Ukwazisa: Isisongelo Seenyawo Ezibi Kubungqinelwano Bedemocratic

Kwindawo ephezulu yophando lwezopolitiko, isixhobo sikhona esizimilise njengesixhobo sophando esisemthethweni. Uhlolo lorhuqo lwenzelwe ukuba lungaqokeleli ugcino-lwazi kodwa lufake inkohliso enamandla ngqo kwivoti ̱ iingqondo phantsi komthunzi woluvo. Nangona belusetyenziswa kangangamashumi eminyaka, amandla abo okususa imigaqo-nkqubo yedemokhrasi kunye neenkqubo zedemokhrasi azizange zibe mandundu ngakumbi. Kwixesha lokuthomalalisa nokuthoba ugcino-lwazi olunzulu lweziko, ukusetyenziswa ngokuchuliweyo kokhupho lwemigqobhozo e-votayo kungabuyisela iimbono zoluvo, ukuthoba intetho kawonke-wonke, nokuthoba idelela intluvote, ukuqonda eli cebo lokuzinzo, iiziphumo zalo, kunye neenkqubo ezikhoyo zomntu ozibongela ukulondolo lwe-demo-yo.

Kuqala, uhlolo olunyanzelisayo lungakhangeleka njengalo naluphi na uvavanyo lomnxeba okanye uphando lwe-intanethi. Umphendula--ndlebe ubuzwa uthotho lwemibuzo emalunga nombhaptizi okanye umxholo. Noko ke, imibuzo ithwele iindawo ezibubuxoki okanye ezilahlekisayo, ezinikelwa ngokubonakala kobundilele kwenzululwazi. Injongo yokwenene asikokuvavanya uluvo lukawonke-wonke kodwa kukuqhuba ngendlela efunwayo. Lo mkhwa wobuqhophololo uhlasela kwintliziyo yedemokhrasi, exhomekeke ekukhetheni ukwenza ulwazi, ukhetho oluzimeleyo. Eli nqaku lihlola oko kunyanze imilinganiselo yedemokhrasi, iziphumo ezinzulu zokusetyenziswa kwawo ngokungekho mthethweni, kunye namanyathelo aqinileyo esinokuwathatha ukuze sikhusele inkqubo yethu yezopolitiki.

Ucaciso loTshayo: Imvu yeMbewu ’ ingubo

Ukuqonda ingozi enyanzelisa uphando olunyanzelisayo, umntu kufuneka kuqala ahlule uphando olusemthethweni. Uhlolisiso oluqinisekisiweyo lwenzelwe ukulinganisa isimo sengqondo sikawonke-wonke ngemeko yenzululwazi. Basebenzisa amagama obundilele, umzekelo ongacwangciswanga, kunye nendlela ecacileyo yokuveza ugcino-lwazi oluthembekileyo oluthe lwamaphulo, intatheli, kunye nabaphandi abasebenzisayo ukuchaza unyulo. Injongo yi umlinganiselo wemeko [, hayi indlela yokukhangela i-manipy. Ngokwahlukileyo, ukunyanzela izixhobo zonxibelelwano zifihlakeleyo njengophando. Intetho yachazwa yingcacingo yenzululwazi yezopolitiko kunye nombutho uAlbert Cantil, owazichaza “njengendlela yokuzihomba inteli”.

Iimpawu Zomgquba Wobhujeko

  • Iphakamisa kwaye ilayisha imibuzo: Endaweni yokuba ufune ngubani?” Uhlolo lokunyanzela lungabuza, “Ngaba usamxhasa u-X ukuba uyazi ukuba bakhankanyiwe ukuba bangabandakanyeki kwirhafu?” (kwanokuba akukho siphawuli sikhoyo).
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukusetyenziswa kolwazi olungalunganga okanye olububuxoki: Umba ongundoqo wophendlo lokutyhalela yintshayelelo eyonzakalisayo. Umbuzo ngokwawo usasaza amarhe, nokuba kunokwenzeka kangakanani.
  • Akukho ngqokelela yogcino-lwazi yokwenyaniso: Ngokufuthi, unxulumano lufutshane kakhulu (imibuzo enye okanye emibini) kwaye iimpendulo azibhalwanga okanye azisetyenziswa nakweyiphina injongo ye-alytic. Umfono-ndwendwe akafuni kwanolwazi lwamanani.
  • Ubukhulu obuphezulu, ixesha elifutshane: uvolo lompululo lusetyenziswa ngokusetyenziswa ngebhamphi efutshane ukugcwalisa abaphulaphuli abajoliswe kubo, ngokufuthi kubusuku bonyulo, xa kungekho xesha lokukhangela inyani okanye ukuphendula.

