Oorhulumente baseburhulumenteni basisiseko sobomi bemihla ngemihla baseMerika, bebumba yonke into ukusuka kwindlela esihamba ngayo ukuya kwizikolo abantwana bethu abaya kuzo. Ngoxa urhulumente wesizwe eWashington, D.C., ngokufuthi ebalaselisa imixholo ephambili, ngoorhulumente belizwe abasebenzisa igunya elingqalileyo kwimisebenzi yemihla ngemihla yabemi. Ngamnye wamazwe angama-50 asebenzisa urhulumente wakhe ozimeleyo, osekelwe kuMgaqo-siseko we-Tenth Amereka, ogcina onke amagunya angaphathiswanga urhulumente wephondo kumaphondo. Esi sakhiwo sidala igumbi lolawulo-demokhrasi elinamandla, apho amazwe azama ngemigaqo yemfundo, yezonyango, yokhuseleko, kunye nokhuseleko lukawonke wonke umntu. Ukuqonda umgangatho opheleleyo wezorhulumente ufanele ukwenziwa nawabami, umqeqeshi, okanye umfundi ukuba aqonde indlela esebenza ngayo ngokwenene iMelika.

Ibali loorhulumente bakaRhulumente

I-United States liriphabliki yesizwe, igunya elithetha oko kwahlulwa phakathi korhulumente wesizwe norhulumente. Umgaqo-siseko ngamnye wesizwe umisela eyawo imodeli karhulumente, ebonakalisa imodeli karhulumente kodwa eneenguqu ezibalulekileyo zasekuhlaleni. Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banamandla akhethekileyo — oko kukuthi, bangenza nakuwuphi na umGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. okanye umgaqo-siseko wabo. Oku kuquka igunya elikhulu kwezorhwebo, umthetho wentsapho, umthetho wezaphuli-mthetho, umthetho wempahla, kunye nempilo kawonke-wonke.

Oorhulumente balungelelaniswa kumasebe amathathu ahlukeneyo: abaphathi-mikhosi, abenzi bomthetho, kunye nezomthetho. Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kunye nokuhlola kunye nolungelelwaniso olusebenzayo kumgangatho worhulumente kanye njengokuba enza ngokwesizwe, kodwa aneempawu ezizodwa ezifana namagunya e-gabernerator, amanyathelo alawulayo, kunye namasebe ahlukeneyo ngokwesizwe nezwe. Amandla nolawulo lorhulumente luye lwatshintsha ngokuhamba kwexesha, ngokukodwa ngesigqibo seNkundla ephakamileyo kunye nomthetho karhulumente, kodwa ahlala engumthombo oyintloko wolawulo lwenkoliso lwamaMerika.

Amasebe Karhulumente

Isebe eliphethe i-Advice

Ikhokelwa yirhuluneli, isebe eliphetheyo linyanzelisa imithetho karhulumente kwaye lisebenzisa imisebenzi yelizwe yosuku nosuku. Irhuluneli isebenza njengentloko yabameli abaphetheyo kwaye isoloko inamandla aquka igunya lomgca-osihlulo (ngokungafaniyo noMongameli we-U.S.), ukutyunjwa kweentloko zesebe, ulawulo lwesizwe, ulawulo lwesizwe, namandla okukhupha imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo. Amagosa amaninzi agunya eliphezulu akwahlukeneyo kwirhuluneli, njengerhuluneli, igosa-gosa-gosa, unobhalane wezwe, kunye noovimba-mali, adale isigqeba elilawulayo esisebuninzi esiphelisa amandla.

Isebe loMthetho

Izwe ngalinye ngaphandle kweNebraska linendlu yowiso-mthetho ye-bigameral equkiwe yiNdlu yeNdlu yeQela kunye neNdlu yeNdlu yeeNdlu zowiso-mthetho (indlu yowiso-mthetho kaNebraska ingumtyali wokwalatha). Abamisi-mthetho basekwenzi bemithetho yokuyila nokudlulisa imithetho kwimiba emininzi, kuquka irhafu, imfundo, ezothutho, kunye nezempilo kawonke-wonke. Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho iyahluka kodwa ibandakanya ukuva iikomiti, iingxoxo zomgangatho, kunye ne-grebernerator. Amazwe amaninzi avumela abavoti ukuba bamisele imithetho ngqo ngokulula okanye ngokuthumela iinkqubo zenkqubo zemithetho, inika abeminye amandla okuxhobisa i-RGrectives[FLT] iNgqungqu yesizwe ye-Foctives

