Abenzi Bolawulo LwaseMerika: Ukufumana Ootata Nencwadi Yabo Eluhlaza Yokulungelelana

Ukusekwa korhulumente wase-United States kumi njengenye yezona ndlela zolwakhiwo zobugocigoci nolucingelayo kwimbali yoluntu. Ukusekwa kooTata, kuthabathela kumava eenkulungwane entandabulumko yezobupolitika kunye namava abo okulawulwa ngamakoloni, kwayila inkqubo eyenzelwe ukulungelelanisa inkululeko nolungelelwano lorhulumente kunye nomanyano lwesizwe, kwaye ethandwayo iza kuhlala zilungelelaniswe. Umbono wabo ngorhulumente olungeleleneyo wawungeyonto nje ekwayayo, kwaye ulawulo olulungeleleneyo lwalungeyo. Qhobodwa lusuka kumava angqalileyo kunye neenkqesho eBritane kunye nokusilela kwabo kuqala phantsi kwemigudu yabo yokuqala phantsi koMgaqo-mente-yo. Ukuqonda lombono kufuna ukuba uphando olubalulekileyo oluyilwenziweyo, izithethe ezibucuphini ezithiweyo ezifundiswayo, kunye nokulalanisa okuye kwakwenza kube nokwenzeka.

Imifanekiso Ephambili Neminikelo Yawo

Amadoda awayesaziwa ngokuba ziiFathering Fathers ayemela isiphiwo esiphawulekayo sezobupolitika, ubuchule nobulumko obusebenzisekayo.

UGeorge Washington: Inkokeli Engenakushenxiswa

Indima kaGeorge Washington ekusungulweni yadlulela kude ngaphaya komyalelo wakhe womkhosi ngexesha lemfazwe yendaleko. Njengomongameli weNgqungquthela yezomGaqo-siseko, iWashington waboleka udumo lwakhe olukhulu kwiziphumo, ebolekisa ilungelo lakhe lokusebenza ngokusemthethweni kwaye enceda ukugcina abathunywa abathe ngqo bejolise kwiinjongo zabo eziqhelekileyo. Ubukho bakhe bodwa baqinisekisa amaMelika amaninzi ukuba urhulumente omtsha uza kubekwa ezandleni ezithembekileyo. Izigqibo zakhe kamva njengomongameli wokuqala wequlungiso lwequarter, enikela ilungelo eliphezulu kuphela, kwaye ngokuzithandela ehla emva kwemiqathango emibini ebumba amaquququzeleli kamongameli. [[FLT:] [FLT]] u-Farewell iDilet . [FLT]] ulumkisa ngeengozi zemeko zobuGenegalelo lobuGenegam, icebiso lobuzwe lamanye amazwe angaphandle, iMelikanekazi angaphandle kwenkulungwane.

UJames Madison: Umyili woMgaqo-siseko

Akukho mntu uthile wanikela ngakumbi kulwakhiwo loMgaqo-siseko kuna James Madison. Ngokufuthi ubizwa ngokuba ngu "uYise woMgaqo-siseko," uMadison wafika kwiNdibano ePhiladelphia enesicwangciso esineenkcukacha, `iPlanejini ```iPlanethi yeVirginia'') eyaba sisiseko soxwebhu lokugqibela. Ufundisiso lwakhe olunzulu lwembali kunye nezifundo ze-conumperacters kunye noluvo lwazisayo indlela oorhulumente abangaphumeleli ngayo kunye nezibonelo ezikhuthaza ubume. Iminikelo kaMadison ikhuthaza ubume. [FLT:] i-FOLD [FLT] i-0] ishiye ingcaciso eninzi yezizathu ezichukileyo zokwahlulwayo, ingakumbi i-FOLT] i-Fodrogs [ircential as , ingakumbi sezizathu eziphambili zokwahlulo-omkhulu ngokuzinziswa ngurhulumente, kodwa urhulumente wakhe, nangona ugnelwayolo lwam,

UAlexander Hamilton: Iqela Lorhulumente Onamandla Ombindi

UAlexander Hamilton wazisa umbono wobunkunkqele borhulumente wesizwe owancedisa ulawulo lukaMadison olulumkileyo. Njengombhali wokuqala we iMaster List Papers, Hamilton waphikisa ngokunyanzelayo ukuba afake inguqu, athethe ngenkxalabo yamandla olawulo, uphicotho-mthetho, kunye nolawulo olufunekayo lwegunya likarhulumente. Umsebenzi wakhe kamva njengonobhala wokuqala we-Mongameli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

