Ukwazisa: Ukuncokola Kwakho Kukuphela Kwesiqalo

Xa ungena kwitheko lovota uze uphose ifomu yakho yokuvota ukuze ube ngumongameli, uthatha inxaxheba kwenye yezona zithethe zibalulekileyo zezentlalo eUnited States. Kodwa uhambo ukusuka ngelo xesha ukuya kwixesha umongameli omtsha athatha isifungo sesikhundla akuyi ngoko nangoko. Unyulo ngokwalo luyincomo yokuqala kwinkqubela phambili yenkqubo yeqonga elimalunga neenyanga ezimbini kwaye libandakanya oorhulumente, abavoti, abalawuli, iBhunga kunye nolawulo oluzayo. Ukuqonda le nkqubo kuyimfuneko kuye nabani na ofuna ukuyiqonda indlela ekhethe ngayo inginkokeli ephakamileyo yeUnited States, nesizathu sokuba inyathelo ngalinye likho ukuqinisekisa ukufaneleka, ukuzinza, nokuzinza, nocwangcomthetho-mthetho-siseko.

Indlela eya kumongameli emva koSuku loNnyulo ilawulwa yintsebenziswano yemithetho-siseko, imimiselo yorhulumente, imithetho yesizwe, nezithethe ezinde. Eli nqaku lihamba nawe kwisigaba ngasinye ngokweenkcukacha, ukusuka kwisiqinisekiso sikarhulumente ukuya kwiziphumo zonikezelo lokugqibela. Ngapha koko, siza kuhlolisisa ubuchule be-Electoral College, indima yeKholeji ekubaleni iivoti zonyulo, izicwangciso zokuvumelana ukuba akukho mvoti uzuze uninzi, kunye nexesha lenguquko elibalulekileyo eliqinisekisa ukuqhubekeka kukarhulumente.

Ikholeji yeNkcubeko yeNkcubeko neNkcubeko

I-United States ayinyuli umongameli wayo ngokuvota okuthe ngqo kwesizwe esidumileyo. Endaweni yoko, umGaqo-siseko umisa inkqubo engaziwayo njengeElectoral College. Urhulumente ngamnye wabelwa inani labanyuli elilingana nomelo lwawo olupheleleyo kwiBhunga: isixa sabaphathi bawo ababini kunye nenani labo bameli kwiNdlu. ISithilishi saseColumbia sifumana abavoti abathathu ngaphantsi koMphetho-mva-mva-zwe wama-23, ezisa inani elipheleleyo labanyuli ukuya kuma-58. Umbathisi ufuna uninzi lwabavoti-mali abangama-270 abavoti-voti abacholi belote abafumana i-presi.

Xa uvota umvoteli wombutho wobungameli, usebenza ngobuchule uvota isisoti sabanyuli abathembise ukuxhasa loo mvoti. Aba banyuli bakhethwa ngokuqhelekileyo ngamaqela ezobupolitika ngexesha leendibano okanye ziikomiti zeqela. Amagama abavoti anqabile ukuvela kwibhola yovotelo; abavoti babona amagama abanyuli bomongameli kunye nabavoti abaphambili. Kodwa impembelelo esemthethweni yevoti ethandwayo kukugqiba ukuba yeyiphi irela yabavoti emiselwe ngurhulumente.

Kumazwe angama-48 nakuMasipala aseColumbia, inkqubo ephumeleleyo efumana yonke ingeniso iyasebenza: umvoti ophumeleleyo ekungeneni komninzi wovoti othandwayo ufumana zonke iivoti zikarhulumente. IMaine neNebraska zisebenzisa indlela yesithili, inika ivoti ezimbini ezivoti kumvuzo wesizwe ngokubanzi kunye nevoti enye evoti ebhaptizileyo kwingi nganye yengingi. Lo mahluko ungavelisa iziphumo ezinyuliweyo zonyulo oluthe lwahlulayo kuloo mazwe, nangona inqabile.