Isebe Lejaji

Iinkundla zelizwe zitolika umgaqo-siseko wesizwe nemithetho, kwaye zisingatha uninzi olugqwesileyo lwamatyala asemthethweni eUnited States. Urhulumente ngamnye unenkqubo yakhe yenkundla, equka iinkundla zamatyala, iinkundla zetyala, kunye nenkundla ephakamileyo yeli lizwe. Iijaji zelizwe zikhethwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo: ii-projekthi okanye ii-partistan, unyulo loburhulumente, okanye ukhetho olusekelwe kwimigaqo-mthetho (isiCwangciso seMissouri). Iinkundla zorhulumente nganye zithetha yonke into ebangelwa kukuchaswa kwemilo yemilo yasetrafikini, kunye nempikiswano yeentsapho.

Iimbopheleleko Ezingundoqo Zoorhulumente Borhulumente

Oorhulumente banetyala lobubanzi nokwahlukahlukana kwemisebenzi. Ngelixesha ezinye iimbopheleleko zabelana norhulumente worhulumente, amazwe akhokela kwimimandla emininzi echaphazela abahlali ngqo. Ngezantsi zizinto eziphambili zomsebenzi karhulumente, nganye ihlolwe ngobunzulu.

Imfundo

Ngokulindelekileyo imfundo yeyona mbopheleleko ibalulekileyo yoorhulumente belizwe. Amazwe anegunya eliphambili lokumisela nokuxhasa iinkqubo zokufundisa zikawonke-wonke ukususela kwisikolo samabanga aphakathi ngemfundo ephakamileyo. Oku kuquka ukumisela imigangatho yemfundo yemfundo, ukuvavanya imimandla ebanzi, ukunikezela ngootitshala, nokusasaza inkxaso-mali kwimimandla yesikolo yasekuhlaleni. Amazwe akwavelela iiyunivesithi zikawonke-wonke kunye neekholeji zezentlalo, ngokufuthi esebenzisa iibhodi ezimiselweyo zabaqeqeshi okanye abathembekileyo.

  • K-12 Imfundo: Amazwe acwangcisa iinkqubo zohlelo, izifuno zokuphumelela, kunye neemilinganiselo yokuziphendulela. Amazwe amaninzi amkele iMigangatho yeSizwe esiqhelekileyo okanye aphuhlise imigangatho yawo. IThe Endission Receeds Act (ESA) inika umba obalulekileyo wokwenza umsebenzi wesikolo kunye nokungenelela kwizikolo eziphantsi.
  • Imfundo ephakamileyo: oorhulumente bakarhulumente bafanele imali kwiikholeji zikawonke-wonke neeyunivesithi, bamisele iinkqubo zezemfundo, baqhube iinkqubo zoncedo lwabafundi. Iiyunivesithi ezihlala phantsi kweMithendeleko yeMorrill, zihlala zihleli zikho iintsika zeenkqubo zemfundo eziphezulu zikarhulumente.
  • Imfundo yangaphambili yobuntwana : Amazwana amaninzi ngoku axhasa iinkqubo zangaphambi kohlobo lwabantwana kunye nolawulo lwamaziko okunyamekela abantwana, ekuqonda ukubaluleka kokufunda kwasekuqaleni.

Ukuhlawulwa kwemali yemfundo kuxhomekeke kumxube werhafu yengeniso karhulumente, iirhafu zentengiso, neerhafu zempahla zasekuhlaleni, ezikhokelela kwiiyantlukwano eziphawulekayo phakathi kwamazwe nesithili. Ukuqwalaselwa kweenkqubo zemfundo zikarhulumente, iKhomishoni yoQoqosholo-lwazi lwaseUnited States ibonelela ngoovimba ababanzi.

Uthutho

Oorhulumente banomthwalo wokwakha, ukulondolozwa, nokusetyenziswa kwenkoliso yenkqubo yohola-ndlela welizwe. I- Interstate Highway System ixhaswa ngurhulumente kodwa isetyenziswa ngamaphondo, kwaye amasebe ezothutho karhulumente alawula amawaka eekhilomitha zeendlela zikarhulumente, iibhulorho, kunye neetonela. Ngaphezu koko, amazwe ajonge iinkqubo zokuthutha uwonke, iinqwelo-moya, namazibuko enqanawa.

