Yintoni Urhulumente?

Urhulumente ungundoqo, yinkqubo okanye iqela labantu abalawula uluntu olulungelelanisiweyo, ngokwesithethe urhulumente. Lukho ukwenza nokunyanzelisa imithetho, ukulawula ubuncwane babantu, ukulungiselela iinkonzo (njengemfundo, izibonelelo, kunye nokhuseleko), kwaye lumela ubuhlanga babemi balo. Ngaphandle korhulumente osebenzayo, ibutho labantu lisengozini yokuhlaselwa okanye ukuxhatshazwa, nangona uhlobo lukarhulumente lungahluka kakhulu. Indlela urhulumente olawulwayo emisela ngayo amandla, indlela eyenziwa ngayo izigqibo, nendlela amalungelo nenkululeko yabantu ekhuselwa ngayo. Ukuqonda ezi zakhiwo akuyo nje inkqubo yemfundo yemfundo; unceda abemi bahlole iindlela zabo zezobupolitika kwaye baqaphele amandla abo bawasebenzisayo kunye nobuthathaka babo ehlabathini lonke.

Izazinzulu zezobupolitika kunye nababhali-mbali kudala bebahlula-hlula oorhulumente abasekelwe kumntu onegunya nendlela elisetyenziswa ngayo. Ezi zigaba zisuka kwiinkqubo apho abantu ngokwabo bamisela iinkqubo, kwiinkqubo apho umlawuli omnye okanye ipolisa elincinane lilawula khona zonke iinkalo zobomi.

Ubuhle Babantu Abanorhulumente

Oorhulumente bangabekwa kumacala ahlukeneyo ukusuka kukwabelana ngemithetho ephakamileyo ukuya kugunyaziswa kakhulu, kodwa akukho nkqubo zimbini zifanayo. Ngezantsi, sihlola ezona ndlela ziqhelekileyo nezinempembelelo, sihlola iimpawu zabo, imizekelo yehlabathi yokwenene, kunye nengqiqo zentanda-bulumko okanye eziluncedo abazinikelayo.

Ulawulo - melo: Ulawulo - melo Kubantu

I-Democracy isuka kumagama esiGrike demons (abantu) kunye kratos[, intsingiselo ethe ngqo "kulawula], ethetha ukuba "kulawula ngabantu" kwidemokhrasi esebenzayo, amandla obukhosi abekwe kubemi, osebenzisa elo gunya ngokungqalileyo okanye ngommeli okhethiweyo. Ingqiqo yedemokhrasi yeziko-mvume yanamhlanje yakhiwe kwintsika ezisisiseko: ngesisa kunye nokhetho olulungileyo, ulawulo-mthetho olulungelelanisiweyo, uninzi olulungelelanisiweyo, inkululeko yokuthetha nendibano, kunye nenkululeko ye-jikidia.

Ulawulo-demokhrasi oluthe ngqo. Umelo lolawulo-moya olumelo

Ku idemokhrasi engajongwanga , abemi bavota ngqo kwiinkqubo, imithetho, kunye nokutshintshwa komgaqo-siseko. I-Athene yamandulo isoloko ichazwa njengomzekelo wokuqala, nangona isusa amabhinqa namakhoboka. Namhlanje, i-Swisscantons isebenzisa i-avensums ukugqiba imiba yasekuhlaleni. Noko ke, ubuninzi bemi bamazwe asebenzayo njengeenkqubo yezomthetho, i- ekhoyo (ibizwa ngokuba yi-democractic Republican,], apho abemi banyula amagosa ukuba benze izigqibo ngenxa yabo. Le nkqubo ibonwa eUnited States, eJamani, kunye nezinye iindawo ezininzi, ziluncedo kuluntu oluntluntluntlukile, kodwa lungabangela ukuhlanganisa phakathi kolawulo-mthetho-mthetho-siseko-siseko solawulo-mthetho-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke.

Amandla Nobuthathaka

Amandla amakhulu edemokhrasi kukusabela kwawo kubemi kunye nelungiselelo lawo lotshintsho olunoxolo lwamandla. Kwakhona ithambeka ukunikezela ukhuseleko olomeleleyo kumalungelo nenkululeko yabantu ngabanye. Noko ke, idemokhrasi ingacotha, ingakwazi ukwenza izinto ezifihlakeleyo kunye ne-populism, kwaye ithambeka ekusebenziseni imigca enqamlezekileyo. Ifuna ulwazi kunye nokuthenjiswa kwabemi ukuze isebenze kakuhle. Ngokutsho kwe[FLT: 0] Icandelo le-Democlacy Idemocricity Idemocracy Idecimalism Idefaksity [[, amazwe amaninzi aya kuthomalathiswa ubunjani obukwidemokhrasi, ngokunyuka kokungalawuleka nokukhuthuka kolawulo lwedemokhrasi nokukhuthuka kovavanyo.

