esisemthethweni solu celomngeni lwemithetho yokuvota, ukuqinisekisa ukumela okusesikweni, nokukhusela ingqibelelo yenkqubo yabanyuli. Olu khokelo lwandisiweyo luza kuhamba ngaphaya kwelungiselelo ngalinye elikhulu, luchaze indlela inguquko esebenza ngayo ekuvoteni nasekusebenziseni amalungelo akho kwibhokisi yebholoti.

Imbali Nentsingiselo

UHlaziyo lweshumi elinesine lwazalwa ngokumiswa komthetho wokulungisa ngokulandela imfazwe yamakhaya. Phakathi ko1865 no1866, amaphondo aseMazantsi amisela "Imithetho Emnyama" eyamisela ngokuqatha amalungelo aseAfrika, ngokunempumelelo ukumisela inkqubo yokuthotywa kwasemthethweni phezu kwako nje ukupheliswa kobukhoboka kuMphetho-Mphetho weshumi elinesithathu. IBhunga laphendula ngokugqithisa uMthetho wamaLungelo kaNombolo owewaka owewaka linye nowe-1866, owavakalisa ukuba bonke abantu abazalelwe eUnited States (Ngaphandle kwamaMerika amaNdiya) babengabemi kwaye benelungelo elilinganayo. Noko ke, ixhala kukuba lo mthetho uzakubuyiselwa okanye uphathwele phantsi komxokelelwa kwiNgqozo lweSigwebo se-Gwase-Gwaradi ye-145656, ukubeka ukhuseleko olusisigxilo loMgalelo-mthetho, loMgaqonga ngokusisigxina.

Ingcebiso yacetyiswa yiKhonklane ngoJuni 1866 kunye nokwenziwa kwamathala yagqitywa ngoJulayi 1868. Okubalulekileyo, iKhomishini yafuna ukuba amaphondo aseMazantsi alungise imvume njengemeko yokuyifaka kwi-Union, iyenze ibe sisiseko somzi wolwakhiwo lwemimiselo. Isehlo siqulethe amacandelo amahlanu, ngalinye lithetha iinkalo ezahlukeneyo zobumi, ukumela, kunye nolawulo.

Ukuqonda le mibandela yembali ngenxa yokuba utshintsho lolwimi lwale ngxaki lwaluphangalele ngabom kwaye lujonge phambili. Abaququzeleli babezimisele ukuyila isiseko somgaqo-siseko esinokuzivumelanisa neemeko ezitshintshayo kunye nokulungisa ukungalungisi okungeko kumaxesha azayo, hayi ukucombulula nje iingxaki ezikhawulezileyo zokwakhiwa kwakhona. Oku kuguquguquka kuye kwavumela uMbenzo weshumi elinesine ukuba uhlale ufanelekile iminyaka engaphezu kweyi- 150, usebenza njengesiseko semithetho yesiseko yesikolo edesebugqeba, umlinganiselo womtshato, kunye namalungelo okuvota.

Icandelo 1: Ubumi, inkqubo efunekayo, kunye nokhuseleko olulinganayo

Icandelo 1 loMphetho-mda weshumi elinesine liqulethe iingxelo ezintathu ezibaluleke kakhulu kumthetho-siseko waseMerika: iSigqeba sikaClaus, i-Act Claus Procesme, kunye ne-Cemetic Protection Claus. Bobabini, bamisela umgangatho wamalungelo omntu ngamnye angenakuchaphazelwa ngurhulumente.

Ummi UClaus

I-FLT:1] Olu lwimi luzinzise ubumi njengomthetho welizwe, ithetha ukuba nabani na ozalelwe kumhlaba wase-Melika uzalwa okanye wakhiwe e-United States, kwaye ephantsi kwegunya lakhe, ngabemi baseUnited States kunye noRhulumente apho behlala khona. olu lwimi lumisele ubuzibulo njengobunelungelo elisemthethweni, ithetha ukuba nabani na ozalelwe kumhlaba waseMelika ngokuzenzekelayo uba yi-U.S. kungakhathaliseki ukuba umgangatho wabazali babo wokufuduka. Lo mgaqo, waziwa njengo-li , ubukho bobuzwe bobungangammeli ngokomthetho, ubuyinkalo lomthetho waseMelika ukususela ekukhuleni kwe-Ammentment, nangona ngezihlandlo ezithile ubungaphicoshelwa kwingxoxo yezobupolitika.