  • [[NTLA:0] Ii-Roads kunye neeBridges: ama-oyile axhasa ulwakhiwo kunye nokulungisa ngerhafu yepetroli, iindleko zokubhalisa imoto, kunye nerhafu yerhafu. Amazwana amaninzi azama ukuzama iindleko zomsebenzisi ezisekelwe kwimayile njengoko impumelelo inciphisa irhafu yerhafu.
  • Intetho yePublic: oorhulumente banikela inkxaso yemali kunye nolawulo lolawulo kwiinkqubo zoduladula, iziporo ezilula, kunye neziporo ezihambayo. Amanye amazwe adala abaphathi bengingqi bothutho ukuze balungelelanise iinkonzo kwiinkonzo ngaphaya kolawulo.
  • Ukhuseleko lokhuseleko lomntu: Ama-United States amisela isantya, imithetho yokuqhuba enxila, kunye nemfuno yomqhubi. Akwalawula uhlolo lwenqwelo-mafutha kunye nobhaliso, kwakunye nokungahambelani kwelayisensi zomqhubi.

Imeko yezibonelelo zikarhulumente ichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo imveliso yezoqoqosho nomgangatho wobomi. Uluntu lwaseMelika lwama-injini yoluntu lunika ingxelo yekhadi lomgangatho karhulumente ngezibonelelo ezibalaselisa isikali semali efunekayo.

Unyango nempilo kawonke-wonke

Urhulumente ungowona uphambili kwinkqubo yonyango lwaseMedicaid. Ngolawulo lweMedicaid, ulawulo lwezorhwebo ze-inshorensi, namanyathelo empilo karhulumente, uthelela iziphumo zempilo zezigidi zabantu. IAffordlable Care Act karhulumente yandisa iindima zikarhulumente ngokuzivumela ukuba zenze ii-inshorensi zempilo nokunwenwa kwe-Medicaid edigig

  • .MEDID: Le nkqubo yentlalo edityanisiweyo inika inkcaso yempilo kubantu abafumana imali ephantsi, abantwana, amabhinqa, nabantu abakhulelweyo abaneziphene. Ama-United States agqiba ukuba kunokwenzeka, inzuzo, kunye nentlawulo kumgangatho wokuhlawula phakathi kwemigaqo yorhulumente. Ngaphezu kwama-40 amazwe andise iMedicaid phantsi kwe-A, kodwa kusele ii-movesss.
  • Impilo yePublic: amasebe ezonyango eRhulumente alandela izifo, amaphulo okugoma, ukukhuthaza isimilo esisempilweni, nokuphendula ekuqhambukeni komdla kunye nongxamiseko. Bakwagunyazisa izibhedlele, amakhaya asebesebesebe bekhulile, kunye nezinye iindawo zonyango.
  • Ilayisense yezomsebenzi: ye-United States kwaye ilawula bonke abanikezeli bezonyango, kuquka oogqirha, abongikazi, abathengisi-mayeza, kunye noogqirha bamazinyo, ukuqinisekisa imilinganiselo encinane yobuchule nokhuseleko.

Ulwazi oluninzi lwemisebenzi yempilo karhulumente, tyelela i CDC yemo kawonke-wonke kwiphepha lempilo ye-.

Ukhuseleko Loluntu Nobulungisa Bezaphuli - mthetho

Ukugcina ucwangco lukawonke-wonke nokukhusela abemi ngumsebenzi ongundoqo. Amazwe agcina amapolisa awo (umz., amajoni karhulumente), asebenzisa izibonelelo zokulungisa, alawula iinkqubo zolwaphulo-mthetho, alungelelanisa ulawulo lwexesha longxamiseko.

