IPalamente yaseIndiya isebenza njengequmrhu eliphakamileyo lowiso-mthetho lorhulumente we-Union, idibanisa umoya wedemokhrasi wesizwe ngesakhiwo se-bidamal. Le nkqubo iquka izindlu ezimbini: iRajiya Sabhaha (Indlu yase-United States) kunye neLok Sabhaha (Indlu Yabantu). Ngoxa zombini zibalulekile ekwenzeni umthetho kunye nokulawula, zisebenza ngamandla ahlukeneyo, ukuyila, kunye neembopheleleko. Ukuqonda okucacileyo oku akubalulekile kubafundi bezezoshishino zezentlalo-ntle kodwa nakunye nakumntu ngamnye ofuna ukuqonda indlela imisebenzi yedemokhrasi yaseIndiya ekuqheliselekho.

Imodeli ye-bidamaral yamkelwa ngabasebenzi be-Indiya emva kofundisiso olunzulu lwezinye iinkqubo zorhulumente, kuquka iBhunga laseUnited States kunye neNdlu yeZindlu zoLords. Bayijonga njenge Rajiya Sabhaha njengegumbi lokuzinzisa, le ndawo imele amaphondo, ngelixa iLok Sabhaha iza kuba ligumbi labantu, izakuphendula ngqo kwindlu yonyulo. Le candelo labekwa kumanqaku 79 ukuya kutsho kwi 122 eMgaqo-siseko we-Indiya. Namhlanje, igatya phakathi kwezindlu ezimbini kuqinisekisa ukuba umthetho uxambuliwe, izilangazelelo zorhulumente ziyakhuselwa, kwaye urhulumente uyaqhubeka esabela kwimfuno ethandwayo.

Imboniselo ye Rajiya Sabra

IRaje Sabra yindlu ephezulu yePalamente, ekwabizwa ngayo njengeBhunga laseUnited States. Ngokungafaniyo neLok Sabha, ngumzimba osisigxina ongenakutshatyalaliswa. Ubukho bayo buyaqhubeka, inye kwisithathu samalungu ayo athatha umhlala phantsi rhoqo kwiminyaka emibini. Le ndlela yokuyila iqinisekisa ukuba inkumbulo yowiso-mthetho nozinzo, ivumela iRapya Sabba ukuba isebenze njengegumbi lokugcina igumbi elinika ingcinga yesibini ecacileyo yomthetho.

Ukwakhiwa kunye nokhetho

IRaje Sabba ngoku inamandla amakhulu angama-25, apho u-238 angabameli bamaphondo namacandelo omanyano, kwaye i12 ityunjwe nguMongameli. Amalungu okwenene ngu-245. Abameli bamazwe banyulwa ngamalungu anyuliweyo eendibano zemithetho yesizwe esebenzisa inkqubo yokuvota enye edluliswayo yomelo. Eli cebo lonyulo luthetha ukuba ukwenziwa kweqela le Rapya Sabha kusoloko kubonisa umlinganiselo wolawulo kwiindlu zowiso-mthetho, ezinokuhluka kuninzi lweLok Saba.

Amalungu atyunjwe ngokusemthethweni akhethwa phakathi kwabantu abaye bazikhetha kwimimandla enjengeencwadi, inzululwazi, ubugcisa, inkonzo yentlalo, kunye nemicimbi kawonke-wonke. Eli lungiselelo lalicetyelwe ukuzisa amazwi obulumko nobuchule kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho ngaphandle kokuthintelwa kwezobupolitika ezinyuliweyo.

IGama kunye neLilungu

Ilungu ngalinye leRaje Sabha lisebenzisa igama elithatha iminyaka emithandathu. Njengoko kuphawuliwe, indlu ididekile ukwenzela ukuba ilungu elinye lesithathu ligqibelele ixesha lalo rhoqo emva kweminyaka emibini, liqinisekisa ukuba liyaqhubeka. Akukho lungiselelo lokudilika, nangona iNdlu ingabhaliswa nguMongameli. Ubuncinane beminyaka yamalungu buneminyaka engama-30, ngaphezu kweqondo leminyaka engama-25 leLok Sabha, ibonisa ukulindela ukukhula nokumava okungaphezulu.