Igalelo larhoxa kwisigqibo se- uDred Scott yaqinisekisa ukuba ama-Afrika, kunye namanye amaqela, akanakunganikwa ubumi obusekelwe kwisizwe okanye ubuzwe. Kwakhona lacacisa ukuba ubumi kumgangatho karhulumente busuka kubumi borhulumente, buthintele amazwe ukuba angabi nabumi bawo ukukhupha amaqela athile.

Inkqubela KaClaus

I-Batts Process Claus ithi akukho meko " eya kukhupha nawuphi na umntu wobomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho.. Eli binzana litolikiwe yiNkundla ePhakamileyo ukuquka iintlobo ezimbini zokhuseleko ezahlukileyo: inkqubo efunekayo nenkqubo efunekayo.

Inkqubo efunekayo yenkqubo yomthetho kufuneka ukuba izenzo zikarhulumente ezichaphazela abantu ngabanye zilandele iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo, kuquka isaziso, ithuba lokuviwa, kunye noMenzi wesigqibo ongakhethi buso. Kumongo wokuvota, oku kuthetha ukuba abavoti abanakususwa kwiiroli zokubhalisa ngaphandle kwesaziso esifanelekileyo kunye nethuba lokukhuphisana nokususwa. Kukwafuna ukuba ulawulo lonyulo lulandele imithetho nemigaqo emiselweyo.

Inkqubo esisiseko efunekayo ikhusela amalungelo athile asisiseko ekungeneleni korhulumente, kwanokuba kulandelwa iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo. INkundla Ephakamileyo iye yasebenzisa inkqubo encinci efunekayo ukukhusela amalungelo afana nokuvota, umtshato, ukuzimela, kunye nokuzilawula komzimba. Ngoxa ibinzana elithi "inkqubo efunekayo" liye laphikiswa, ukusetyenziswa kwamalungelo okuvota kuye kwaxhaswa rhoqo.

Ukukhusela UClaus Ngokulinganayo

I-Ukhuselo olulinganayo luka-Claus luyalela ukuba akukho mbuso " oya kukhusela nabani na kwigunya lawo ukhuseleko olulinganayo lwemithetho. Mhlawumbi esi sisixhobo esinamandla sokuvavanya imithetho kunye noqheliselo. Igalelo lifuna ukuba abantu abakuma ngendlela efanayo baphathwe ngendlela efanayo ngurhulumente, ngaphandle kokuba kukho isizathu esinyanzelisayo sonyango olwahlukileyo.

Kumongo wamalungelo okuvota, iCommont Protection Claus elinganayo isetyenziswa ukucel'ucago lwemithetho ekhethelwayo ngokwezizizinziwo zohlanga, ubufanasini, ubutyebi, okanye ezinye izahlulo. Umzekelo, ku busbush v. Gore [2000], iNkundla ePhakamileyo ichaze ukhuseleko olulinganayo lokunqanda ubalo lweFlorida, ukufumana ukubala imilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo kwiimfuno zonyango olumfaneleko-mfono. Kutshanje, iimpikiswano ezilinganayo ziye zaphakanyiswa kwimithetho ye-ovoti, i-ggerryderman, kunye nemiqathango yokuvota.

Umgangatho wokuhlola umthetho ofunyenweyo uxhomekeke kulwahlulo olusetyenziswayo. Imithetho ekhetha ubuhlanga okanye ubuhlanga ifumana "ukuhlolwa kwecandelo," umgangatho ophezulu, ofuna urhulumente ukubonisa umdla onyanzelisayo kunye nendlela encinci. Imithetho esekelwe kwezinye iinkalo isenokufumana iziphumo eziphakathi okanye eziqikelelwayo, eyenza ukuba imfuneko zokuzikhusela ezilinganayo zibe nzima ukungqinelana kodwa kube kusenokwenzeka.