UThomas Jefferson: Intanda - bulumko Yenkululeko

Nangona engekho eFransi ngexesha leMhlangano yezomGaqo-siseko, impembelelo kaThomas Jefferson kulawulo lwamaMerika yayinzulu. Ukuyila kwakhe iSibhengezo seSibhengezo senkululeko kwaseka isiseko sobunzululwazi bendalo yonke, eqinisekisa ukuba oorhulumente bafumana amandla abo asesikweni ngokuvuma ulawulo lwabo kunye nokuhlala bekho ukuze bakhusele amalungelo emvelo. Ukukrokra kukaJefferson ngamandla aphezulu kunye nokunyanzeleka kwakhe kwegunya elingqongqo lomgaqo-siseko kwabumbanisa ukuchasana neenkqubo zikaHamilton kwaye kwanika amazwi kwabo babesoyika urhulumente omtsha ukuba ulawulo olunobundlobongela endaweni yayo. Ukuzinikela kwakhe kwimfundo, inkululeko yonqulo, kunye nokwandisa imbono yeMerika njengobukhosi benkululeko kunokuba ubukhosi obunamandla.

UBenjamin Franklin: Ilizwi Lobulumko Obusebenzisekayo

Kuminyaka engama-81 ubudala, uBenjamin Franklin wayengoyena mthunywa omkhulu kwiNdibano yezomGaqo-siseko, kodwa iminikelo yakhe yaya ngaphaya kobukho bokomfuziselo. Ubulumko bukaFranklin banceda ukusombulula iingcamango ezininzi ezibugqwabalala, kuquka ukuLahlana okuKhulukuyo okwadala intlanganiso ye-kameral. Ukubiza kwakhe okudumileyo ukuba abathunywa "bayiyeke intwana encinane yempazamo yabo" kwaye izicelo zakhe zokuvula ucwangciso ngalunye ngomthandazo (nakuba lungamkelwangamkeli) zabonisa ukuqonda kwakhe okokuba ikratshi lomntu nenkani zilusongelo olukhulu kwimpumelelo yendibano njengakungathwali. UFranklin waduma ngokuba nodumo lwakhe lwezizwe ngokuba ngummeli eFransi wanikela ukuthembeka kwakhe ekukhuthazweni.

Abanye Abasunguli Abanokuphawulwa

Amanye amanani amaninzi enza igalelo elibalulekileyo. uJohn Adams wachaza ityala lokwahlukana kwamagunya ku "Masets kuRhulumente" wakhe waze wakhusela umGaqo-siseko kwiincwadi zakhe. George Mason[[FLT:]] [[FLT:]] wagxininisa kwisivumelwano samalungelo, engavumi ukutyikitya impikiswano enkulu engquzukiswaneni ngaphandle kwenye kwaye encedisa ukuqinisekisa ukwamkela iimpempendulwano zokuqala ezilishumi. [[FLT] [FLT:]] [FLT:] .[FLT] .[4] .Genegman [[FLT:] wanceda ubugcisa obuphezulu obuncedisa iKorticut obuyebon enceda iNcosathu encopho kwiNuni yeNuni. [Ft] [Fog.] [Ft]

Isiseko Sobuchule: Ubugcisa Obungagqibeleliyo

OoTata Abasungulwayo abazange baqambe iingcamango zabo ngorhulumente besuka kwinkalo. Basebenzisa isithethe esinentsingiselo sentandabulumko yezobupolitika eyaya emva kwiGrisi yamandulo neRoma kwaye bahluza iinkcuba - buchopho zokukhanyiselwa zenkulungwane yeshumi elinesixhenxe neyeshumi elinesibhozo. Ukuqonda ezi ziseko zentanda-bulumko kubalulekile ekuqondeni oko abaseki babezimisele ukwakhiwa.