Abafundisi Abangenalukholo Nezikhuseli Ezisemthethweni

Abahlalutyi abangeyonyani bangabantu, kwaye kwimbali yaseMerika, inani elincinane livote ngokuchasene nezifungo zabo. Abanyuli abangenalukholo abazange bayitshintshe iziphumo zonyulo lomongameli, kodwa baye baphakamisa inkxalabo ngokuthembeka kwenkqubo. Ngokuphendula, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yagqiba ngamxhelo mnye [[FLT: 0]] iChifalo v. iWashington[[FLT:] [20] [2020]) ethi inyanzelise imithetho efuna abacholi-mkeli ukuba baxhase, kuquka nokususa okanye ukugweba abanyuli abaphambukileyo abasenza amatyala. Ngokutsho kwe-2024, ama-33, amatyala neMithetho yeSithiliti yeColimbia ibo ilungise ngenye indlela, kunye nesigqibo seNkurhoqonga yeNkundla.

Isileti sabanyuli abanconyelwe yirhuluneli nganye yephondo lingumphathi osemthethweni oza kuvota ngoDisemba. Le nkqubo yesiqinisekiso ngokwayo ilawulwa ngumthetho wesizwe kwaye iqheleke kakhulu kwiveki zomhla wokhetho. Amagosa onyulo akhuselayo alungisa amalaphu eeseyile ahlaziyo, aqhuba nayiphi na ingqwalaselo okanye ii-akhawunti, kunye nesiqinisekiso sokukhupha isiqinisekiso esichaza abachongi abamiselweyo. Ezi ziqinisekiso zithunyelwa kuMlawuli weSizwe noLawulo lwesizwe kunye nakumagosa orhulumente afanelekileyo.

Intlanganiso Yesibini: Intlanganiso Yabaveleli

NgoLwesibini lokuqala emva koLwesithathu lwesibini ngoDisemba, abavoti badibana kumakomkhulu abo ephondo ukuze bafake izibheno zabo ezisemthethweni zikamongameli kunye nesekela lomongameli. Le ntlanganiso igunyaziswe ngumthetho karhulumente kwaye isenzeka ngaxeshanye kuwo onke amazwe. Abavoti bavotela ngokwahlukeneyo umongameli kunye nesekela lomongameli, besebenzisa iibhola zovoti. Iziphumo zibhalwa kwisiqinisekiso sovoti, ngoko ezisayinwa ngabavoti kwaye zidluliselwe kwiindawo eziliqela, kuquka uMongameli weBhunga (umongameli weUnited States), uVimba weSizwe, kunye namagosa esizwe.

Iziqinisekiso zovoti ngamaxwebhu asemthethweni azakubhalwa yiKhomyutha ekwazakubalwa nguJanuwari. Zithwala umkhosi womthetho kwaye zimela imbonakalo esesikweni yokukhetha konyulo lukarhulumente. Emva kokuba abanyuli bedibene, izatifiketi zitywinwa kwaye zinikezelwa ngeendlela ezikhuselekileyo. Ii-passtiki zogcino-lwazi lweSizwe zivavanywa kwi-intanethi ukuze kubonwe uwonke wonke, kwaye inkqubo iqhutywa ngomthetho wesithethe.

Ngokwembali, intlanganiso yabakhethi yayilinyathelo elizolileyo elithe cwaka elatsala ingqalelo kancinci kawonke-wonke. Noko ke, unyulo lwakutshanje luye lwafumana uhlolo olungakumbi kweli nqanaba, ingakumbi emva konyulo lwama-2020, xa kucetywa ezinye izikweri zabakhethi kwamanye amazwe. Olu tshintsho luye lwancitshiswa ngokucacileyo kwaye lunika isakhiwo esicacileyo sobalo.

I-Peace Ethathu: Ingqungquthela ibala iElectoral Votes

NgoJanuwari 6 emva konyulo, iKhomishini ihlanganisa intlanganiso edityanisiweyo ukubala amavoti. UMongameli ongumongameli, kwindima yakhe njengoMongameli weNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, uyalawula kwintlanganiso. Lo msitho ubekwe kwisithethe nakumthetho olandelwayo. Isiqinisekiso sonyulwayo esivela kwilizwe ngalinye sivulwa ngolungelelwano olulandelelanayo, kwaye abaxeli abasuka kuzo zombini izibheno zokuvota. Naziphi na izikhakha-kha-kha-kha-kha-kha-kha-kha-kha kufuneka ziqulwe ngokubhala nangokuncinane lilungu elinye lendlu kunye nelungu leNxatyiweyo.