ICandelo 2: Umelo namalungelo okuNika

Icandelo 2 lithetha ngolwalamano phakathi kwamalungelo ovotelo kunye nomelo lwengqungquthela. Linika ukuba xa urhulumente ekhanyela okanye evala ilungelo lokuvota abemi bamadoda abaneminyaka engaphezu kwama-21 (imfuno yobudala ngexesha), umelo lukarhulumente kwiNdlu yabameli luza kuncitshiswa ngokulinganayo. Ngeli xesha eli lungiselelo lingakhange linyanzeliswe, libonise injongo yabaqulunqi yokudibanisa umelo ngqo nomfanekiso.

Eli candelo lathatyathelw' indawo ngokunempumelelo kukulungisa kamva, kuquka uHlaziyo lweshumi elinesihlanu (ucalulo olusekelwe kukhetho lohlanga), uHlaziyo lweshumi elinesithoba (ukwahlulwa ngokwesondo okusekelwe kwisondo), uHlaziyo lwamashumi amabini anesihlanu (uMphetho-oncomo oluBanzi) kunye noMphetho-weshumi elinesihlanu (ukuhlisa ixesha lokuvota ukuya ku-18. Ngoko, iCandelo 2 ligcina ukubaluleka kophawu lokuqala olusekelwe kwimithetho-siseko ukuba ukuvota kunelungelo elingundoqo lokumela.

Ukusilela ukunyanzelisa iCandelo lesi-2 kuye kwagxekwa ngabaphengululi abathi benokusebenza njengesithintelo esinamandla ekuthinteleni ukucinezelwa kovoti. Ukuba amaphondo aye ajamelana nesohlwayo esibonakalayo ngokuncitshiswa komelo lwabavoti abacuthayo, ngekwakungekho nokwenzeka ukuba bamkele imithetho yokuvota engqongqo. Bambi abahlalutyi bezi mini bacebisa ukuvuselela okanye ukuguqula icandelo 2 ukuphendula kwiingxaki zokuvota zale mihla.

ICandelo 3: Umahluko wokuDluliswa

Icandelo 3 loMphetho-mda weshumi elinesine linikela ukuba akukho mntu ufungileyo ukuxhasa umGaqo-siseko kamva abendakanyeke kwimvukelo okanye ukuvukela iUnited States angahlala kwisikhundla soburhulumente okanye somkhosi. Eli lungiselelo lalijoliswe kulowo wayengumNkulumbuso owayefungele ukunyaniseka kuMgaqo-siseko ngaphambi kokuba athelele le mvukelo.

Icandelo 3 liye lafumana ingqwalasela ehlaziyiweyo kwiminyaka yakutshanje ngenxa yemibuzo engokwasemthethweni ephathelele ukufaneleka kwesikhundla emva koJanuwari 6, 2021, ukuhlaselwa kweNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. Abanye abaphengululi kunye namaqela omthetho baye baphikisa ngokuthi iCandelo lesithathu labahlaziyi abathathi-nxaxheba okanye abaxhasa imigudu yokubhukuqa unyulo lwama-2020. Ezi mpikiswano ziye zakhokelela kumatyala asezinkundleni kumaphondo amaninzi, nangona iNkundla ePhakathi inika ukhokelo oluqinisekisiweyo ngendlela eCandelo 3 elisebenza ngayo kwimo yanamhlanje.

Kuvoti, iCandelo lesithathu liphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekileyo malunga neemfaneleko zomvotelwa kunye nenkqubo yokucel ’ umngeni ukufezekisa. Ngoxa ilungiselelo linqabile ukubhenela, limela ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko nxamnye nabo banokusebenzisa isikhundla esinyuliweyo ukuthoba amaziko edemokhrasi.