Imizekelo Yembali

Uphando lophulo-goqo aluyonto intsha. Kunyaka wama 2000 weRiphabliki yomongameliial primpolery, uphando lokunyanzela eMzantsi Carolina lwacela abavoti ukuba baxhase uJohn McCaine ukuba babeyazi ukuba ungumntwana omnyama /a othe wazala ityala lobuxoki ngokupheleleyo. Intebe yokutyala imbewu yamathandabuzo eyafak'unegalelo kwiMcClip’ ukulahlekelwa kwelo lizwe. Ngokufanayo, ku-2016 Democratic contion, kunyanzelelwa uphando kumazwe aliqela acebisa ukuba uBernie Sanders uBrinto Slanders uthelela irhafuthelo okanye u-Clinton wayeneebon iqhina lokunga iKlux Klan. Ezi ndlela zichazwe ngokubanziswa kakhulu kwaye zigwetywa yimibutho yoogralio , kodwa ziyaqhubeka kuba ziyasebenza.

Omnye wemizekelo edume kakhulu yenzeka ngexesha lohlanga lweNdlu yeNdlu yaseTexas ngo-2012. Uphando olunyanzelisayo lwaqhagamshelana namawaka abavoti abaphambili baseRiphabliki ngombuzo owaqalisayo: “Ukuba ubusazi ukuba iCandite Jones ityholwe ngokuxhatshazwa ngokwesini ngulowo wakha wasebenza kwaye wahlala ngaphandle kwenkundla, ngaba ubuya kuba mancinane okanye ungayi kuvota?" Isityholo sasingaqinisekiswanga, kodwa umonakalo wawukhawulezileze. Ukuba umbathisi uyakwazi ukugxeka amarhebende, ukuphindwa kwesityholo kudala unxulumano lwengqondo olunzima ukupheliswa.

Indlela Ukutyhala Okuchaphazela Ngayo Ulawulo - melo

Idemokhrasi ixhomekeke kwimithetho engabhalwanga: ukuhlonela inyaniso, ukhuphiswano olufanelekileyo, ukuzilawula, nokuthemba iinkqubo zonyulo. Uphando olucinezelekileyo lwaphula zonke.

Ukusasaza Inkcazelo Ephosakeleyo Phantsi Kweradar

I-Misproce isisongelo esikhulu kwidemokhrasi, kwaye uphando olunyanzelisayo yinkqubo yokuhambisa echuliweyo. Ngokungafaniyo nohlaselo olucacileyo, olunokucelw'iingxaki kwingxoxo okanye kwinyaniso ephenjelelwa ngamajelo eendaba, uhlolo olunyanzelisayo lusasaza ubuxoki kwintsebenziswano enye-nye ngaphandle kwengxelo yoluntu. Umvoti uva “umbuzo” obonisa ihlazo, kwaye ngenxa yokuba luboniswa njengombuzo wobundilele, intengo ifumana ubuxoki bobunyani. [[FLT: 0], bebengabuza ukuba ayinyani, abaphendulanga. Oku kubangela ukuba uhlolo olusebenzayo lungachaphaza ekufakeni intle eqhubekayo emva kokuba ithe . I-falth-each, i-enotedging, i-odgieall, ithe `'eall, i-'ethe .

I-Autonomy eDityanisayo

Kumthombo wayo, idemokhrasi ifumana impumelelo yabemi yokuzenzela iingqondo zabo ngokusekelwe kulwazi oluchanileyo. Uphando lokunyanzela luhlasela ngokuzilawula ngokugqitha kwingcinga egxekayo yomvoti. Ukuphenduliswa kombuzo wophangelo olunyanzelisayo kubangela ukuba uphendule ngokuchasene nomntu oza kujonga intlawulo, nokuba intelekelelo ephantsi yeyobuxoki ayichananga. Olu luhlobo lwemeko yengqondo. Umzekelo, uphando olunyanzelekileyo olucela ukuba, “Ungayixhasa na u-Y ukuba ufumanise ngaphandle kokuchola ukunyusa irhafuthelo kwiklasi ephakathi?”[5] Xa i-Candidetate Y ayizange ixhase ulwa ulwando olunjalo. Uvotive, “Ndiye ndive ukuba ufuna iirhafu” kodwa umthombo obekiwe ngumatshini.

