Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya abe ngamasebe amathathu alinganayo `angamashumi amahlanu), awezomthetho, nagwebo (ililungu lesiseko solawulo lomgaqo-siseko waseMelika.) Ngelixesha sisoloko sihlalutyelwa kumongo weWashington, D.C., esi sakhiwo asiyongcamango yorhulumente nje yorhulumente. Sikotshwa, kunye nomahluko wasekuhlaleni, kuwo onke amaphondo angamashumi amahlanu, namawaka oorhulumente kunye noorhulumente bephondo abaqeshiweyo kulo lonke ilizwe. Ukuqonda indlela esi sakhiwo esisebenza ngayo kumazwe nakumgangatho wasekuhlaleni kuyimfuneko ekuqondeni ubukhulu obupheleleyo bedemokhrasi baseMerika nokuqonda iingopho apho abemi banokubandakanyeka ngokunempumelelo norhulumente wabo.

Isiseko Samandla Ahlukeneyo

Abalayishi bomGaqo-siseko wase-U.S., bezoba kwintanda-bulumko yezobupolitika yaseMontesquieu, beyila inkqubo yokuthintela ukuxinezeleka kwamandla. Imfundiso ephumela kukwahlulwa kwamagunya yahlula igunya phakathi kwamasebe amathathu ahlukeneyo, ngalinye elinemisebenzi eyahlukileyo kunye namandla okuhlola amanye. Kumgangatho wesizwe, iBhunga lenza imithetho, uMongameli uyawabulala, kwaye iJadiciary iyawatolika.

Lo mgaqo wawubaluleke kakhulu kangangokuba wadluliselwa kumazwe, nangona uMphetho-mda weshumi unika isibanzi esithe ngqo ekuhloleni oorhulumente bawo. Ngenxa yoko, wonke umgaqo-siseko worhulumente ubonakalisa imodeli karhulumente, umisela irhuluneli (ebulalayo), indlu yowiso-mthetho (yesithinteli), kunye nenkundla yezolawulo (yesi-judicali), kunye nenkqubo yenkundla yesizwe (yesizwe). Oorhulumente bengingqi, njengezidalwa zikarhulumente, baqeshiwe ukuba basebenze phantsi kwezakhiwo ezifanayo, ngokufuthi kunye nee-omatiloneridi, kunye neenkundla zengingqi zasekuhlaleni. Le DNA iqinisekisa ukuba umgaqo wokuhlola nomlinganiselo wolawulo uyafumaneka kwaye uyabonakala. Ukuhlola imodeli loburhulumente, ukutyelela i-ofisi [FLD:0].[1]

Isebe eliphetheyo kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni

Isebe elilawulayo kurhulumente wasekuhlaleni lijongene nolawulo lwemini nolwenziwa koorhulumente kunye nokugcinwa kwemithetho yasekuhlaleni. Noko ke, isakhiwo salo singahluka ngokuphawulekayo kuxhomekeke kumgaqo-siseko kamasipala.

Inkqubo ye-Mayor-Council

Kwinkqubo yesithethe equka ukulungiselela uqingqo-mali lwesixeko, ukumisela iintloko zesebe (intloko ye-oyile, umlawuli womlilo, njengomphathi-mikhosi okanye umongameli. Usibonda unyulwa ngokusesikweni kwaye unegunya kwibhunga lomthetho wequmrhu. Iimbopheleleko zomphathi-mikhosi ziquka ukulungiselela uqingqo-mali lwesixeko, ukumisela iintloko zesebe (intloko-mikhosi, ummeli-mlilo, umlawuli-orhulumente woluntu), nokuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho yesixeko iyasebenza. Amandla omphathi-dolophu angahluka ngokwahlukileyo ekubeni isebenzisa i-injini yesixeko okanye okanye [FLT:] okanye [FFLD] imodeli kancinci [FFFFF:5]

Iinkqubo zomphathi weBhunga

I- inkqubo ye-council-manager ikhula ithandwa kakhulu ukusuka ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, ibhunga loqhawulo-mtshato lobukhomfazi bezopolitiko kubaphathi bolawulo. Kulo mzekelo, ibhunga lesixeko elinyuliweyo lisebenza njengequmrhu lemithetho yowiso-mthetho limisele umgaqo wenkqubo. Eli bhunga ngoko liqesha umphathi wezopolitiko ongochwepheshe, ongengonobupartistan [ ukuphatha imisebenzi yempatho. Umlawuli wesixeko ujonge uqingqo-mali, uqesha kunye noogxanduva lwemishina yemililo, kwaye uphumeza imiqathango yebhunga. Le nkqubo yenzelwe ukukhuthaza ubuchule nobuchule kurhulumente wasekuhlaleni.