Icandelo 4: Ityala likawonke-wonke

Icandelo 4 liqinisekisa ukuba ityala likawonke-wonke leUnited States livunywa yaye liyawuthintela urhulumente okanye urhulumente ukuba angahlawuli amatyala awenziwe ukuxhasa imvukelo okanye ukudibanisa abo babekade bephethe amakhoboka ngenxa yokulahlekelwa ngabantu abangamakhoboka. Eli candelo liqinisekisa ukuba ityala le-Union kwiMfazwe yamakhaya liza kunikwa imbeko ngeli lixa amatyala ahlawulwayo.

Nangona kungenalo ulwamkeleko oluthe ngqo kumalungelo okuvota, iCandelo lesi-4 liye lakhankanywa kwiingxoxo eziphathelele inkqubo yamatyala engekho silingi neyomthetho. Ngo-2023, abanye abaphengululi abangokwasemthethweni baphikisa ngelithi iCandelo lesi-4 lingayiphelisa imiqathango yamatyala, nangona le nkcazelo ingavavanywanga enkundleni. Kuvoti, iCandelo lesi-4 lokuqonda linikela umongo wokuqhubeka kweengxoxo ngoxanduva lwemali kunye neemfuno zomgaqo-siseko.

Icandelo 5: Amandla okunyanzelisa

ICandelo 5 linika iNkqutyana amandla okunyanzelisa amalungiselelo oMphetho-mda weshumi elinesine ngomthetho ofanelekileyo. Eli gunya lokunyanzelisa lisetyenzisiwe ukudlulisa imithetho ephawula amalungelo abantu, kuquka uMthetho wamalungelo abantu ka-1964, uMthendeleko Wamalungelo Abantu Wonyaka ka-1965, kunye noMthetho we-Fair Howard Hos Act ka-1968.

Umlinganiselo weCandelo 5 ubuphantsi kotoliko olubalulekileyo lweNkundla Ephakamileyo. Down of Boerne v. Flores (1997), iNkundla yabambelela kwelokuba ukunyanzelisa kweBhunga kulinganiselwe ekuthinteleni okanye ekulungiseni ukuphulwa komgaqo-siseko, hayi ukuphinda uphicotho-mthetho lwamalungelo ngokwawo ngokwawo. Kutshanje, [kunye, kunyaka olandelayo] Shelby County v. Raker, iNkundla yabethelela phantsi isifungo esisetyenziswa ukugqiba oko kuthethwayo, hayi ukuphinda kuxhomekeke kwiimfuno zomthetho obekwe phambili phantsi komthetho wamaLungelo, ukuphumelela kwecandelo lokubhalisa kwicandelo lokuvota.

Phezu kwayo nje le miqathango, iCandelo 5 lisesona sixhobo sibalulekileyo sokukhusela amalungelo okuvota. Umthetho weSindululo sikaJohn Lewis Voting Rights Advance Act, ocetyiswe kwiintlanganiso ezininzi zeBhunga, uza kuhlaziya indlela yokuzichaza kwangaphambili ukuphendula kwiSizwe se-Shelby [[FLT: 1] isigqibo. Abalawuli kufuneka baqonde ukuba isenzo somthetho phantsi kweCandelo 5 sesinye sendlela eziphambili eziguqulelwe ngazo izithembiso zeGqibelo le 145th Amendmentmentment kwimists.

Impembelelo Yamalungelo Okuphana: Ukujongwa Ngokunzulu

Iziphumo zoMphetho-mda weshumi elinesine kumalungelo ovoti ziye zanzulu zaza zajikwa ngeendawo ezininzi. Ngelixesha ulungiso lungaliniki ngokucacileyo ilungelo lokuvota, uKhuselo lwalo olulinganayo kunye noMsebenzi kaClaus weNkqubo yeXeso luye lwaba sisiseko sezigqibo ezininzi zenkundla ezikhusela i-francce.