Ngaphantsi komthetho wokuqala we-Electoral Count Act ka-1887, imithetho yokuqwalasela ukuphikisa yayididane, ikhokelela ekudidekeni nasekulibazisekeni. IElectoral Count Reformation Act yo-2022 yaphakamisa umqobo wokuqwalasela: ukulwa kufuneka ngoku kuxhaswe ubuncinane yi-fisenti enye yegumbi ngalinye (ngoku li-87 amalungu endlu kunye namaqumrhu angama-20) ukuba adityaniswe, ingxoxo nganye yegumbi ngokwahlukeneyo ukuya kwiiyure ezimbini kwaye emva koko ivote nokuba ngabaphi na abaxhasi. Uninzi lwevoti emagumbini omabini kufuneka luvale okanye lwalale iivoti zovoti zikarhulumente.

Xa onke amaphondo angama-50 kunye neSithili saseColumbia sibaliwe, uMongameli onguMongameli onguMongameli uvakalisa ubalo lokugqibela. Ukuba umvoti ufumene amavoti angama-70 okanye ngaphezulu, uMongameli onguMongameli ongummeli uvakalisa ukuba lowo uzakuchongwa ngumongameli-mkhethe. Esi sindululo sisiphelo somGaqo-siseko esisemthethweni sonyulo. Ukuba akukho mvotelwa ufikelela kuma-270, umGaqo-siseko unika unyulo lwe-atkha, olunye lwezinga elilelona libalulekileyo kodwa elibalulekileyo elisemva kwinkqubo yamaMerika.

Unyulo Oluncomekayo: Okwenzekayo Ukuba Akukho Ufumanayo 270

Unyulo oluxhomekekileyo lwenzeka kuphela ukuba akukho mvoti womongameli ofumana uninzi lwevoti zonyulo. Esi simo sinqabile kodwa asingosi singaqhelekanga; unyulo lokugqibela lonyulo lwango1824, xa iNdlu yakhetha uJohn Quincy Adams ngaphezu koAndrew Jackson. Ukuba ithe yavuswa, iNdlu yabameli ikhetha umongameli kwabathathu abanyulwayo abafumana olona votiweyo. Abathunywa borhulumente ngamnye barhola ivote enye, yaye inkoliso yamazwe (ngoku angama-26) iyafuneka ukuba iphumelele. Indlu iyaqhubeka ivota de ifikelele olo ninzi.

Ngecala lomongameli, iNdlu yeeNtsimbi ikhetha abavoti ababini abanokuvota, ngokuvota okuninzi kwequmrhu elivota elinye. Uninzi lwabaququzeleli (51) luyafuneka. Oku kuthetha ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba umongameli kunye nesekela lomongameli anyulwe kumaqela ahlukeneyo, umkhwa oza kudala unyulo olunamandla akhethekileyo lwezopolitiko. Inkqubo yonyulo ye-athom ilawulwa yi-12th Amendment yaye kufuneka igqitywe nguSuku lokwandiswano. Ukuba akukho mongameli unyulwa ngoko, uMlawuli wempumelelo ka-1947 uchaza ukuba ngubani oya kusebenza njengomongameli weNdluko yeNdlungela de kugqibe iNdlungela yokufa.

Nangona unyulo olungqinelana nonyulo lungaqhelekanga kakhulu kwezobupolitika zale mihla, le nkqubo ihlala ilukhuselo olubalulekileyo lomgaqo-siseko. Iqinisekisa ukuba unyulo lomongameli alukwazi ukubulala intloko yendlu ngonaphakade kwaye igumbi elikufutshane nabantu, linento yokugqibela ethi ukuba iElectoral College ayiphumeleli uninzi.

Isine: Ukudluliselwa Kwamandla

Ixesha eliphakathi koSuku Lokhetho noSuku loHlaziyo, olubizwa ngokuba lutshintsho lomongameli, lelinye lezona zigalelo zilandelayo kulawulo lwaseMelika. Utshintsho lubandakanya ukudluliselwa kwegunya lolawulo oluphezulu ukusuka kulawulo oluphezulu ukuya koluzayo, kuquka ulawulo kumasebe karhulumente, ukufikelela kubuntlola obumiselweyo, kunye nokusebenza kwamawaka amiselwe kwezobupolitika. Utshintsho olugudileyo lubalulekile kukhuseleko lwesizwe, ukuthembana noluntu, kunye nokuqhubekeka kwemisebenzi karhulumente.