  • Isivumelwano somthetho: amapolisa aseburhulumenteni anyanzelisa imithetho yezithuthi, aphengulule ulwaphulo-mthetho, ancede amapolisa asekuhlaleni. Igqwetha jikelele lesizwe lisoloko likhokela ekuphengululeni ulwaphulo-mthetho nokutshutshisa okubandakanya izilangazelelo zikarhulumente.
  • Ukulungisa: Ama-United States asebenzisa iintolongo kwabo babanjwa ngamatyala, ngelixa iintolongo zasekuhlaleni ziphatha iimpazamo kunye nokuvalelwa kwangaphambi kwetyala. Amasebe olungiso karhulumente akwangamele iinkqubo zokuvavanya kunye nokuvavanywa.
  • Ulawulo lobugqi: amaqumrhu olawulo lwexesha likaxakeka aseburhulumenteni alungelelanisa ukusabela kwintlekele, ukusuka kwinkanyamba nakwimililo yelanga ukuya kwizifo ezimandundu kunye nohlaselo lwabagrogrisi. Basebenza ngokusondeleyo neFEMA kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni.
  • [[UMTL:0] Uthintelo lweFire kunye neeNkonzo: Ngelixesha amasebe omlilo amaninzi ekwindawo, ecwangcisa ikhowudi yokwakha, enyanzelisa imilinganiselo yokhuseleko lomlilo, kwaye enika uqeqesho kubacimi-mlilo.

Uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho

Urhulumente ukhuphisana ngamandla ukutsala amashishini, ukwenza imisebenzi, nokukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezintsha. Basebenzisa izixhobo ezahlukahlukeneyo, kuquka izikhuthazo zerhafu, irhafu, iinkqubo zoqeqesho lwabasebenzi, kunye nokuveliswa kwemali. Amaziko ophuhliso lwezoqoqosho karhulumente anika oosomashishini kunye neenkampani ezisunguliweyo ngokufanayo.

  • I-Intenivers zoshishino: Ama- States anika iityala zerhafu, irhafu yempahla, kunye nemali enika inkxaso ekhuthaza iinkampani ukuba zifumane okanye zandise kwimida yazo. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ukuba ezi zizathu zingakhokelela ku “mdlalo-mali oya ezantsi,” kodwa abaxhasi bawujonga njengoyimfuneko ukukhuphisana emhlabeni wonke.
  • Uphuhliso loMsebenzi: lwaseStates lwemali yezokolo zoluntu, izikolo zomsebenzi, kunye neenkqubo zoqeqesho lwejob zokwakha umkhosi womsebenzi onobuchule. Iinkqubo zenkqubo zomsebenzi womsebenzi zixhaswa ngokuqhubekayo kumgangatho karhulumente.
  • Ingeniso yogcino-lwazi: Ngaphaya kwezothutho, amazwe angenisa i-intanethi ebanzi, iinkqubo zamanzi, kunye nezixhobo zamandla, eqonda ukuba izibonelelo zale mihla ziyimfuneko ekwandeni kwezoqoqosho.

I- Iqela lesizwe leerula izikhondo zokumisela imigaqo yokuphuhlisa kwezoqoqosho kunye nezenzo ezingcono.

Ukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo noovimba bendalo

Amazwe aphambili ekumiselweni kwemekobume nasekulawuleni oovimba bendalo. Ngoxa i-Invironmental Protection Agency imisela imilinganiselo yesizwe kwilizwe lonke, amaphondo anembopheleleko ephambili yokuthobela nokumisa imithetho emininzi yemeko-bume.

  • Umgangatho wamanzi noMgangatho wamanzi:[ amasebe emeko-bume esizwe avumela ukukhutshwa kwegesi nokukhutshwa kwamanzi amdaka, ukujongwa komgangatho womoya, nokunyanzeliswa kwemigangatho yamanzi acocekileyo. Amanye amazwe amisela imithetho engqongqo kuneemfuno zikarhulumente.
  • Usetyenziso lwelizwe neZoning: Ama-United States adlulisela imithetho ekhokela umhlaba osebenzisa izigqibo, akhusela amacandelo onxweme, kwaye alawula inkqubela-phambili kwiiplanga ezikhukulayo. Uhlolo lomgangatho wobume bemeko-bume luqhelekile.
  • Ikonsathi: iipaki zelizwe kunye neentlanzi kunye namasebe ezilwanyana zasendle alawula izigidi zeehektare ukuze akhuseleke. Ulondolozo lwemeko-ntle yelizwe kunye neendawo ezigcina indalo.
  • [[UMGAQO-] Ulawulo lwe-Dake: Ama- States alawula ukulahlwa kwenkunkuma eyingozi, iinkqubo zokuphinda isetyenziswe, kunye nemisebenzi yokugcwalisa umhlaba.