Impembelelo KaYohane

Isithandi sobulumko esinye esinempembelelo kakhulu kuqalo lwamaMerika yayinguJohn Locke ocinga amaNgesi. USEncond Treating of Government [1689] saphikisa ukuba urhulumente osemthethweni uhlala kwimvume yokulawulwa kwaye ukhona ngokuyintloko ukukhusela amalungelo endalo. Ulwimi lweSindululo se-Complifice, inkululeko, kunye nempahla. Ingcamango yesivumelwano soluntu (ingcamango yokuba abantu banikezele ngokuzithandela inkululeko ethile ukuze bakhusele amalungelo abo aseleyo,", kwaye ikhuthaza ukuvuselelwa kwemithetho egqwetha ityala labo. Ulwimi luka-Jeffeman lukuMgaqo-mthetho we-Loccete ngqo, ingakumbi ukuqinisekisa ukuba oorhulumente bafumana "amandla abo asuka ekuvumeni kwemvume yokulawula" kwaye abantu bahlulwe "kuphelisa urhulumente" okanye balahle urhulumente"

UMontesquieu Nokwahlukana Kwamagunya

Isithandi sobulumko saseFransi uMontesquieu wanika abaQaphi ingcamango yabo ebalulekileyo yokwakha: ukwahlukana kwamagunya. Umoya woMthetho (1748]), uMontesquieu waphikisa ukuba inkululeko yezopolitiko ifuna ukuba uwiso-mthetho, ulawulo oluphezulu, kunye namagunya obulungisa abekwe ezandleni ezahlukeneyo. Xa onke amagunya amabini edibene, inkululeko iyasongelwa; xa onke amathathu edityanisiwe, iziphumo zobuzwilakhe. Abaqululeki bawuthatha lo mgaqo entliziyweni, benza amasebe amathathu ahlukeneyo karhulumente anemithombo eyahlukeneyo yegunya kunye neenkonzo ezahlukeneyo. Indlu yabameli iya kumela abantu ngokuthe ngqo, i-Statentstyhal, iza kumele amaphondo, i-Elpoledgel, kwaye isebenza ngobomi obunye. Indlu yabameli abamele nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi naleyo inkqubo eyahlukileyo.

Ukubhalisa Nokulunga

Ngapha koko, i-Lockans revolution ne-Montesquieu yesakhiwo, abaQaphi basebenzisa isithethe sobuRhulumentani bamandulo esasigxininisa isidima soluntu olunobuntlalo-ntle, `ukuvuma kwabemi ukuthoba izilangazelelo zobuqu kwizinto eziqhelekileyo. Imifanekiso efana noAdams noMadison yayixhalabisa ukuba ngaphandle kolawulo olulungileyo, akukho siseko somGaqo-siseko esinokuthi silondoloze inkululeko. Oku kwakhokelela ekugxininisweni kwimfundo, amaziko onqulo, kunye nolawulo lwasekuhlaleni njengeziko loqeqesho lobumi be-Riphabliki. Abaquluni baqonda ukuba ekugqibeleni urhulumente okhululekileyo uxhomekeke kubuntu babantu bakhe, kwaye bayila imicimbi ngokwenxalenye ukuhlakulela loo nkululeko.

Ukukhanyiselwa KwesiSkotlani

Iingcinga zolukhanyiselo zaseScottish uDavid Hume noAdam Smith nabo baphembelela abaQali, ingakumbi ekuqondeni kwabo indlela inginginya yezorhwebo kunye nozingcayo ezinokuthi zithunyelwe ngayo ukwenzela iziqu zikawonke-wonke. Ukungaqiniseki kuka-Hune ngeendawo zephulo lezobupolitika kunye nokugxininisa kwakhe kwindima yamaqumrhu ekuthinteleni inkanuko yomntu echukumisekayo kuMadison kuhlobo lwe- uNo. 51, apho waphikisayokuba "imfuno yephondo imele ilwelwelwe, kwaye ayilindelangalindelanga ukuba iingelosi zilawule; bayila inkqubo eyayiza kusebenza kwanabantu abanosukelwanosukelo lwabo olunebugono.

Ukusilela Kwemiqathango Yomanyano

Phambi kokuba siqwalasele umGaqo-siseko, kubalulekile ukuqonda isizathu sokuba abaseki bashiye imigudu yabo yokuqala kurhulumente wesizwe. Inqaku loMbutho, lagunyaziswa ngo-1781, ladala "umanyano oluqinileyo lobuhlobo" phakathi kwamazwe angqineke ebuthathaka kakhulu ukuba angacombulula iingxaki ezijongene nohlanga olutsha.

Ubuthathaka Obusisiseko

Amanqaku adala iNgqungquthela enesiXhosa esinegalelo elinye apho urhulumente ngamnye wayevota kunye, kungakhathaliseki ukuba baphi abantu. Kwakungekho sebe lilawulayo lokunyanzelisa imithetho, akukho jaji yesizwe yokucombulula iimbambano phakathi kwamazwe, kwaye akukho gunya lokuhlawula irhafu ngqo. IBhunga lalinokucela imali evela kumarhulumente, kodwa alinyanzelekanga ukuba lihlawule. Eli lungiselelo lalibonisa ukoyika kwabaDakeli igunya elisemgangeni emva kolawulo lwamaBritane, kodwa langqineka lingenakusebenza.