Amandla Akhethekileyo ERaje Sabha

Ngeli xesha iRajiya Sabra yabelana ngamagunya amaninzi owiso-mthetho ngokulinganayo neLok Sabbaha, inamagunya athile akhethekileyo. Phantsi kweCandelo 312, iRajiya Sabhaha ingadlulisa isigqibo ngezantsi ngesibini sesithathu sobuninzi ````````igunyazisa iPalamente' entsha e-Indiya iSebe lenkonzo eliqhelekileyo kwi-Union kunye namazwe. Eli gunya alihlali ne-Lok Sabba kuphela. Ngaphezu koko, i-Rajiya Sabha ugunyazekwa ukusungula ukususwa koMongameli (omkhulu wayo we-ficio Chairman) ngesigqibo esidluliselwe kumalungu amaninzi onke e-Lokha.

Ngaphezu koko, iRajiya Sabba inegunya lokutshintsha ulawulo lweKhomishini yeNkonzo yoLuntu yeUnion (UPSC) ngobuninzi obubini obuzii-3. Ngexesha longxamiseko yesizwe, iRajiya Sabha ingaphinda yandise igama eliqhelekileyo leminyaka emihlanu yeLok Sabba ngaphaya konyaka ngexesha (uMchako 83). La mandla akhethekileyo agxininisa indima kaRajiya Sabba njengonogada wolawulo nozinziso ngexesha leengxaki.

Ibali Lelok Sabha

ILok Sabha, okanye iNdlu yaBantu, yindlu esezantsi yePalamente kunye nequmrhu eliyintloko lowiso-mthetho eIndiya. Inyulwa ngqo ngabemi baseIndiya ngomgqumo omkhulu okwindalo yonke, iyenza ibe lilizwi elingqalileyo labantu. Amandla amakhulu eLok Sabha amalunga angama-5522 (kuquka amalungu amabini akwiziko lobuNgesi-Indiya, nangona eli lungiselelo lapheliswa nguMgaqo-siseko wama-1059 weSinyulo sonyaka wama-2020). Amandla alo angundoqo ngamalungu anyuliweyo asuka kwilungu elinye elisebenzisa inkqubo yokuqala ye-de-de-post-.

IsiGqibo noXotho

Ligama eliqhelekileyo leLok Sabhah iminyaka emihlanu, ngaphandle kokuba incitshiswe nguMongameli. Ukungathembani kunokwenzeka xa urhulumente ephelelwa yintembelo, okanye xa uMphathi-mikhosi ucebisa unyulo lwangaphambili. Ngokungafaniyo neRajiya Sabha, iLok Sabhah ixhomekeke ekugqibeni, emva koko kugcinwe unyulo olutsha. Ubuncinane beminyaka yobulungu buyiminyaka engama-25.

Indima Ekuyileni Urhulumente

ILok Sabha yindlu emisela ukuba yeliphi iqela okanye umnqophiso obumba urhulumente. UMphathiswa oPhathiswa noMbutho wabaPhathiswa ujongene neLok Sabhaha. Ukuba urhulumente uphulukana nevoti yokuthembeka kwiLok Sabba, kufuneka irhoxe. Ngokuchaseneyo, iRajiya Sabha ayinakuphumelela ntshukumo yokulwa norhulumente, njengoko iBhunga labaPhathiswa libophelele libonke libophelele kuLok Sabbaha (uRocla 75). Oku kwenza iLok Sahahab ibe libala eliphakathi lebala lokuphendula ngokwezobupolitika.

Umahluko Ongundoqo phakathi ko Raje Sabra noLok Sabha

Umahluko phakathi kwezi zindlu zimbini unwebe kakhulu ngapha nangapha kwemilinganiso emininzi engaphaya kwemilinganiso esisiseko yokhetho kunye nomahluko wendlela esetyenziswayo. Ngezantsi kuthelekiso olubanzi lwezona zibalulekileyo zokwahlula.