Ukuphelelwa Kwentembelo Kwimibutho Yezobupolitika

Ukuthembana kuyinto ephambili yentlalo yedemokhrasi. Abami kufuneka bathembe ukuba unyulo lulungile, ukuba abatshati bazakukhuphisana ngokunyaniseka, kwaye ukuvota okuqhelekileyo kujongwa njengesixhobo sobundindi okanye sobugxwayiba. Uphando lothotho lukonakalisa ukuthembana kwimigangatho emininzi. Xa abavoti beqonda ukuba bakhohliweyo, baba ngabagxeki abagxeki nje kuphela ngephulo elikhubekisayo kodwa banokuyinyanzelela yonke inkqubo yonyulo. Oku kungagqiba kwelokuba ezobupolitika asinto ngaphandle komdlalo wenkohliso engcolileyo, ijongela phantsi ukuvuma kwabo ukuba bathathe inxaxheba. Ngaphezu koko, ukuvota okusemthethweni kubangelwa kukuqhatha kovavanyo olunelo, uphando olungenabunyani, ukuthomalalisa omnye wezixhobo zokusetyenziswa kwabantu abasebenzisa i-Denemodeviescracs.

Ukhuphiswano Olungenabungozi

Umgangatho wokudlala yindlela yokufumana inkxaso-mali yokhuphiswano lwedemokhrasi. Amalungu kufuneka aphumelele okanye aphulukane neengcamango zawo, iimpawu, kunye nezicelo, hayi kubuchule bawo bokufumana amaqhinga amdaka. Uphando lokufola lunika uncedo olungafanelekanga kwabo bakulungeleyo ukuchasa imilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Iphulo elinyathelweyo lokunyanzela uphatho lungamoyikela ngokunempumelelo impetho yokuchasa, kuba uhlaselo lungangeni kwibalazamkelo olufanayo kwaye aluxhobiseli umvano olufanayo njengolusetyenziswa ngumabonwakude. Umbango ojongileyo akasoloko engakwazi ukuchaza umthombo okanye aphendule ngexesha. Oku kuphakamisa ibala lokudlala ngokunyanisekileyo kuxhasa umenzi wemidlalo engalawuleki, kudima abantu abanyanisekileyo ekungeneni kwibala lemidlalo nakwii-azemijelo.

Imiphumo Enokubakho Ngenxa Yolawulo - melo

Imiphumo ehlaziyiweyo yophando olunyanzelwayo ingaphaya kwebala ngalinye. Ukuba lungathintelwa, lungaphazamisa zonke izinto eziphilayo zedemokhrasi.

Ukucekwa Nokungakhuthazi

Ukuchanabeka okuphindiweyo kwimposiso enyanzelisa ukuphembelela idemokhrasi kubangela ukungathembi. Iivoter ziqalisa ukubona lonke unxibelelwano lwezopolitiko njengobuchukuqeshi, ngoko ziyakhala. Ziyeka ukuphulaphula iingxoxo zemigaqo, ziyeke ukuphanda, ze ziyeke ukubonakala kwizifundo. Oku kuphengulula kukubulawa kwe-knell yokuthatha inxaxheba kwedemokhrasi. Xa abavoti bengenakukwazi ukwahlula inyaniso kwi-gracki, abaninzi bakhetha ngokulula. Isiphumo sisiqalo sincinane, sivota abaninzi abakhethayo abanokusetyenziswa lula. Uhlolisiso lwama 2019 lweZiko zophando lwasePaw lufumanile ukuba kuphela ama-35% amaMerika athemba ama-medis athe eendaba ngokufanelekileyo kwaye ngokuchasanayo; ukunyanzela uphazamisi-ntle yokungathembana kwe-ntebon phakathi komgca phakathi kweendaba neenkcazelo.

Ubunzulu Bokukhanya

Uphando lophando lwepetroli ngokusasaza iziphengululo zabachasi. Ababandakanyeki kwiindawo ezidibeneyo; endaweni yoko, basebenzisa izityholo ezigqithisileyo nezibubuxoki ezithi zipeyinthe inkcaso njengenkohlakalo, njengeyingozi, okanye engeyo-American. Oku kuqinisa ukunyaniseka kwesizwe kwaye kwenza ukuba intsebenziswano enqamlezayo ibe yenze ingabi nokwenzeka. Xa abavoti baseFlorida beva uhlolo olunyanzela ukuba umntu ofuna ukubhatala afune “ukwenza amapolisa,” kwaye baphulaphule umntu othenjiweyo ufuna“ ukukhusela iNtlalo,” abafuni ukuchasana nemigaqo yokwenene. Abaxelelwanga ngokweentloko. Ngokugqithisileyo. Ngokuthethsileyo, oku kuyenza ibe negalelo ulwahlulo oluqhelekileyo lwedemokhrasi nokukhubaza umhlaba ofunekayo kwidemo-demokhrasi.