Iintlekele Zoo - 1780

Ubuthathaka beeManqaku bavelisa uthotho lweemeko ezabangela uthotho lweemeko ezaqinisekisa iinkokeli ezininzi ukuba utshintsho olusisiseko lwaluyimfuneko. Urhulumente wesizwe akakwazanga ukuhlawula amatyala akhe, eshiya amagqala emfazwe yendaleko engahlawulwayo nabo babolekiweyo kwamanye amazwe. Amazwe amisa imiqobo yorhwebo nxamnye nomnye, ephatha amazwe angommelwane njengamazwe asemzini. AmaBritane awavumayo ukususa imida ebekelwe imida njengoko ifunwa nguRhulumente yaseParis, ethetha ukungavumelani nezivumelwano. Okukhulu kukoyika ukuba, , i-Revegionty's's's's's's Huvectory [[[[FLTLT:1] entshona ye-17677] ibonisa ukuba urhulumente wesizwe uswele amandla okuphelisa imvukelo oluxhobileyo okanye ukunceda ekulondolozeni kwemiqathango. Abanini bezinto nababonkenezeleleki boburhulumente.

Izifundo Ezifundiweyo

Amava aphantsi kwala Manqaku afundisa abaQaphi ngeezifundo ezininzi ezibalulekileyo. Okokuqala, urhulumente ongenakuyihlawula ngokunempumelelo. Okwesibini, urhulumente ongenalo isebe eliphetheyo akanakukwazi ukunyanzelisa imithetho yakhe. Okwesithathu, urhulumente oxhomekeke ekuthobeleni ngokuzithandela kukarhulumente uza kusilela xa izilangazelelo zikarhulumente zisuka kwiimfuno zesizwe. Ezi zifundo zabumba zonke iinkalo zeMbutho yoMgaqo-siseko, njengoko abathunywa befuna ukudala urhulumente onamandla ngokwaneleyo ukuze asebenze ngaphandle kokuba asongele inkululeko.

INdibano YomGaqo-siseko: Ukwenza Urhulumente Olungeleleneyo

INdibano yezomGaqo-siseko yowe-1787 yayingumsebenzi ophawulekayo ekucebiseni kwezobupolitika. Intlanganiso kwiNdlu yeSikhululo seFiladelphia, iindwendwe ezingamashumi amahlanu anesihlanu ezivela kumazwe alishumi elinesibini (Isiqithi saseRhode sangavumi ukuba nenxaxheba) zachitha iinyanga ezine ziphikisana, zilalanisa, kwaye zibhala uxwebhu oluza kuba ngumthetho ophakamileyo welizwe.

Icebo LaseVirginia Necebo LaseNew Jersey

Le ndibano yaqala ngemibono ekhuphisanayo yoko urhulumente omtsha afanele ukukhangeleka efana nako. Isicwangciso seVirginia , sibhaliswe ngokuyintloko nguJames Madison kwaye sinikelwe nguEdmund Randolph, sacebisa urhulumente wesizwe onamandla onendlu yowiso-mthetho, omiswe kwizindlu zombini ezisekelwe kubemi. Umlawuli weququzelo nowejajidiya iza kukhethwa yindlu yowiso-mthetho, kwaye urhulumente wesizwe uyakuba negunya phezu kwemithetho karhulumente. Ngokuchasene noko, iPlamfa:[FLT] i-New Jersey [[FLT]], echazwa nguWilliam Paterson, eceliweyo, ekwakungahlawulwayo i-Hluntsolu Mthetho-Nxulu-o-o-o-okanye ne-om, umele ukuba angene kumele i-Andlane, umelo olulinganayo, umelo olulinganayo, oludibaniswe kumazwe oludityaneyo oludityayodwa

Ukulalanisa Okukhulu

Impikiswano engundoqo ``imele ukuba isekelwe kubemi okanye ukulingana phakathi kwamazwana'. I- Enkulu Uhleko (ekwabizwa ngokuba yiConnecticut Ukuhleba) isombulula oku ngokudala indlu yowiso-mthetho ye-bidamaral: Indlu yabameli enomelo olusekelwe kubemi kunye neBhunga elineziqu ezibini zombutho ngamnye kungakhathaliseki umgangatho. Eli lungiselelo lalinganisa izilangazelelo zamazwe amakhulu namancinane ngelixa linika iliso kwenye. Ukuhlengahlenga komthetho kusindisi indibano kwaye kusungule isakhiwo esingundoqo sikarhulumente waseMelika.