Abalawuli bephondo

Kumgangatho wengingqi, igunya eliphetheyo lisoloko linikwa ityala kunyulo lwegunya eliphetheyo elinyuliweyo okanye umlawuli wamanani [. Kwimimandla emininzi yasemaphandleni, lendima igcwaliswa yibhodi yabameli abasebenza ngokudibeneyo njengequmrhu lowiso-mthetho kunye nelolawulo, ukuhamba okuphawulekayo ukusuka kulwahlulo olungqongqo lwamandla.

Isebe elinolawulo oluphezulu kumgangatho weRhulumente

Amasebe aphetheyo elizwe antsonkothile yaye anamandla kunamanye amaqela asekuhlaleni. Irhuluneli yeyona ntloko, kodwa umgaqo-siseko udla ngokuchitha igunya eliphezulu kumagosa amaninzi anyuliweyo.

Indima Yomlawuli

Irhuluneli inomthwalo wokwenza imithetho yesizwe ngokuthembeka, ilungiselela uqingqo-mali lwesizwe, isiyalela ugalelo lwesizwe. Amandla erhuluneli abalulekile, kuquka amandla okutyikitya okanye amatyala adluliswe yindlu yowiso-mthetho. Isixhobo esikhethekileyo esikhoyo kumabamba amaninzi yi- i-line-line-iteto[, evumela ukuba balahle izahlulo ezithile zemali engakhange isetyenziswe ngaphandle kokuhambisa umsebenzi wonke. Oku kunikeza ukhangelo olunamandla kwi-applications.

Iinkqubo zolawulo oluphezulu

Ngokungafaniyo nesebe elilawulayo lesizwe, elisisinye, abalawuli besizwe basoloko bedibene. Abalawuli abaninzi kumaphondo bakhetha ngqo i-Attorney General (igosa elingokwasemthethweni), iSiphathiso seState seSizwe [[[FLT] [[FLT]] i-omatiloti] [i-amandla] eyintloko yonyulwayo] [i-abaphathi-voluntiyo], [[FLT] kunye i-Sivumelo semfundo semfundo yemfundo yemfundo yezemfundo [[FLT]]. Oku kukhutshwa kwegunya kuthetha ukuba igosaze ithethele kwaye isebenzisane namagosa abanyuliweyo, ukwenza inkqubo ngaphakathi kolungelelaniso kunye nolungelelaniso lwesebe. Oku kulawula lonke ulawulo lommiselo.

Isebe loMgaqo-siseko kuNqanaba lasekuhlaleni

Umsebenzi wowiso-mthetho worhulumente wasekuhlaleni wenziwe ngamaqumrhu anyuliweyo anjenge ibhunga lobundlobongela , iibhodi zetown[, okanye iikomishini yemali [. La maqumrhu lilizwi elingqalileyo loluntu ekumiseleni inkqubo yobulali.

Amandla Neembopheleleko

Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zobulali zijongene nemithetho egqitha uluntu. Oku kuquka imithetho yokulawula ukusetyenziswa komhlaba, imimiselo yokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, irhafu yasekuhlaleni (indawo elungileyo, ukuthengiswa), kunye noqingqo-mali lwaminyaka le lweenkonzo zesixeko. Iqumrhu lowiso-mthetho lisoloko liphethe "amandla engxowa-mali," elithetha ukuba kufuneka likholise nayiphi na inkcitho yesebe eliphetheyo.

Inkqubo yokwenza imithetho yasekuhlaleni

Inkqubo yokudlulisela umthetho wasekuhlaleni ibonakalisa inkqubo yesizwe neyorhulumente. Ilungu lebhunga lichaza umthetho ocetyiswayo. Liye ke libhekiselwe kwikomiti yofundo nokuchophela iindlebe zikawonke-wonke, apho abemi banokuvakalisa inkxaso yabo okanye inkcaso. Emva kokuhlola kwekomiti, ibuyela kwibhunga elipheleleyo levoti. Ukuba idlulisiwe, ithunyelwa kumphathi-dolophu okanye umphathi wesixeko ukuze ifumane imvume yomphathi-mphathi okanye iveto. Ukuba ithe yamiswa, ibhunga le-veto linokuyilawula ngevoti enkulu (ofuthe rhoqo iihendi ezimbini-3 zamalungu). Le mithetho yasekuhlaleni iqinisekisa ukuba imithetho yasekuhlaleni iqwalaselwe ngokungqongqo phambi kokumkelwa.