Iinguqu Zedemokhrasi Ezibuthathaka

Izintlu zovavanyo olufana nerediyo, iinkundla, kunye neekhomishini zonyulo zixhomekeke ekuthembeni uwonke wonke. Uhlolo oluqhutywa ngoomatshini olubangela ukuthembana ngokufihlwa kwezibakala kunye nokwenza kube nzima nasiphi na isiko ukushwankathela inyaniso. Abakhangeli-manani bazama ukuphelisa iingcamango zobuxoki, kodwa uphengululo olunyanzelisayo lusebenza kwimithunzi--_ne , akukho ngxelo kawonke-wonke wonke. Ngelixesha ikhawulezileyo ipapashwa, umonakalo wenziwe. [uctracracy] uxhomekeke kwisiseko esisisiseko solwazi; lukhuthaza uphazamiso olupheliswayo ngesiseko sobuxoki obungenayo. Oku kunciphisa indima ye-mediamfaziweyo njengoko kukhangelwe nokuncitshiswa naliphi naliphi nalelo lomthetho oluchana.

Ukukhusela imimandla ephakamileyo ekwidemokhrasi: Impendulo elungiselelwe izinto ezininzi

Phezu kwako nje ukungathi qatha kwesisongelo, kukho amanyathelo asebenzayo anokuthintela ukusetyenziswa kovavanyo olunyanzelisayo nokunciphisa umonakalo wazo. Impumelelo ifuna ukuthathwa ngabenzi bomthetho, abafundisi-mthetho, amaphulo, kunye noluntu.

Ukulungelelaniswa kwakhona okunamandla nonyanzelo

Imithetho karhulumente yangoku neyasekuhlaleni ayiphelelanga. IKhomishini yoNxibelelwano yeFederal (FCC) ilawula ii-rodocals kodwa ayibhekisi ngqo kwidilesi ezinyanzelisa uphatho. Amazwana amaninzi anemithetho echasene “nentsebenziswano” okanye inkohliso yezopolitiko, kodwa ayinqabile ukunyanzeliswa. Indlela yokwenziwa kophatho iquka:

  • [[NTLA:0] Utyhilo lokwalathisa: Lucela nabani na ophilayo ofowuna uvo lwakhe lokuchaza iphulo okanye umbutho ukuxhasa umnxeba, kwaye kwasekuqaleni uchaze ukuba injongo kukuqokelela izimvo (nezohlwayo zokungachani).
  • I-Bonnings ezinyanzelisa unyulo phambi konyulo: Iimeko ezininzi ezinjenge New Hampshire neKhalifoniya zinemithetho ethintela ukunyanzeliswa konyulo kwiintsuku zokugqibela phambi konyulo. Ezi kufuneka zandiswe kwaye zinyanzeliswe ngokulinganayo.
  • ichaza inkqubo yokukhalaza: Inkqubo esembindini apho abavoti benokuxela unxulumano olukrokrelekayo, bexhobisa uphando ngeebhodi zonyulo zikarhulumente okanye amagqwetha jikelele.

Umiselo kufuneka lulumke ukuba lungangqubani nokuchasana nenkululeko yokuthetha okanye yokuvota, kodwa imithetho ecacileyo echasene noqheliselo lobuqhophololo ingawudlulisa umGaqo-siseko. [[FLT: 0] Brennan Center yeJaji [ ipapashe umthetho wemodeli ongqinelana noxakeko lokukhuselwa komGaqo-nkqubo wokuqala kwimfuno yokukhusela abavoti kwiindlela zenkohliso.

Imfundo yeVoter kunye nokufunda

Eyona ndlela ingcono yokuzikhusela ekuphembeleleni ikukunyanzelisa abemi. Abahlali kufuneka baqonde oko kuvakalayo kunyanzeliswa kukunyanzelisa uphatho lovolo kwaye bazi ukuba lungakuxhobisa. Amaphulo emfundo eentlangano, izikolo, kunye namaqela eengingqi angafundisa abantu ukuqaphela iimpawu: uhlolisiso olufutshane kakhulu, imibuzo ethwele, izityholo ezinikelwa njengemibuzo, kunye nomntu ofowuzayo ongakwaziyo ukunikezela ngomthombo wobundilele. Ukuba abavoti bayaqonda ukuba “ubhedu” ngokwenene ulili elo ilinge lokugqwala. Iinkqubo zokufunda ukubhalisa iiprojethi zezobupolitika ezimele ziquke ukunyanze izicelo njengesifundo setyala. Oku kuhambisana nemigudu ebanzi yokulwa kwemiqatha, iikhonte, neekhompanento zangaphandle, kunye nokungenelela kwamanye amazwe.