I-Fenti-iiNkcukacha ezi-Ofisi

Olunye ulwamkelo lwabonakala lukhathaza kakhulu. Oku kulalanisa kuthathu-FFTS Ukungaguquguquki kwabalwa abantu abangamakhoboka njengesithathu sesiqingatha somntu ngenjongo yokumela nokuhlawula irhafu, ukunika amaphondo ongezelelweyo kwiNdlu ngelinye ixesha kwandisa umthwalo wabo werhafu. Oku kulalanisa kwafakwa ebukhobokeni kumgaqo-siseko kwaye kwanika amagunya obukhoboka kwizizukulwana ezingamashumi amabini. Indibano yavuma nokwandisa urhwebo lwabakhonzi bezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe ngeminyaka, ukuze iBhunga liyithintele. Aba babonakalisa ukuvuma kwamaGamkeli ukuvuma ukunikela umgaqo werhafuthelo ukwenzela umanyano lwezopolitiko, isigqibo esiya kukhokelela kwimfazwe eyingozi kwiminyaka engama-70 kamva.

Isebe Elinolawulo Oluphezulu Nomphathi

Ukusekwa komongameli kwakungomnye wemisebenzi enzima yendibano. Abanye abathunywa babesoyika umphathi omnye njengomlawuli onegunya eligqithisileyo, ngoxa abanye bekhathazekile kukuba umphathi ophezulu kwinani elipheleleyo uza kukhokelela ekudidekeni nasekungquzuleni. Le ndibano ekugqibeleni yadala umongameli omnye onamandla abalulekileyo − umyalelo womkhosi, igunya lokunxibelelana ngezivumelwano (ngemvume yeNdlu yeNtlanganiso), amandla okumisela amagosa karhulumente, kunye ne-veto kumthetho-omthetho owe-(* kodwa i-electal Collegement yasungulwa njengoxokelelwano phakathi konyulo lonyulo oluqhelekileyo, ibonakalisa inkxabisiswano ngonxibelelwano oluluncedo kwiRiphabliki enkulu nokuthandabuza ubulumko bolawulo-melo.

Ingxubusho Yomkhosi Neyomgwebo

UMgaqo-siseko wasungula iNkundla ePhakamileyo kunye neNkundla eMgangathweni egunyazisiweyo ukuseka iinkundla ezisezantsi. Abagwebi boManyano baza kusebenza ubomi ngexesha lokuziphatha okuhle, bewakhusela kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika. Ngoxa umGaqo-siseko ungawaniki ngokungqalileyo amandla okuhlola okugweba. "Igunya lokukhupha imithetho engathanga-siseko] [ i-FULT] i-Fedalist Paper [ kunye nesakhiwo soxwebhu sichaza ukuba i-"deal'ethel" ngenxa yokuba isebe alizange lilawule i-ALTYMY[[[FLT] ibambe igalelo lomthetho eliyimfuneko.[[FLT][FLD]] [ith:5]

Ingxoxo yokhuphiswano neMaphu

UmGaqo-siseko wafuna ukwenziwa kobuGaqo-siseko ngesithoba kumazwana alishumi elinesithathu ukuba asebenze. Le ngxoxo ezalandelayo yahlulahlula amaMelika abe yi abalandeli be-FULT abaxhasa umGaqo-siseko kunye nabaxhasi bamaFedali [ abachasayo]. Le ngxoxo yavelisa ezinye zeencwadi ezibalulekileyo zezobupolitika kwimbali yaseMelika yaza yaguqula ulwando olulandelayo lweBhili yamaLungelo.

Ityala Loluhlu Lomahlalo

AmaFederal Lists, akhokelwa nguHamilton, Madison, noJay, aphikisa ngelithi umGaqo-siseko unika umlinganiselo ofanelekileyo phakathi kwegunya lesizwe nolawulo lorhulumente, phakathi kwamandla nenkululeko. Kumaphepha okubhala angamashumi asibhozo anesihlanu aBalawuli bamacandelo , bachaza indlela okwahlula amagunya, ukuqinisekisa kunye nokulungelelana, kunye neriphabliki ebanzi ezakuthintela enye ekulawuleni. Bathi urhulumente omtsha uza kulinganiselwa ekubeni anikwe amandla awo ahlukeneyo kwaye abantu bawagcine ngayo onke amandla angagunyaziswanga ngokulula kurhulumente. Abaquququzeleli bagxininisa bagxininisa kwiingozi zocalu-calu-calu-lution kunye nemfuneko zikarhulumente zokwenza ngokuphumelelayo inzala yesizwe.