  • [[UMTL: 0] Amalungu okhetho: Anyulwa ngokungangqalanga ngeendibano zesizwe zowiso-mthetho esebenzisa umelo olulungelelanisiweyo (uvote odluliselwa ngokugqithisiweyo omnye). Amalungu eLok Sabha anyulwa ngqo ngabantu baseIndiya ukusuka kwii-constituences ezisebenzisa inkqubo yokuqala yesiphelo sexesha elidlulileyo.
  • Ubude bexesha kunye nobuNcedo: Yindlu esisigxina iRaje Sabha enesigxina seminyaka emithandathu esishukumayo (ilungu elinye lesithathu lamalungu lithatha umhlala phantsi rhoqo kwiminyaka emibini. I-Lok Sabha inegama elisisigxina leminyaka emihlanu kodwa linokunyibilika ngaphambi kwexesha, likhokelela kunyulo olutsha kuzo zonke izihlalo ezingama-53.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ubungakanani bamalungu: Ravya Sabha inamalungu 245 (kuquka 12 nonyuso). Lok Sabha inamalungu anyuliweyo 543 adityaniswe ukuya ku2 adityaniswe namalungu e-Anglo-Indian (ngoku asusiweyo). Umlinganiselo omkhulu we-Lok Sabha ubonakalisa indima yawo njengegumbi lommeli elingaphezulu.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukwenyuka: Ubuncinci beminyaka yobulungu bukaRajeya Sabha yiminyaka engama-30; yeLok Sabhaha yiminyaka engama-25. Lo mqobo ophezulu we Rajiya Sabha uhambelana nophawu lwayo olujongiweyo njengendlu yamava nobulumko.
  • [[NTLT: 0] Amandla phezu kwemali: Imali IiBhili (njengoko ichazwe kwinqaku 110) ingavela kuphela kwi Lok Sabba. Emva kokudluliswa yiLok Sabhaha, zithunyelwa kwi Rajiya Sabba, emele izibuyise ngeentsuku eziyi 14 nge okanye ngaphandle kwengcebiso. ULok Sabha angamkela okanye angalwamkeli naluphi na uncomelo, kwaye ukuba i Raji Sabha uSabha akakwazi ukubuyisa ityala ngeentsuku eziyi 14, kucingelwa ukuba idluliswa. Ngalo ndlela, i-Jabya Sabba izakubuyisa kuphela isinyuso semali.
  • Control ngaphezu kolawulo oluphetheyo: IBhunga labaPhathiswa libonke lijongene neLok Sabhaha. IRajiya Sabra ayinakudlula ntshukumo engavunyelwanga okanye inyanzele urhulumente ukuba arhoxe, nangona linokugxeka kwaye lixubushe iinkqubo zalo.
  • Ezi ndawo zombini zineziHlalisi zomGaqo-siseko: Zombini ezi zindlu zinamandla alinganayo ekulungiseni umGaqo-siseko (ngaphandle kwamalungiselelo afuna ulwahlulo lombuso). Isivumelwano sokulungisa lomgaqo-siseko kufuneka sidluliswe ngesibini-3-hi5 uninzi lwendlu nganye ngokwahlukeneyo. Kwisiganeko sokungavumelani, akukho lungiselelo lokuhlala kunye; intengiso yemali.
  • I-Ingcebiso: I-Lok Sabha ingaqalisa ukutyhola uMongameli ngokophulwa komGaqo-siseko, ngelixa iRajiya Sabhaha ithatha inxaxheba kuphengululo kunye nokuvota. Ngokufanayo, zombini ezi zindlu zingasusa abagwebi beNkundla ePhakamileyo kunye neeNkundla eziPhezulu kwinkqubo efuna uninzi oluziii-3 ezimbini kwindlu nganye.
  • I-Disolution: I-Rajiya Sabha ayinyanzelekanga; liqumrhu eliqhubekayo. I-Lok Sabhaha inganyibilika ngecebiso loMphathi-mikhosi Oyintloko, ikhokelela kunyulo olutsha.
  • Indima ebhekiselele kwisebe: IRaje Sabha imela amazwe kunye nemimandla yomanyano, iqinisekisa ukuba izilangazelelo zawo ziqwalaselwa kumgangatho wesizwe. ILok Sabha imela abantu ngqo, ngohlobo ngalunye olulinganayo kubemi.