Ukubonakala Okucacileyo Okuvela Kumaphulo Nezitsalo

Amaphulo kufuneka aqhutywe ngokuzithandela kwimigangatho yokuhlola ngokokuziphatha. I-American Association for Public Opinion Research (AAPOR) inekhowudi yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha ethintela ukukhuthuzwa kovavanyo; amaphulo abonisa ingqibelelo yabo. Iintatheli zikwadlala indima ebalulekileyo. Xa imimandla yokutyhalela phambili, iinkcazelo zonxibelelwano kufuneka ziphengulule kwaye ziyixele, inika igama lomxhasi ukuba uyabonakala, kwaye ichaza iqhinga kuluntu. Umzekelo, emva konyaka ka-2018 zityhala uhlolo kuhlanga lwe-Virginia, amaphephandaba asekuhlaleni akhupha amabali abhenca izindwendwe ezibheno kwaye aphumela ekugwetyweni kwabantu ngokubanzi.

Ukuxhasa Iphulo Lezeemfazwe

Izithethe zezobupolitika ngokwazo kufuneka zitshintshe zijonge imilinganiselo yokuthembeka ngaphezu kokuphumelela okufutshane. Amatheko kunye neenkokeli zeqela kufuneka ziwagxeke kakhulu abo basebenzisa uphando olunyanzelwayo. Abanikazi kunye nabaxhasi bamazwe banokuyimisela inkxaso kwisiqinisekiso sokungasebenzisi ubuchule bokukhohlisa. Ngoxa oku kubonakala kuyinto elula, izithethe ziyatshintsha: amahlazo emali emali, iimpepho zemali, iimpempendulu, kunye nezinye iindlela zobuhlanga ezigwetyiweyo zigwetyelwe ngokubanziswa ngokubandakanywa. Le nkqubo inye ingasebenza ukunyanzela ukuphembelela. Xa iphulo le nkonzo liba lingumqondiso wekratshi `a) umqondiso wokuhlonela abantu abavoti-/a intyokucelwa ngokunyuswa.

Isiphumo: Ukukhusela isiseko sokhetho olungenziwanga kakuhle

Uphando lokutshintshwa koomatshini lungalulo olungenabungozi lwezobupolitika ezirhabaxa nezingalawulekiyo. Lumela ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwangabom kwenkqubo yedemokhrasi, elungiselelwe ukudlula kwiingcamango zengqiqo nokufakela iinkolelo zobuxoki. Njengoko eli nqaku libonise, ukukwazi kwabo ukuphelisa imigangatho yedemokhrasi kunzulu: basasaza iinkcazelo ezigqwethekileyo, balulaza ulawulo lwe-votimfe, bakruza ukuthembana, bathoba i-ethelba ibala lokudlala kwizixhobo ezingalunganga. Iziphumo ze-cynicnicnic, ukubola, ukubola kwequmrhu, ukubola kwedemokhrasi.

Kodwa kukho ithemba. Ngokudibanisa umgaqo ochuliweyo, umgangatho wemfundo, iphulo elicacileyo, ukuzinikela kwezenkcubeko kwezobupolitika ezibonisa imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, singawuphelisa umonakalo onyanzeliswayo. Injongo kukungaphelisi zonke iincam ezirhabaxa ekuxhaseni, kodwa ukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho qhinga liphikisanayo nomgaqo-demokhrasi osisiseko wokuba abavoti bafanele bakwazi ukugqiba ngokusekelwe kulwazi oluchanileyo, olunyanisekileyo. [FLT: 0] Ukukhuselwa kwemilinganiselo yedemokhrasi kuqalisa ngokulahlwa kwezixhobo zenkohliso njengokunyanzela ukubhincwa.[ Wonke ummi, xa eva “utshaba olukrokreqileyo,” lunamandla okungathandabuza, ingxelo, kwaye ala ukurhoxiswa.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya kwembali kunye nempembelelo yophando olunyanzelekileyo, bona iPult Research Center [[FLT: 1] yophando lwePhondo] uhlolo lonxibelelwano lwezopolitiko, kunye nemithetho yezonxibelelwano yezopolitiko. Ezi mithombo zinika amanyathelo aqinileyo okuqonda nokuxhathisa oku kwemeko yemithetho yokuziphatha. Umxholo owongezelelekileyo kwibala elisemthethweni ukhona ukusuka kwiKhomishini yeNkqubano yoThutho