Inkcaso Echasene Nokubulawa

AbaLawuli-Federalist baphakamisa izichasi ezinamandla eziqhubeka zivakala kwintetho yezopolitiko yaseMelika. Baphikisa ngelithi umGaqo-siseko wadala urhulumente okude kakhulu ebantwini, ukuba umongameli wayenamandla kakhulu kwaye efana nolawulo lookumkani, ukuba ukungabikho kwamalungelo kuMphathi-mikhosi, nokuba urhulumente wesizwe uya kuphelisa amaphondo. Ababhali abafana Brutus [[FLT: 1] [[FLT]] [[P]] (mhlawungangokuba uRobert Yates) kunye noMphathi-FLT] othe tyekelezayo uRighterrist [[FLT] [[icelce:3] (ngokufana no-Melcton Smith]) walumkisa ukuba umGawula-mthetho ocetyikisiweyo uya kukhokela ekuxobaniseni kunye nobuzwisa. U Anti-Federtampty umele umgaqo wolawulo womthetho womthetho womntu ngamnye ameleze umele ulwelwelwe kumgangatho wolawulo phambi kolawulo.

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Njengokulungelelana Komatshini

Isithembiso sokunikwa amalungelo anqatyisiweyo kumaphondo amaninzi, kuquka iMassachusetts, iVirginia, neNew York. UJames Madison, ekuqaleni engaqinisekanga ukuba irejista yamalungelo yayiyimfuneko, yakhokela ekulungiseni iipesenti kwiBhunga lokuqala. Isiphumo [] [iii-amalungelo ... . [iiiiintengiso zokuqala ezilishumi kuMgaqo-siseko] , ikhuselwe ngokucacileyo inkululeko engundoqo equka inkululeko yokuthetha, idibanise, unqulo, nendibano; ilungelo lokuphatha izixhobo; ukuphembelela nokuxhwala okungekho ngqindilili; ukunqanda nokuxwa okungaqinileyo; ukuma okungamela ukuvavanywa okulungileyo nokungathethekiyo okungaqhelekanga. [FFFodson okanye ukukhuselwa kwesohlwaywayo, urhulumente othelela kulo lonke elo gunya ligunyaza kumthetho.]

Iingqinipho - bume Nokulungelelana Okuqheliselwayo

Amandla alungelelanisiweyo kungekuphela nje phakathi korhulumente worhulumente worhulumente kunye norhulumente (ulawulo) kodwa kwanaphakathi kwamasebe amathathu karhulumente worhulumente worhulumente. Ukuqonda indlela ezi ngqikelelo ezisebenzayo ngayo zibalulekile ekuqondeni indlela abaqali abayila ngayo.

Ingcebiso yeNkcubeko

IKhomishini ingahlola igunya lomongameli ngeendlela ezininzi. Kufuneka iqinisekise ukumiswa komongameli kwikhabhathi, kwibhedi yorhulumente, nakwezinye iiofisi eziphezulu. Kufuneka ivume izivumelwano ngevoti ezimbini ezithathu. Iyalawula uqingqo-mali, ngaphandle kwalo kungekho nyathelo lolawulo oluphezulu linokuxhaswa. IKhomishini ingalawula amavoti amabini-3 omongameli. Kwimeko ezigqithisileyo, iNdlu ingamchasa umongameli kunye nendlu inokumkhupha eofisini. La mandla aqinisekisa ukuba umongameli akanakusebenza ngokungenamdla kwimicimbi ebalulekileyo.

Ukujongana Noomongameli Kwingqungquthela

Umongameli angawumisela umthetho odluliselwe yiBhunga, enyanzela ukuba umlawuli olawulayo aphelise loo ngxaki. Umongameli angabiza iNgqungquthela ukuba ibe kwintlanganiso ekhethekileyo kwaye angacebisa umthetho ngedilesi yeSizwe ye-Union kunye nezinye imiyalezo. Indima yomongameli njengentloko yegunya inika impembelelo ebalulekileyo kwindlela ephunyezwa ngayo imithetho, kwaye amandla okukhupha imiyalelo yolawulo oluphezulu avumela umongameli ukukhokela isebe kwimida yemithetho.