Imisebenzi Namandla eeNdlu ezimbini

Zombini izindlu zisebenza kunye kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho, kodwa ukugxininisa kwazo ezisebenzayo namandla azo akhethekileyo ahlukene kakhulu. Ukuqonda le misebenzi kutyhila umlinganiselo kwinkqubo ye-Indiya ye-bidamal.

Imisebenzi Yomthetho

Umthetho owenziwe ngokwemali (hhala kwephepha-mali). Xa igqitywe kwindlu enye, ithunyelwa kwenye ukuze ivume. Ukuba indlu yesibini iyawugatya lo mthetho okanye icebisa ukuba iphinde ingabikho kwindlu eqalileyo, iqhina lokufa linyuka. Imali eqhelekileyo, idibene nendlu ekhoyo ingabizwa nguMongameli ukucombulula ilock. Noko ke, ukuma kwendlu yokugqibela akunqabileyo ukusetyenziswa; eyokugcina yenzekile ngo-2002 ukukhusela uMthetho we-Rhulumente. I-Rajiya Sabra isebenza njengegumbi lokulungisa, isebenzisa uxwebhu lwayo olungephindiselwangaphindwanga kangako ukuze ihlole umthetho.

Imisebenzi Yezimali

ILok Sabha inesikhundla esiphezulu kwimicimbi yemali. Uqingqo-mali lwaminyaka le lunikezelwa kwiLok Sabha kuqala, kwaye amatyala emali angavela apho kuphela. IRajiya Sabba ayinakuphelisa amatyala emali; ingenza kuphela ingcebiso yokuba iLok Sabhaha ikhethe ukwamkela okanye ingahoyi. Ngaphezu koko, iLokha Sabha unamandla okuvumela iimfuno zemali ezinikezelwa ngurhulumente. URajiya Sabba udlala indima elinganiselweyo: iyakwazi ukuphikisana ngoqingqo-mali kodwa ayinakuvota. Eli lungiselelo liqinisekisa ulawulo lwedemocrali lwemali ngegumbi elinyuliweyo.

Imisebenzi yokulawula nokuphendula

Zombini izindlu zinobungangamsha obulawulayo obuneengcebiso ngemisebenzi efana nemibuzo, iingxoxo, kunye nokuhlola ikomiti. Noko ke, amandla eLok Sabha okunyanzela ukuyeka urhulumente ngevoti engenamvume ayinika isixhobo solawulo esibukhali. IRajiya Sabha ingaqala iingxoxo ngemibandela yokubaluleka kukawonke-wonke, kwaye ibhekisa iindleko kwiikomiti ezikhoyo ezinxulumene neenkonzo. Inkqubo yekomiti, apho zombini izindlu zithatha inxaxheba khona, ivumela ukuvavanywa okuntsonkothile komthetho kunye nemali echithwe ngurhulumente. Iingxelo ezivela kwiikomiti ezifana neKomiti ye-Akhawunti ye-Akhawuntiss zikhulisa uphando lwamatyala oluntu.

Imisebenzi Ye-Electoral

Amalungu ePalamente kuzo zombini izindlu aba nenxaxheba kunyulo loMongameli waseIndiya (kunye namalungu anyuliweyo eendibano zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente). IRajeya Sabha ukhetha noSekela-sihla wayo kwaye uba nenxaxheba kunyulo loMongameli onguMongameli. Amalungu ezi zindlu zombini ayinxalenye yekholeji yabanyulwayo kaMongameli, kodwa kuphela ngamalungu anyuliweyo kuzo zombini izindlu avotela uMongameli.

Amandla Akhethekileyo Endlu Yinye

Ngapha koko imisebenzi eyabelweneyo, indlu nganye ibamba amagunya athile akhethekileyo. IRajiya Sabha ingaqalisa ukususwa koMongameli onguMongameli; iLok Sabhaha ingaqala ukususwa kukaMongameli. IRajiya Sabha ingagunyazisa ukudalwa kweeNkonzo zonke zase Indiya; iLok Sabhaha iyodwa ingagqitha ivoti yokunganyaniseki ngokuchasene neBhunga labaPhathiswa. IRajiya Shaha inendima eyodwa phantsi kweQumndla 312. Ingadlulisela abalawulwayo kuluhlu lweSizwe kuluhlu lweSizwe ngokoluvoti yesithathu somthetho wemithetho ephakathi.