Uphando Olungqongqo Lwemiqathango Yokuxhasana

INkundla ePhakamileyo ibambelele kwelokuba ukuvota lilungelo elisisiseko elikhuselwe yi-Ancility Protection Claus. Oku kuthetha ukuba nawuphi na umthetho othintela ukuvota kufuneka wanelise uhlalutyo olungqongqo: urhulumente kufuneka angqine umdla onyanzelekileyo kwaye abonise ukuba umthetho ulungele ukufikelela loo mdlalo. Oku kuqheliselwa koku, kuye kwenza kwaba nzima ngakumbi ukuba amazwe athethelele imiqathango yokuvota echaphazela ngokungenakulinganiswa ivota okanye uxanduva ilungelo lokuvota.

Ngoko, iNkundla ixhase imiqathango ethile yokuvota, efana nemithetho ye-ID, xa ithathwa njengenzima kakhulu kwaye ixhaswa zimfuno zombuso ezisemthethweni ezifana nokuthintela ubuqhetseba. Umbuzo ongundoqo kwezi meko usoloko usithi ngaba umthwalo kumavoti ungaphezu kobulungisa bukarhulumente, ukwenza uvavanyo olulungeleleneyo olungavelisa iziphumo eziguquguqukayo.

Imithetho Enzima Yokudlulisela Ucalucalulo

Amaqela ancedisayo kunye nomthetho asebenzisa uHlaziyo lwe 145 ukuvavanya uludwe olubanzi lwezenzo zokuvota ngorhwaphilizo, kuquka irhafu yokuvota, iimvavanyo zovolo, kunye nokuvavanya ukubhalisa kobuhlanga. Ityala lophawu Babaker v. Carr (1962) limisele ukuba iinkundla zesizwe zinokuva imingeni yokwabelano-mthetho phantsi komqobo we-Sult - Claine, nto leyo ekhokelela ku-"mntu omnye, ivoti" kumgaqo we-[FLT:].[FLT] Reynolders v. Ss[FLT][FLD:3] [1964]]).

Kutshanje, iimpikiswano zokhuseleko ezilinganayo ziye zaba ngowona mthombo wocelomngeni nxamnye nokuphembelela abanqolobi, nangona iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yathi iinkundla zephondo azinakuziva izityholo ezinjalo, ishiya umba kwiinkundla zetyala nezindlu zowiso-mthetho. Ityala lama-2019 Richo v. ICwangciso esiqhelekileyo yawisa umthetho wokuba i-gardermanment impikiswano yezopolitiki engaphaya kokufikelela kweenkundla zikarhulumente, nangona iinkundla zikarhulumente zisenokusebenza phantsi kwemimiselo yazo.

Ukudibana noMthetho wamaLungelo okuBolekisa

UMthetho weVoting Rights ka-1965, owiswe phantsi kweCandelo 5 loMgaqo-nkqubo we-14th Demendment kunye neCandelo 2 loMgaqo-nkqubo we-15th Amendment, usele sisixhobo esinamandla sokukhusela amalungelo okuvota. Lo Mthetho uthintela ucalucalulo lobuhlanga ekuvoteni, ufuna amagunya athile ukuze afumane imvume karhulumente phambi kokutshintsha imithetho yokuvota (ummandla) kwaye ulungiselela abaqwalaseli bephondo kwiindawo zokuvota.

Emva kwesigqibo Selby County sabetha phantsi umgaqo wokucacisa, uchaza ngaphambili ngokubekwa kwangaphambili kwemiqathango yokuvota, kuquka imithetho ye-ID engqongqo, icuthe amaxesha okuvota kwangethuba, kunye nokukhutshwa komvoti. Ezi zindululo ziye zabangela ukugxininiswa ngokutsha kokuhlaziywa kokuhlaziywa kweMphetho-mva weshumi elinesine njengendlela yokucel ’ umngeni imithetho ekwimiqathango elinganayo yokukhusela.

Ulwalathiso Olusebenzisekayo Kubantu Abasebenza Ngezoshishino

Ukuqonda ukhuseleko lweGqibelo lweshumi elinesine linyathelo lokuqala. Abasebenzi kufuneka bazi indlela yokusebenzisa amalungelo abo noko bamele bakwenze xa bejamelene neengxaki.