Ukuxilonga Amasebe Ooaval

Amandla ohlolo logwebo, asungulwe kuMadison (1803), anika igunya leNkundla ePhakamileyo ukuvakalisa izenzo zeBhunga okanye izenzo zegunya elilawulayo ezingekho semthethweni. Eli gunya lenza ukuba ijaji ibe luhlolo lokwenene kumasebe anyuliweyo, nangona iNkundla ixhomekeke kumphathi onyanzelisa izigqibo zayo nakwingqungquthela ukuxhasa imisebenzi yayo. UMgaqo-siseko ukwakhusela inkululeko yekomiti kubomi bomntu onegunya okanye ukukhusela, ukuqinisekisa ukuba abagwebi bangenza izigqibo ezisekelwe kumthetho kunokuba banyanzele kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika.

Iimpikiswano Zezobupolitika Neembono Zoluntu

Abaseki abazange bathembele kuphela kuvavanyo lolawulo lokulungelelanisa urhulumente. Kwakhona bakholose ngovavanyo olupheleleyo loluvo lukawonke-wonke .Imfuneko yokuba amalungu eNdlu ajongene nonyulo rhoqo emva kweminyaka emibini, abaququzeleli nyaka mithandathu, kunye nomongameli nyaka mne. Ukhuseleko loMmiselo woLugqibo loMmiselo woLuquqululo] lokuthetha, ukushicilela, kunye nendibano iqinisekisa ukuba abemi banokulungiselela, bagxeke, baphinde baququze abameli babo. Abaqulumbi bakholelwa ukuba ummi oneziquququzelelo ezipheleleyo zenkululeko.

Ilifa Likarhulumente Olungeleleneyo

Umbono wabaseki borhulumente olungeleleneyo uye waguqula imbali yamaMelika ngeendlela ezinzulu kwaye waphembelela indlela emGaqo-siseko okhiwe ngayo ehlabathini jikelele. Ukuqonda elifa kusinceda siqonde amandla kunye nomlinganiselo wophumezo lwabo.

Ukuzinza nokuhlala

UMgaqo-siseko uye wangqineka usebenza ixesha elide ngokuphawulekayo, usinda kwimfazwe yamakhaya, uxinezeleko lwezoqoqosho, iimfazwe zehlabathi, kunye neenguquko ezinzulu zentlalo. Inkqubo yokuhlola kunye nolungelelwano olunzulu ithintele naliphi na isebe okanye ulawulo olukhoyo ekulawuleni urhulumente waseMerika ngokusisigxina. Nangona ulungelelwano lwamandla luye lwatshintsha ngokuhamba kwexesha (ngokuba amaxesha olawulo olunamandla lomongameli, ulawulo lweququzelela ulawulo, kunye nenkqubo yokugweba isiseko somthetho ishiyekile. Le nkqubo ixhomekeke kakhulu ekuqapheleni kwabaqali ukuba umgaqo-siseko ophumelelayo kufuneka ulungelelane ngokwaneleyo ukuze ulungelelanise ngaphandle kokwaphulwa.

Umanyano Nokulungelelana Kwamandla

Ulungelelwano phakathi kwegunya likarhulumente norhulumente luye lwaba luxinezeleko oluziphindaphindayo kuyo yonke imbali yaseMelika. Imfazwe yamakhaya yazinzisa umbuzo we-secesion kodwa yashiya imibuzo emininzi malunga nobungakanani bamandla karhulumente angalungiswanga. I-New Democracy, [[FLT]]] i-Civilil Rights Movement [] Imousementment [[FLT]], kwaye izigqibo ezininzi zeNkundla ePhakamileyo zeNkundla ziye zalulela ulungelelaniso kumandla esizwe, ukanti isala iibhetrioteshi ezibalulekileyo kwimimandla engundoqo ukusuka kwimfundo ukuya kulawulo lomthetho lwezonyango. Inkqubo yorhulumente ingqine ngokwaneleyo ekuhlaseleni kohlanga olusuka kumazwe angamashumi amathathu ane anesithathu ezigidi zabantu ukuya kumazwe angamashumi amahlanu.