Amaqumrhu amaninzi owiso-mthetho asekuhlaleni ayasebenza kwinkqubo yekontimenti. Iikomiti ezimileyo zijolise ingqalelo kwimimandla enjengezokhuseleko loluntu, Imali, okanye Imisebenzi kawonke-wonke zivumela amalungu ebhunga ukuba aphuhlise ubuchule obukhethekileyo kunye nehambo enzulu yolawulo lwesebe eliphetheyo.

Isebe loMyalelo kuMgangatho weSizwe

Indlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe yeyona mibutho inamandla ngaphandle kweBhunga lowiso-mthetho.

Izakhiwo ze Biadral

Ngaphandle kweNebraska, enendlu yowiso-mthetho ene-uncameral (indlu enye), onke amaphondo aneendlu zowiso-mthetho ezinezindlu zowiso-mthetho ezinomthetho eziquka iNdlu yabameli (okanye iNdibano) neNtlanganiso. Zombini ezi zindlu mazidlulise ireyibhile ngendlela efanayo ngaphambi kokuba ithunyelwe kwirhuluneli. Inkqubo yemithetho-mthetho ibandakanya ukuqulunqanda uxwebhu, ikomiti ekhombe ucagocagosa-ndlebe, iingxoxo zikawonke-wonke, iingxoxo zomgangatho, kunye neevoti ezininzi. Le nkqubo yenjongo yangabomgaqonga yokucotha ukwenziwa komthetho kunye nokunyanzelwa komkhosi.

Amandla oMthetho nolawulo

Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zesizwe zinomthwalo wokumisela inkqubo yemfundo karhulumente, ulwaphulo-mthetho, irhafu, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwentlawulo yesizwe. Umsebenzi obalulekileyo wesebe lemithetho ngu ububanzi. Iikomiti ezilawulayo zinamatyala okuhlola izenzo zolawulo olulawulayo, ziqinisekisa ukuba imithetho iphunyezwa ngendlela enenjongo. Zingafumana amangqina namaxwebhu. Indlu yowiso-mthetho ikwathi xhathisa amandla i-atempostement ukususa ulawulo lolawulo kunye nabaphathi-mthetho bezokuziphatha okubi. Iinkcukacha zolwazi ngendlela imithetho esebenza ngayo, [[FLT] i-ONSP]

Isebe Lejaji Kumgangatho Wasekuhlaleni

Isebe lezobulungisa lilelona sebe lifikelelekayo kurhulumente kubemi abaqhelekileyo, njengoko kuthethwana ngokusemthethweni kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni.

Iintlobo zeeNkundla zasekuhlaleni

Iinkqubo zomthetho zasekuhlaleni ziquka iinkundla zetyala zequmrhu [[FLT: 1], , iinkundla zezentengiso ezithelekisayo, kunye ezincinane] neenkundla ezichazayo zetyala . Iinkundla zoorhulumente zisingatha ukwaphula imithetho yesixeko, njengezikhalazo zengxolo, ukwakhiwa kwekhowudi, kunye netyala elingalunganga. Iinkundla zomjaho zomtho-omatilo-mthetho zinika izithuba zokuphelisa iimpikiswano ezincinane (umz., umnini-mali-mali-mali) ngaphandle kwemfuno yemali yamagqwetha abizayo. Ezi ntloko zisoloko zikhonjiswa zii-gno ezi komiti zenkqumrhu.

ISihlalo soLuntu

Abagwebi basekuhlaleni benza indima ebalulekileyo kubulungisa boluntu. Benza izigqibo zokuqala zonobangela olindelekileyo, bemisela ibheyile, kwaye beqhuba ukumiselwa kolwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu oluza kuvavanywa kwiinkundla eziphezulu. Ngokucombulula iimpikiswano ezincinane kunye nokwaphula umthetho ngokukhawuleza kunye nasekuhlaleni, ezi nkundla zinciphisa umthwalo kwinkqubo yenkundla yenkundla yelizwe zinikezele ngengqiqo engqalileyo yokuziphendulela nokucwangcisa phakathi kwabantu. Imisebenzi yemini-mini-de ukuya kumhla yezi ntendelezo zenkundla yenza amava aphambili kawonke-wonke nesebe lenkundla etyala.