UMgaqo-nkqubo woNjikelezo loMongameli ka-1963, njengokulungiswa, unika isiseko somthetho solawulo lwale nkqubo. Igunyazisa uLawulo lweeNkonzo jikelele ukunikezela ngobuncwane, isithuba se-ofisi, kunye nenkxaso kumaqela okuguqula abatsha abamagxamnam, kwanangaphambi koSuku Lokhetho. Emva konyulo, umongameli okhetha ufumana uhlaziyo lobuntlola, usebenza namagosa amaqumrhu ukulungiselela ukumiswa kwegunya, kwaye uqalisa inkqubo ebanzi yokuphelisa nokungagunyaziswa kwamalungu ekhabhrathi kunye nabasebenzi abakhulu.

Utshintsho lukwaquka ukuvunywa okusemthethweni komongameli obegwetywa ngulawulo oluphumayo. Umongameli wangoku umema umongameli-okrwela kwiNdlu emhlophe ukwenzela intlanganiso, kwaye ezi zinto zimbini zithetha ngomphathi wegunya. Le sithethe sibonakalisa ukufuduswa koxolo kwegunya eliyidemokhrasi yaseMerika. Ulawulo oluphumayo lukwalungelelanisa neqela elingenayo ukuqinisekisa ukuba imicimbi yokhuseleko lwesizwe, amanyathelo aqhubekayo enkqubo, kwaye izicwangciso zokuphendula ngongxamiseko zishwankathelwe ngokupheleleyo.

Ucoselelo lokhuseleko kunye namaqela e-arhente amisa umhlaba

Ilungu elibalulekileyo lotshintsho kukunikwa kwemiqathango yokhuseleko yexeshana kumalungu olawulo oluzayo ukuze aqalise ukufumana ulwahlulo olufutshane. Ulawulo oluphumayo lunceda le nkqubo ngeBhunga leNguqulo yeNdlu eMpulu emhlophe kunye nabaLawuli boNguqulo be-Agency. La maqela aqinisekisa ukuba iqela elizayo linolwazi elifuna ukulawula ngokunempumelelo ukususela kwiMini Yokuqala.

Umbutho ngamnye wesizwe umisela iqela lokwehla elisebenza neqela lenguqu ukuhlola imisebenzi eqhubekayo, amaxwebhu ohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali, iikhalenda zolawulo, kunye nokubeka imicimbi yomthetho. I-ofisi yeGovernment Office kunye neqela loLawulo noHlahlo-mali lidlala iindima ezibalulekileyo ekuqinisekiseni ukuba utshintsho luhambelana nomthetho wesizwe kunye nemigangatho yemilinganiselo yemithetho yemithetho. Le nkqubo yenzelwe ukuba icace, i-bistarstan, kwaye iyaphumelela, ngenjongo yokuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente uqhubeke nomsebenzi othe ngqo ngexesha lobu khokelo.

Phakamisa Ezintlanu: Usuku lokwandula

IMini yokuHlakulelwa yincopho yayo yonke inkqubo yokunyulwa. Iyenzeka ngoJanuwari 20, njengoko kuchazwe nguMphengululo wama-20, owasusa umhla ukususela ngoMatshi 4 ukuya kutsho kufutshaniswa kwexesha lokunqunyulwa. Lo mbhiyozo uyenzeka kwiCapitol, ngokuqhelekileyo kwiNtshona, iJaji enguMphathi-mikhosi yaseUnited States ikhupha isifungo se-ofisi kumongameli ozayo. Umongameli ongumongameli ufungela ukuqhutyelwa, ngokuqhelekileyo phambi komongameli.

Isifungo sesikhundla sichazwe kwiGatya II, iCandelo 1 loMgaqo-siseko: "Ndifunga ngokunzulu (okanye ndiqinisekisa) ukuba ngokuthembeka ndiya kuphumeza i-Ofisi kaMongameli wase-United States, kwaye ndiza kufikelela kwelona khono lam, ndigcine, ndikhusele ndize ndikhusele umGaqo-siseko waseUnited States." Umongameli okhethayo ubeka isandla kwiBhayibhile okanye kwenye incwadi abakhetha kuyo, nangona umGaqo-siseko ungafuni nayiphi na itekisi yonqulo. Emva kokufunga, umongameli omtsha ukhupha idilesi yokuqala, echaza umbono wabo wegama elizayo.