Wazi Amalungelo Akho

  • Unelungelo lokuvota ukhululekile kucalucalulo. Akukho rhulumente okanye urhulumente wasekuhlaleni onokuthi akukhanyele ilungelo lokuvota ngokusekelwe kuhlanga, ubuzwe, imvelaphi, okanye ubufana. Ukuba ukholelwa ukuba ucalucalulwe, ungafaka isikhalazo kwiSebe leJaji okanye kumbutho wamalungelo abantu.
  • [[FLT: 0] Unelungelo lokufumana inkqubo efunekayo kulawulo lonyulo. Ukuba ubhaliso lwakho lucetyiswa okanye ususwe kwiiroli, kufuneka ufumane isaziso kunye nethuba lokukhuphisana nesenzo. Kwakhona unelungelo lokufaka ibhola encinane ukuba ubunjani bakho buphazanyisiwe.
  • [[FLT: 0] Unelungelo lonyango olulinganayo. iinkqubo zokukhupha, kuquka indawo yokuvota iiyure, izixhobo, kunye nokufikelela komngxuma, kufuneka ufana phakathi kolawulo. Ukuba uphawula iindidi, zibhale kwaye uzixele amagosa onyulo.

Ukuqonda Umahluko Wemeko

Ngeli xesha uHlaliso lweMimiselo yeshumi elinesine lumisela umgangatho wesizwe wokhuseleko, imithetho yokuvota yahluka kakhulu ngokorhulumente. Amanye amaphondo aye amisela amanyathelo amaninzi okufikelela ekuvotelweni, afana nokubhaliswa okuzenzekelayo, ukubhaliswa kosuku olunye, nokungabhaliswa kweposi evotiweyo. Abanye baye bamisela iimfuno ezingqongqo, ukuvota kwangoko, okanye ukucutha inani leendawo zokuvota. UmGaqo-siseko awukwaleli ukuba kungene lula, kodwa imiqathango kufuneka ihambelane nemithetho yemithetho yesiseko kunye nemithetho esemthethweni.

Ukuze basebenzise ezi ntlobo, abavoti kufuneka bajonge i-website yonyulo karhulumente wabo okanye icebo elingangeni nxaxheba njengeNgqungquthela yeSizwe yeMithetho yokuvota. Ukuqonda imithetho ekhethekileyo yesizwe sakho yokubhalisa, yokuchaza, yokuvota, nokufumana indawo yokuvota kungakunceda ukuba uphephe iingxaki ngomhla wonyulo.

Thabatha Inyathelo Xa Udibana Neengxaki

  • Ukuba ujikwa kude kohlolo, cela ivoti yemali kwaye qinisekisa ukuba ufumana imiyalelo ebhaliweyo yokulandela phezulu.
  • Ukuba ubona uloyiko okanye ukukhathazwa kwindawo yokuvota, kunike ingxelo kumagosa onyulo nakwiSebe lokuBonisa amaLungelo
  • Ukuba ukholelwa ukuba umthetho wokuvota uchasene noMthetho weSindululo seshumi elinesine, qhagamshelana nombutho wamalungelo abantu ofana neSiko leSizwe laseMerika eliBandleni elikhululekileyo, iBrennan Center for Justice, okanye iKomiti yoLawulo yaMalungelo abemi phantsi koMthetho.
  • Bhala yonke into, kuquka ixesha, indawo, amagama abasemagunyeni ababandakanyekileyo, nawo nawuphi na amangqina.

Hlala Usazi Yaye Ubandakanyekile

ISindululo seshumi elinesine asizinyanzelisi; ukhuseleko lwaso luxhomekeke ekubeni ngummi okhutheleyo kunye nolwalathiso oluphaphileyo. Abasebenzi bayakwazi ukuhlala bexelelwe:

  • Emva konyulo olungelulo iparastian olusuka kwimithombo efana neNgqungquthela yesizwe yomthetho kaRhulumente.
  • Ukuhlola [[Qumrhu:0] ICandelo lamaLungelo eSiqendu soMalunga lolwazi ngemigudu yonyanzelo lwamaqumrhu.
  • Imibutho exhasa amalungelo okuvota nokunikela uncedo olusemthethweni kubavoti abajongene nokuchaswa.