Isebe Eligwebayo Kumgangatho Karhulumente

Iinkundla zeli lizwe zisingatha uninzi lwamatyala angokwasemthethweni aphakamileyo eUnited States. Isakhiwo seenkqubo zenkundla yeli lizwe ngokuqhelekileyo sibumba iqumrhu lezadi lephondo eliyilelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuchazwa okungaguquguqukiyo komthetho.

Inkundla YasebuRhulumenteni

Iinkqubo zenkundla yephondo ezininzi zicwangciswe ngokwezintlu ezintathu:

  • IiNkundla eziPhambili: Ezi ziinkundla zemeko yokuqala apho kuvavanywa khona amatyala. Ziquka iinkundla zolawulo jikelele kumatyala amakhulu olwaphulo-mthetho kunye nawabemi, kwakunye neenkundla ezikhethekileyo njengeenkundla zentsapho okanye iinkundla zezeenkundla zezentengiso.
  • [[NKQUBO:0] Inkundla edityanisiweyo: Izivumelwano eziphulukana nomgangatho wokuvavanywa zisenokubhena kwinkundla ephakathi. Ezi nkundla aziphindi zibakala kodwa zihlola ingxelo yokuvavanywa kweempazamo ezingokwasemthethweni ezenziwe ngumgwebi.
  • Inkundla yeSizwe ePhakamileyo: Le yinkundla yesigqibo sokugqibela somthetho karhulumente. Izigqibo zayo kwimicimbi yomgaqo-siseko wesizwe neyomthetho womthetho ziyokugqibela kwaye ziyabopheka. Inkundla ephakamileyo yeli lizwe luvavanyo olunamandla kwamanye amasebe, njengoko ingabetha imithetho edluliswa yindlu yowiso-mthetho okanye izenzo ezithatyathwa yirhuluneli ukuba iyawuphula umgaqo-siseko worhulumente.

Ukukhethwa koMgwebo noXotho

Ngokungafaniyo nejaji yejaji yesizwe, emiselwe ubomi, abagwebi besizwe basoloko benoxanduva oluqhelekileyo. Amazwe amaninzi akhetha abagwebi bawo, ngelinye ixesha amanye asebenzisa inkqubo yokunyulwa kwe-octive-mouse (iSicwangciso seMissouri) apho abagwebi bamiselwa yirhuluneli kuluhlu lwe-minenee-i kwaye ngoko bajongana nonyulo lwexesha ngalinye. Olu nxulumano oluthe ngqo kwicandelo lonyulo luqinisekisa ukuba isebe lejaji lihlale lisabela kumaxabiso ezwe, ngelixa umgaqo wokuzimela ukhuselwa ngokweemfuno zesikhundla eside. Isakhiwo kunye nolawulo lwenkundla zeli lizwe lungakhangelwa ngokubhekeneno kunyulwa ngokuhambela phambili [[FLT:] Iziko zeRhulumente [FLD].[FLD]

Iingqikelelo nolungelelwano kuMmandla nakuLawulo lwasekuhlaleni

Inkcubeko yokwenene yesixokelelwano sebranch ayikokwahlulwa nje kwemisebenzi kodwa namandla angenanayo avumela isebe ngalinye ukuba limise amanye. Oku kudlala imihla ngemihla kumakomkhulu ephondo nakwiiholo zesixeko.

Icandelo Elilawulayo Lihlola Umthetho

Irhuluneli iveto igunya eliyintloko lokuhlola kwindlu yowiso-mthetho. Ngokugatya amatyala, irhuluneli iyalela indlu yowiso-mthetho ukuba iphinde iqwalasele imisebenzi yayo. Kuphela yi-3-3 yesithathu okanye ivoti ye-heath ye-majority emagumbini omabini ingawukhupha u-veto, umqobo onzima ukudibana. Kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni, iveto yomphathi-dolophu isebenza umsebenzi ofanayo.