Iinkcukacha ezithe kratya, EPA [iphepha lombuso] lichaza indlela esebenza ngayo intsebenziswano yorhulumente norhulumente.

Iimbopheleleko Ezongezelelayo

Unyulo nobhaliso lwezibonelelo

Amazwe alawula lonke unyulo lorhulumente, nolokuvota. Amisela iinkqubo zokuvota, kuquka iinkqubo zokubhalisa, ukhetho lokuqala, nokurhoxa kovotelo. Iindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente zidwelisa ingqungquthela yengqungquthela kunye nemimandla yowiso-mthetho yamazwe emva kokubalwa kwabantu, inkqubo edla ngokubangela impikiswano engaphaya kwe-gerrymander.

Ukuhlahlela nokuqulunqa

Ngaphandle konyango, irejista ithi kukho amakhulu emisebenzi, iingcali zombane nabachebi beenwele, abasebenzi bezindlu nabagcini-mali.

ISebe leMicimbi yeNkcubeko neMidlalo

Oorhulumente baqhuba iinkonzo zokukhusela abantwana, iinkqubo zokunyamekela abalupheleyo, kunye neenkqubo zabalupheleyo nabakhubazekileyo. Kwakhona balawula i-inshorensi yokungaqeshwa, uncedo lokwexeshana kwiintsapho ezisweleyo (TENF), kunye neenkqubo zoncedo lokufumana ukutya.

Ulawulo lukarhulumente wasekuhlaleni

Urhulumente udala yaye unika igunya oorhulumente basekuhlaleni, izixeko, iidolophu, nesithili esikhethekileyo. Amazwe amisela umgangatho wegunya lasekuhlaleni, irhafu neembopheleleko zenkonzo. Olu lwalamano luyahluka, ngenxa yokuba amanye amazwe anika ulawulo lwasekhaya olubanzi, amanye anika ulawulo olungqongqo lweDillon.

Umthetho ochaseneyo noManyano oluManyano: UMthetho

UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. unika ulungelelwano oluluqilima phakathi kwegunya lorhulumente negunya lorhulumente. Ngelixesha urhulumente wesizwe enawo onke amandla apheleleyo kwezorhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe, ulwalamano lwamanye amazwe, kunye nokhuseleko lwesizwe, amazwana agcina amandla amapolisa ukukhusela impilo, ukhuseleko, kunye nemilinganiselo yokuziphatha yabemi bawo. Imimandla emininzi, njengomgaqo wemekobume kunye nezothutho, ibandakanya amagunya asebenza kunye ngamanqanaba omabini. ISupremacy Clausle ithetha ukuba umthetho karhulumente ude ude ude ude uqhawule imithetho karhulumente ephikisanayo, kodwa urhulumente olawulayo usoloko efaka abathunywa bemiqathango kumazwe eMedica kunye neenkqubo zokusingqongileyo.

Esi sakhiwo sorhulumente sivumela amazwe ukuba asebenze njengeelaboratori zedemokhrasi, ukuvavanya iinkqubo ezinokumkelwa kamva ngokwesizwe. Imizekelo iquka utshintsho lomgangatho we-inshorensi yempilo karbon, iinkqubo ze-cap-trade, kunye notshintsho lomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho.

Isiphelo

Oorhulumente bangaphezulu kakhulu kunolwahlulo lwamazwe alawulayo lukarhulumente wezwe. Bangamagunya, abemi abazimeleyo, abaneembopheleleko ezipheleleyo ezichaphazela zonke iinkalo zobomi: ukusuka kwimfundo yabantwana nakukhuseleko lweendlela ukuya kucoceko lwamanzi nobulungisa bonyulo. Indima yabo kulawulo lwamaMelika ayinakubekwa ngaphezulu. Kubafundisi-lwazi, kubafundi, nakubemi bemihla ngemihla, ukuqonda ububanzi nobunzulu bemisebenzi karhulumente echaphazela imimandla. Ngokufunda indlela asebenza ngayo amazwe noko bakulawulayo, abantu ngabanye banokugcina amagosa abo anyuliweyo ebeke ityala kwaye bamele iinguqu-nkqubo yabo. Ukuhlola okungakumbi ngorhulumente wakho, ukuqala nge-[FOLD [F:0] u-US.