Ukunikezelwa asisosiganeko nje somsitho; lixesha apho igunya lomGaqo-siseko lomongameli liqala ukusebenza khona. Ukususela emini emaqanda ngoJanuwari 20, umongameli olawulayo uba ngumongameli, kungakhathaliseki ukuba umbhiyozo ugqityiwe. Kwisiganeko sokulibaziseka okanye umongameli ukungakwazi ukusenza isifungo ngexesha elicwangcisiweyo, umongameli ongumongameli uba ngumongameli de isiphene sigqitywe, njengoko kuchazwe nguMphengululi wama-25.

Ukuthuthwa Kwamandla Ngoxolo

Ukudluliselwa koxolo kwamandla ukusuka komnye ulawulo ukuya kolandelayo kuphawu oluchazayo lwenkqubo yomgaqo-siseko waseMelika. Ngokungafaniyo namanye amazwe amaninzi, i-United States ayizange ifumane ukuthunyelwa kolawulo ngenxa yokungenelela komkhosi okanye unyulo oluphikiswayo olwakhokelela ekungazinzini okuqhubekayo. Ngelixesha unyulo lwama-2020 lwavavanya ezinye zezi migaqo-siseko, inkqubo yomgaqo-siseko egcinwe, kunye notshintsho ekugqibeleni lwaqhubeka njengoko umthetho wawufuna. Ugcino-Malikenteli kunye noLawulo lobuGawula-mkhosi lugcina iingxelo ezineenkcukacha zomjikelezo ngamnye, lunika umkhokeli kawonke-wonke-wonke.

Umongameli ophumayo uhlala ekwisithethe sokunikezelwa nokuthatha inxaxheba ekudlulisweni kwemibhiyozo. Oku kubonisa ukuqhubeka kolawulo lwedemokhrasi kunye nesigqibo soxolo sokhuphiswano lwezopolitiko. USuku lokumiselwa kwemiboniso luquka umboniso, iibhola ezicacisiweyo, neminye imibhiyozo, nangona ukhuseleko kunye nemeko yempilo kawonke wonke zinokuba nempembelelo kumlinganiselo weziganeko. Kungakhathaliseki ukuba kusenziwa umbhiyozo wangaphandle, ixesha eliphambili lomgaqo-siseko lihlala lingulawulo lwesifungo kunye nokumiselwa kwamandla aphezulu.

Isiphelo: Inkqubo Exhasa Ulawulo - melo

Ixesha eliphakathi kokuvota nokunikezelwa komongameli omtsha kukulandelelana okucwangcisiweyo ngobuchule kwemigaqo, imigaqo, kunye namanyathelo esithethe. Inyathelo ngalinye lenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba isiphumo sibonakalisa ukuthanda kwabavoti njengoko kuchazwe ngemithetho emiselwe ngumGaqo-siseko kunye nomthetho wesizwe. Ukusuka ekumiselweni kwabanyuli ukuya kwintlanganiso yeBhunga, ukusuka kwisiqinisekiso solawulo lorhulumente, isigaba ngasinye sinenjongo ekhethekileyo: ukuvelisa ulawulo olufanelekileyo, oluzinzileyo, nothunyeliso olulungeleleneyo lwamandla olawulo oluphezulu.

Ukuqonda le nkqubo kungaphezulu nje kokuzilolonga kwemfundo. Kuxhobisa abemi ngolwazi ukuvavanya ukuthembeka konyulo, ukuqaphela ukubaluleka kwenyathelo ngalinye, nokubeka amagosa kawonke-wonke etyala ngokwenza imisebenzi yawo ngokuthembeka. Indlela eya kumongameli inde kwaye igqunywe, kodwa icace ngenkcazo. [[FLT: 0]] Libary of Congress kunye U.S. ulawulo lonyulo lolwazi olusemthethweni lweziqhagamshelo-portal[FLT] lunikela izibonelelo ezithe tyaba kwabo banqwenela ukuhlolisisa umbandela ngokubhekele phambili.

Xa uvota, umisela inkqubo ebandakanya amawaka amagosa karhulumente, izigidi zamaxwebhu asemthethweni, nobulumko obuqokelelwe kwiinkulungwane ezimbini zolawulo lomgaqo-siseko. Uhambo ukusuka kwibhokisi yebholothi ukuya kwi-Oval ofisi lunzima, kodwa ikwayisivumelwano sokuhlala nokuguquguquka kweriphabliki yaseMerika. Lunye uqhagamshelwano olukulo mbandela wetsheyina, kwaye ngamnye ukho ukuze akhonze umgaqo ongundoqo wokuba abantu bangowona mthombo wegunya kwibutho elikhululekileyo.