Impembelelo Ekhoyo Kwibutho Ledemokhrasi Ehlabathini Lonke

Uvavanyo lomgaqo-siseko waseMerika luphembelele inkqubela-phambili yedemokhrasi kunye nomgaqo-siseko womgaqo-siseko kulo lonke ihlabathi. Umgaqo wamagunya ahlukeneyo uye wamkelwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo ngamazwe amaninzi. Ingcamango yomgaqo-siseko obhaliweyo olinganisela amandla karhulumente iye yaphantse yafikelela jikelele phakathi kwamazwe olawulo-mpukane. IBhili yamaLungelo iye yaphembelela amaxwebhu amalungelo abantu ukusuka kwiSibhengezo samalungelo abantu esisiFrentshi ukuya kuMntu [FLT: 0] ISindululo seZizwe Ezihlangene Zomhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Abantu [[[[FLTLT:1]].

Ukuxinezeleka Nokuxinezeleka Okuqhubekayo

Inkqubo yabaseki ikholeji yabahlaseli iyakwazi ukugxeka. Abanye baphikisa ngelithi uvavanyo nolungelelwano ludala uvulo-mthetho oluqhubekayo, lwenza kube nzima ngorhulumente ukucombulula iingxaki ezicinezelayo. Abanye baphikisa ngelithi inkqubo inika amandla amaninzi kumazwe amancinane ngeNdlu yeNkulumbuso, icukume ulawulo oluninzi. Le nkampani inyule oomongameli abaphulukana novoti oluqhelekileyo, iphakamisa imibuzo ngokuqhubeka kwayo isemthethweni. Ukumiswa kwenkundla ephakamileyo yamatyala obomi kuye kwakhula ngokuphikisana njengoko izigqibo zeNkundla yezomthetho zithelekelelo zikhula.

Isiphelo: Ukujongwa ngokunyamezela Kombono Wabaseki

OoTata Abafunyanwayo babengengothixo okanye abaprofeti abangasombulukiyo. Babengabantu − +brilliant, bebuthathaka, bebunjwe likhethe kunye nokusikelwa kwexesha labo. Babenamakhoboka, bewakhupha amabhinqa kunye nabaninizo abangafanelekileyo kwinxaxheba kwezobupolitika, kwaye babelalanisa kwimigaqo ababesithi bangcwele. Ezi mpazamo zazifanele ziqwalaselwe, zingakhathalelwa okanye zithatyathwe.

Kanti inkqubo abayidalayo iseyenye yezona zinto zibalaseleyo kwimbali yezobupolitika. Ngokuyila urhulumente olungeleleneyo onamandla phakathi kwezilangazelelo zokhuphiswano, ohlula amasebe ahlukeneyo, kwaye adala iinkalo ezininzi zokufikelela nokuchasana, abaquluneli bakha isakhiwo esisikelwe umda wobuzwilakhe, esilondolozwe, nesilungele ukutshintsha kangangeenkulungwane ezimbini. Ukuqonda kwabo ukuba indalo yomntu ifuna amandla aphantsi, okokuba amabhongo kufuneka kulwe, kwaye inkululeko ixhomekeke kubemi abazimisele ukungenela kwigunya lobuzwinakhe ihlala ifanelekile namhlanje njengokuba kwakunjalo ngo1787.

Abaseki abazange bafeze umanyano olufezekileyo, kodwa badala isiseko sokuzifunela olunye. Baqonda ukuba umsebenzi worhulumente ozimeleyo awuzange ugqitywe, ukuba isizukulwana ngasinye kufuneka sihlaziye ukuzinikela kwimigaqo yomgaqo-siseko size silungelelanise nemeko ezintsha. Umbono wabo worhulumente olungeleleneyo usicel ’ umngeni ukuba sicinge nzulu ngendlela amandla afanele akhuselwe ngayo, indlela amalungelo afanele akhuselwe ngayo, nendlela abemi abamele bathathe inxaxheba ngayo kulawulo lwabo. Kwihlabathi apho amaziko edemokhrasi amele adiyo adiyo ajongene nengcinezelo, loo mbono ufanelwe kukufundwa nokuqwalaselwa ngobuchule.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya, Ugcino-lwazi lobuzwe lunika umbhalo opheleleyo womGaqo-siseko kunye namaxwebhu anxulumene nawo. ISibonelelo seBhunga [ inika ubuncwane obuninzi kwiMasipala yoLuntu nengxoxo ye-ratiation. umGaqo-siseko wohlanga [[] unika izinto zokufundisa kunye nezinto eziluncedo zokuqonda umGaqo-siseko.