IRiphabliki: Ulawulo loMthetho nomelo

I- i-republic isoloko idityaniswe nedemokhrasi, kodwa igxininisa isakhiwo esisemthethweni esahlukileyo. Kwi-riphabliki, ilizwe lithathwa njenge "imeko yoluntu" (kwisiLatini [] ye-public), hayi inkxalabo yangasese yomlawuli. Umba ochazayo ngukuba abemi bangabameli abanyuliweyo ukuze balawule ngokwemithetho-siseko we-(-sgractal) umthetho ophakamileyo obeka imiqathango yamandla karhulumente. IiRiphabliki zibonakalisa ukwahlulwa kwamandla phakathi kolawulo oluphezulu, umthetho, nolwaluvo olunolwaluvo olunolwayo, kunye namasebe e-mthetho, kunye nenkqubo yokuhlola kunye nolungelelathisa.

Ngeli xesha iiriphabliki ezininzi zilawulwa ngokweedemokhrasi, azizizo zonke. Umzekelo, iUnion of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) izibiza ngokwayo njengeRiphabliki kodwa yayilizwe elinye elinolawulo oluphezulu. Umahluko ongundoqo ngowokuba iriphabliki yenene ifuna umthetho, ithetha ukuba urhulumente kufuneka athobele iinkqubo ezimiselwe ngokomthetho. IUnited States, iFransi, neBrazil yimizekelo yexesha eliqhelekileyo ye-demokhrasi. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iRiphabliki yamandulo yamaRoma yayingumgaqo-siseko olungelelanisiweyo osisikhundla (entene), odumile (assemblies), kunye namaqumrhu (ass) aphezulu (astles).

Imodeli yeriphabliki inika uzinzo nokuthelekelelwa kuba iinguqu kufuneka zenzeke ngaphakathi kwesiseko somGaqo-siseko. Noko ke, zisenokugxekwa ngokuzingcayo nangokuvumela izilangazelelo eziphezulu zilawule iinkqubo zowiso-mthetho, njengoko zibonwa kwiingxoxo ezingemali yezemali yephulo nentsebenziswano kwii-riphabliki zale mihla.

Ukumkani: Isithsaba njengoMongami

Imonarchy yenye yentlobo ezindala zikarhulumente, apho umntu omnye (ukumkani, ukumkanikazi, umlawuli, umlawuli) `isebenza njengentloko yesizwe. Ngokwembali, ookumkani babesithi banegunya elipheleleyo, ngamalungelo kaThixo. Namhlanje, uninzi lweendawo zolawulo lookumkani luyinkqubo yezomGaqo-siseko, ishiya umlawuli njengomntu wesithethe ngexesha echongiweyo. Noko ke, amagunya ambalwa angookumkani ahlala enegunya.

I-Monarchy ePheleleyo

Kulawulo lolawulo lwamafama olungalawulekiyo, umlawuli ubamba amandla angathintelwayo phezu kokulawula, ukwenza umthetho, kunye nomkhosi. Imizekelo yodidi iquka uLouis XIV waseFransi (iSin King") kwaye, kumaxesha angoku, Saudi Arabia kunye no-Oman. Kwinkqubo ezinjalo, akukho mithetho yowiso-mthetho enyuliweyo okanye azimeleyo amaziko ejaji okumisela izigqibo zomlawuli. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba oku kunakho ukuvumela isigqibo esikhawulezayo nomanyano lwesizwe, kodwa kusoloko kukhokelela ekucinelweni kokuchasa umva nokungabi nambulelo.

Igunya loMgaqo-siseko

Kulawulo lwezopolitiko oluyimo-mathematika kulawulo lolawulo lwelizwe , amandla okumkani achazwa kwaye alinganiselwa ngumgaqo-siseko okanye imithetho esesikweni. Ukumkani usoloko esebenza njengenkokeli nentloko yombuso yomfuziselo, ngelixa ipalamente enyulwe ngedemokhrasi iphethe igunya lokwenene lezobupolitika. Imizekelo iquka iUnited Kingdom, iJapan (enomlawuli uyimqondiso wezwe), iSweden, neSpeyin. I-omkhuluasterism ingalondoloza isithethe kunye nochazo lwesizwe ngelixa ivumela ulawulo lwedemokhrasi. Abagxeki bebonisa ukuba ukulandelela idemokhrasi kuxhomekeke kwidemokhrasi kwaye isiko lunokukhuthaza izikhundla zezentlalo, kwanokuba umsebenzi wezopolitiko-omi.

Ukumkani uhlala ekwazi ukumelana ngokumangalisayo, kunye nookumkani abakwintlobo ezahlukeneyo kumazwe angaphezu kwama-40. Ukunyamezela kwabo kuxhomekeke kubuchule babo bokuzivumelanisa, ukunika uzinzo nokuqhubeka kwananjengoko amaziko edemokhrasi eguquka jikelele.