Amatyala ayintloko eNkundla Ephakamileyo Achaphazela IsiHlalulo neNkundla yeshumi Elinasine

Izigqibo eziliqela eziphawulekayo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo ziye zachaphazela indlela uMphetho-mvaba weshumi elinesine osebenza ngayo kumalungelo okuvota. Ukuqonda la matyala kunikela umongo kwiingxoxo ezingokwasemthethweni zangoku kwaye kunceda abavoti baqonde izithintelo zokumiswa kwekomiti.

Reynolds . Sims (1964)

Esi sigqibo samisela "umntu omnye, umgaqo omnye wokuvota", ofuna ukuba izithili zowiso-mthetho zilingana ngokulinganayo kubemi. Inkundla yathi iNkundla ifuna ukuba indlu yowiso-mthetho elinganayo i-odoli ifune ukuba yombini indlu yowiso-mthetho elungele ukulwahlulwa ngokwesiseko sabemi, igatye iimpikiswano zokuba igumbi elinye lingasekelwa kwinzululwazi yelizwe kuphela. Eli tyala latshintsha ngokuphawulekayo ukumela kwezobupolitika kwaye liyaqhubeka liphembelela ukuguqula amadabi namhlanje.

Bush v. Gore (2000)

Kwesi sigqibo impikiswano enkulu, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseFlorida yaqukumbela ingxelo kunyulo lomongameli wama 2000, igqiba ngokunempumelelo iziphumo ezixhasa uGeorge W. Bush. Inkundla yathi ukunqongophala kwemilinganiselo efanayo kwiingingqi zaseFlorida kwaphula umthetho woKhuselo olulinganayo luka-Claus. Ngoxa isigqibo sasichanekile kwiimeko zalo nyulo, sisengumzekelo obalulekileyo wokufumana ukhuseleko olulinganayo kubaphathi bonyulo.

Shelby County v. Hoker (203)

Esi sigqibo sayiphelisa igalelo leSahlulelo soNkqutyana-mali esasisetyenziselwa ukufumanisa ukuba ngawaphi na amaphondo nemimandla eyayiphantsi kwemigaqo ebekwe phantsi koMthetho wamaLungelo. INkundla yathi le nkqubo isekelwe kugcino-lwazi oluphelelwe lixesha kwaye yaphula imigaqo yolawulo olulinganayo. Isigqibo sawenza buthathaka ngokunzulu uMthetho wamaLungelo oLoga uLawulo kwaye sakhokelela kwimiqathango emitsha yokuvota kumazwe awayegqunywe ngaphambili.

IKomiti yesiZwe yeDemocratic (2021)

Esi sigqibo saxhasa imithetho yokuvota emibini yase-Arizona eyathintela ukuvota nokuchola okungekho mthethweni, sifumanisa ukuba abazange baphule Icandelo 2 loMthetho wamaLungelo. Inkundla yaseka inkqubo entsha yokuvavanya imiqathango yokuvota, igxininisa umdla karhulumente ekunyulweni kwengqibelelo kwaye ifuna ubungqina bomthwalo omkhulu kwabavoti. Isigqibo sigxekwe ngabaxhasi bamalungelo okuvota ngokukwenza kube nzima ukuvavanya imithetho yokuvota.

Ucelomngeni Lwale Mihla Neingxubusho Eziqhubekayo

ISihlaziyi seshumi elinesine siyaqhubeka sisesazuluni sengxoxo nxamnye namalungelo okuvota, ubumi, kunye nokhuseleko olulinganayo. Imibandela emininzi yanamhlanje ibonisa ukuba ukuhlaziywa okuqhubekayo kuyasebenza.