Iingcebiso zoMthetho

Iziququ zowiso-mthetho zihlola umphathi onegunya ngamandla engxowa-mali, ulawulo lowiso-mthetho, namandla okuqinisekisa. Iindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente kufuneka zivumele uqingqo-mali lwerhuluneli kwaye zingalamkeli ukubonelela ngeenkqubo ezilawulayo. Ziqinisekisa okanye zigatye ii-ofisi zerhuluneli ezimiselwe kwii-ofisi ze-computer neebhodi. Kwiimeko ezigqithisileyo, indlu yowiso-mthetho ingayiyeka ize ishenxise irhuluneli okanye abanye abaphathi-ofisi. Amabhunga asekuhlaleni asebenzisa ulawulo olufanayo kumphathi-dolophu okanye kumphathi-dolophu.

Ukuhlolisisa Igunya Nomthetho

Amandla ohlolo lwe- olusemthethweni lunwebela kurhulumente nakoorhulumente basekuhlaleni. Inkundla ephakamileyo yelizwe ingavakalisa isenzo sendlu yowiso-mthetho engekho sivumelwaneni. Ngokufanayo, iinkundla zelizwe zingazenza zingasebenzi izenzo ezithatyathwe yirhuluneli okanye amaqumrhu karhulumente agqitha umthetho okanye igunya lomgaqo-siseko. Xa umthetho wasekuhlaleni uphula umthetho okanye umgaqo-siseko, ngumthetho wecawamcalucalulo oyaya kuyenza ibe phantsi. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba zonke izenzo zikarhulumente zihlala zisemidalweni yomthetho.

Isizathu Sokuba Ukuqonda Urhulumente Namasebe Endawo

Indlela esihamba ngayo, umgangatho wamanzi esiwaselayo, ukhuseleko lwamazwe esikuwo nemfundo abantwana bethu abayifumanayo, ixhomekeke ekusetyenzisweni kwala masebe mathathu kwilizwe nakwindawo esikuyo.

Iingongoma Zokuba Ngummi Omi Ngamnye

Ukuqonda esi sakhiwo kunika abemi amandla okuba nenxaxheba ngokunempumelelo.

  • Unyulo lwasekuhlaleni nolombuso lusoloko lusezantsi kunonyulo lwezwe, intsingiselo yevoti nganye ithwala ubunzima obukhulu. Ukubotshwa komphathi-dolophu, ibhunga lesixeko, ummeli wesizwe, kwaye ugweba ngokuthe ngqo abasebenzi kula masebe mathathu.
  • ISingqiniso sePublic: Abami bangathatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho ngokuthetha ekuchotshelweni kwetyala likawonke-wonke kumthetho ocetyisiweyo okanye kumatyala, ukunikezela igalelo ngqo kwisebe lowiso-mthetho.
  • Ukuphumeza i-ofisi: ii-ofisi zasekuhlaleni kunye nezombuso zilelona nqaku elifikelelekayo lokungena kubantu abafuna ukukhonza kurhulumente.
  • Inkonzo ye-JURY: Ukusebenza kwijaji kukusetyenziswa okungqalileyo kwamandla esebe eligwebayo, ukunikezela uvavanyo kurhulumente ophathwe ngokuchukumiseka.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Amagosa ahambelanayo: Abami bangagcina isebe eliphetheyo linetyala ngokuqhagamshelana neofisi yedolophu okanye iofisi yerhuluneli ngobunjani beenkonzo.

Oovimba Bemfundo Nabebutho Loluntu

Kukho ubuninzi bobuncwane bokunceda abemi kunye nabafundi baqonde ezi zakhiwo. Iintlangano ezingangeni ngeniso ezifana ne zinikela izinto zokufundisa ezibanzi kwizakhiwo zikarhulumente, zikarhulumente, norhulumente wengingqi. Ukuya kwiintlanganiso zebhunga lasekuhlaleni, ukuqwalasela iwebhsayithi yomthetho karhulumente, nokufunda iimbono zenkundla ephakamileyo yelizwe ziyindlela eziluncedo zokuguqula ulwazi lwengqiqo lube lubulumko besizwe.

Uphinda-phindo lwangabom lwenkqubo yebranch ethathu kumgangatho wesizwe nasekuhlaleni lutestamente yobulumko obuhlala buhleli baBaseki kunye nobume obulungelelanisayo bolawulo lwamaMelika. Ngokuqinisekisa ukuba akukho nto inamandla angathintelekiyo, le nkqubo ikhusela inkululeko kwaye ikhuthaza ulawulo olunempumelelo, olunetyala kumgangatho osondelelene nabantu. Ummi onolwazi oqondayo noyisebenzisayo le sakhiwo yindlela ekhuseleka kakhulu yobuqu.