Ulwalamano Phakathi Kwezindlu Ezimbini Nenkqubo Yebhamaral

Inkqubo ye-bidamaral yase-Indiya ayilingani ngokupheleleyo; inika iLok Sabba indawo ephambili, ingakumbi kwimicimbi yemali kunye nolwakhiwo lukarhulumente. Noko ke, iRajiya Sabha ayisositenka serabha. Amandla ayo okulibazisa nokulungisa amatyala aqhelekileyo, alinganayo ekulungiseni komgaqo-siseko, nendima yayo ekumeleni izilangazelelo zikarhulumente inikeza ukulingana. Le nkqubo inqanda umthetho ongxamisekileyo, ikhuthaza ukwakhiwa kwerabha, kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba amalizwi ezahlukahlukeneyo emimandla yelizwe avakala kumgangatho wohlanga.

Ukuhlala kwelungu ngumgaqo-siseko ukusombulula ungquzulwano lwemithetho. Ikhokelwa nguSomlomo weLok Sabba, kwaye izigqibo zithathwa luninzi oluqhelekileyo lwamalungu akhoyo navota. Ukuhlala kunye kunqabile ukubizwa kuba zombini izindlu zithanda ukuxoxisana. Noko ke, ubukho bazo bubonakalisa ukulawulwa ngokupheleleyo kweLok Sabba xa kunokwenzeka ukuba amalungu amakhulu eLok Sabba (phantse kaphindaphindeneyo ukuba ngamalungu eRajya Sabra) ayazibala ngomvo.

Ulwalamano oluphakathi kwezi zindlu zimbini lukwayilwe zizinto zezobupolitika. Ngokufuthi, iqela elilawula igunya embindini lilawula iLok Sabba uninzi, kodwa lisenokuswela uninzi kwiRajiya Sabhaha. Le meko inyanzela urhulumente ukuba athethe namaqela achaseneyo kunye namahlakani asekelwe ngurhulumente, umthetho wokusulungekisa kunye nenkxaso yokwakhela icandelo elinqamlezeneyo. Ngalo ndlela, inkqubo yebhadamal isebenza njengovavanyo kubaphathi abaphezulu kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba imithetho inandiphe ukufaneleka okugqithiseleyo.

Isiphelo: Indima Ebalulekileyo Yomibini Izindlu

Ngokushwankathela, iRajiya Sabba kunye neLok Sabha ngamaziko ancedisanayo kwidemokhrasi yaseIndiya yolawulo-mapala. I-Lok Sabba' ingunobumba ocacileyo, ixesha elifutshane, kunye nobukhulu bemali iyenza ibe ngumphakathi wokuthanda okuthandwayo nokuphendula ngokuphezulu. URajiya Sabba's unyulo olungangqalanga, amagunya amade, kunye namandla akhethekileyo ayivumela ukuba imele intlalo yorhulumente, inike uzinzo, iphucule nomgangatho wemithetho-wiso-mthetho ngokuyilungisa ngononophelo. Izakhiwo zabo neendima zabo ezicacileyo ziqinisekisa ukuba umthetho awunyanzeleki, ukuba amatyala anokuphendula, kwaye urhulumente uhlala esabela kolunyulo olubanzi nolwambutho.

Kubemi, ukuqonda le mahluko akuyomfundo nje; kubalulekile ukuvavanya iingxoxo zepalamente, ukuqonda ukuba yeyiphi indlu enokuthi igqibele ukuphendula kumbandela othile, nokuxabisa iitsheki ezakhelwe kwisiseko somGaqo-siseko saseIndiya. Inkqubo ye-bidamaral, kunye nazo zonke iintsilelo zayo, ihlala ilelinye yesiseko sedemokhrasi yaseIndiya, ilungelelanisa ubuchule kunye nokuqwalasela, kunye nomelo oluzinzileyo.

Ukufunda okungakumbi ngePalamente yaseIndiya, ungatyelela i-website esemthethweni ye- Raja Sabba kunye no-Leok Sabha[. Iinkcukacha ezininzi ezingemimiselo yemithetho-siseko zingafunyanwa kwi-[[FLT: 4.] Isebe lomgaqo-siseko wesebe le-lifa le-RCT kwiphepha.