Imithetho yeVoter

Uphando lubonise ukuba imithetho ye-ID yomvoti ichaphazela ngokungenakulinganiswa, ingeniso ephantsi, nabavoti abakhulileyo, abangenakufane babe nophawu olufunekayo. Ngoxa iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yaxhasa imithetho enjalo kwiimeko ezininzi, uHlaziyo lweshumi elinesine lunika isiseko semithetho enzima ebeka umthwalo onzima elungelweni lokuvota okanye ewiswa ngenjongo yokurhoxisa.

Ithambeka le Voter

Amanye amaphondo aye abasusa ngonya abo bavoti kwiincwadi zokubhalisa, ngokufuthi esebenzisa ugcino-lwazi olunesiphene okanye iinkqubo ezithandabuzekayo. Iinkundla zicaphule iimfuno zenkqubo ezifanelekileyo zokuphelisa ukuhlanjululwa okuthile, kodwa lo msebenzi uyaqhubeka usasazekile. Amavoter kufuneka ahlole ukuba ngababhaliswa njani rhoqo, ingakumbi phambi konyulo olukhulu.

Ukunganeliseki

Uninzi luthi kuyawavalwa amalungelo okuvota abantu abanolwazi olungokwasemthethweni, amanye amazwe amisela ukuvalwa komsebenzi wobomi bonke kwanasemva kokugqitywa kwezigwebo. UMthetho-nkqubo we-14th WesiHlaliso uvumela ngokucacileyo ukuba ungenelele ekuvotelweni "kuvukelelweni okanye kolunye ulwaphulo-mthetho," kodwa abameli baphikisa ngelithi imithetho yokungavumelani okubanzi kakhulu iyasilela. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yaxhasa ukupheliswa kwemithetho yokurhoxa, kodwa utshintsho lomgangatho wephondo luye lwandisa amalungelo okuvota abantu ababevalelwe kwiminyaka yakutshanje.

Gerrymandering

Bobabini ubuhlanga kunye nocalucalulo luphakamisa amaxhala alinganayo okhuseleko. Ngexa ingcebiso yobuhlanga iphantsi kohlalutyo olungqongqo kwaye iye yabethwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yathi izibhengezo ezithi i-gerrymander azinakuphelela kwinkundla yesizwe. Oku kutshintshele kwinkxalabo zenkundla yesizwe kunye namanyathelo okukhusela, njengoko kubonwa kumazwe anjengeFlorida, Michigan, kunye neOhio apho abavoci bovo baye bafaka khona iikhomishini zokuzidinisa ezizimeleyo.

Isiphelo: Ilifa Eliphilayo LoMthetho - melo We - 14

UMthetho weMimiselo weshumi elinesine asingombhalo othe ngqo ongokwembali; luxwebhu oluphilayo oluqhubeka lubumba idemokhrasi yaseMerika. Kubavoti, ukuqonda amalungiselelo abo kuyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokufundiswa kwemfundo yasekuhlaleni. Ukulungisa iziqinisekiso zobuzibulo, inkqubo efunekayo, kwaye kusisiseko somGaqo-siseko samalungelo okuvota kunye nenkululeko yomntu ngamnye.

Njengoko iingxoxo ngokufikelela ekuvotelweni, ukuthembeka konyulo, kunye nokumelweni kuqhubeka, uMphetho-mda weshumi elinesine uza kuhlala usembindini wedabi. Abaqondisi abawaqondayo amalungelo abo omgaqo-siseko baxhotyiswe ngokulunge ngakumbi ukuba bawasebenzise, bacel ’ umngeni okungekho sikweni, baze baphendule urhulumente wabo. Nokuba ufaka ifomu yokuvota okokuqala okanye umbambo wemali, uMphengululo weshumi elinesine uya kuba ngumkhuseli wokuthabatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi.

Ukufunda okungakumbi malunga noMphetho-Mphetho weshumi elinesine kunye nempembelelo yawo ekuvoteni, jonga izibonelelo kwi- i-Anstitution, iProject ['oyez[, kunye neCwangciso-M] yeJaji yeJaji yeJaji [[FLT:]]. Le mithombo inikezela ngohlalutyo oluntsolo lwangoku lwemibango yomthetho kunye nemigudu yokulungisa eqhubekayo.