Umbhali: Umbindi Womsebenzi

[[FLT: 0] I-Authoritarian yinkqubo ephawulwa ngamandla amakhulu anamandla kunye nenkululeko elinganiselweyo yezobupolitika. Ngokungafaniyo nolawulo lolawulo loozwilakhe (olungalandelwanga), ulawulo lobuzwilakhe ludla ngokuvumela umlinganiselo othile wenkululeko yentlalo nezoqoqosho, kodwa bulawula ngokungqongqo ubomi bezobupolitika. Amandla ajoliswe kwinkokeli enye okanye kwiqela elincinane, kwaye inkcaso itho ipheleliswa ngokucutheza, inkqenkqeza, kunye nokunyanzela.

Iimpawu ezingundoqo zolawulo olungqongqo ziquka ukungabikho konyulo olukhululekileyo nolufanelekileyo (okanye unyulo oluxhotyisiweyo), ukunqongophala kwebutho labemi abazimeleyo, nokusetyenziswa koburhulumente. Imizekelo yembali iquka ubuFasi iItali phantsi kweBenito Mussolini, kunye noninzi lwamajoni eLatin America, njengolawulo lwePinochet eChile (1973-190). Amazwe e-Apricational aquka i-Belarus phantsi koAlexander Lukashenko kunye neRashiya phantsi kweVladio Putin, apho kukho khona oonoveli kodwa ukhuphiswano lwezobupolitika olunentsingiselo luthintelwayo.

Ulawulo lusoloko lugwetyelwa ngabalawuli njengoko kuyimfuneko kuzinzo, ukhuseleko lohlanga, okanye ukuphuhliswa kwezoqoqosho. Ngelixesha amanye amazwana aphantsi kolawulo oluphezulu efumene unyuko olukhawulezileyo lwezoqoqosho (umz., iSingapore phantsi kwengxelo ye Freedom House, nangona isoloko ithathwa njengenkqubo exubileyo), imodeli ikhanyela amalungelo omntu ngamnye kwaye ishiya amaqumrhu enokuba buthathaka xa umlawuli esifa okanye ephulukana namandla. [FLT:] Inkululeko kwingxelo yehlabathi ebizwa ngokuba yiFreedom House iphelkssss ukuthothoza kwehlabathi lonke amalungelo ezobupolitika kunye nenkululeko yabemi, hayi ukuba ubuzwiqela bebuqhubekekile kwiminyaka yakutshanje.

Ulawulo Lolawulo Lolawulo Lolawulo Longamandla: ILizwe Elinamandla

UbuTotalian bumela uhlobo olugqithisileyo lobuzwilakhe. Kwimeko yoozwilakhe, urhulumente ufuna ukulawula zonke iinkalo zobomi bukawonke-wonke nobobusese. Ingcamango yesizwe inyanzeliswa ngemposiso esasazekileyo, amapolisa asese, nokupheliswa ngokupheleleyo kokungavumelani. Ukuzichaza komuntu ngamnye kungaphantsi kweenjongo zikarhulumente, kwaye ubuninzi balo naluphi na uhlobo bugqalwa njengesisongelo.

Iimpawu ezingundoqo ziquka:

  • Ukuba ngurhulumente okanye ukulawula ngokungqongqo kwezoqoqosho.
  • Ulawulo lukarhulumente lwemfundo, ijelo leendaba nobugcisa ukuze kuxoxwe abantu.
  • Iqela elinye okanye inkokeli efuna ukunyaniseka ngokupheleleyo.
  • Ukugada nokusebenzisa uloyiko ukuze kunyanzeliswe abantu balandele imiyalelo.
  • Iinkampu zomsebenzi onzima okanye ukubulawa kweentshaba zobupolitika.

Imizekelo ephawulekayo yembali iquka iJamani yamaNazi phantsi koAdolf Hitler, iSoviet Union phantsi koJoseph Stalin, kunye noKim Il-sung's North Korea (esahleli lizwe lobuzwilakhe namhlanje). Ubuzwilakhe abuzinzi ngokwemvelo kwixesha elide ngenxa yokuba buxhomekeke ekucinezeleni okunzima okuthi ekugqibeleni kubangele ukuxhathisa okanye ukungaphumeleli kwezoqoqosho. Imela olona hlobo luyingozi lukarhulumente, njengoko bungashiyi kusi ndawo kumalungelo abantu okanye ingcamango yokuzimela.

IOligarchy: Ulawulo lwabambalwa

[[FLT: 0] ithetha ukuba "kulawula ngabambalwa" "kulawula]. Amandla ajoliswe kwiqela elincinane, elinokwahlulwa ngobutyebi, amaqhina entsapho, izilangazelelo zobungangamsha, imicimbi yenkampani, okanye ulawulo lomkhosi. Ngokungafaniyo nomlawuli welizwe, i-oligarchy ayisekelwanga kwilayini enye yefa; endaweni yoko, iqela elilawulayo linokuba ngudidi, i-codium, i-corition, okanye i-clique.

I-Oligarchy ingasebenza ngamaziko asemthethweni okanye ngokungacwangciswanga. Kwiqela lengingqi le-oligarchy, izilangazelelo ezinkulu zeshishini ziphembelela inkqubo karhulumente ukuze zingenelwe. Kwi-janta yasemkhosini, iinjengele ziseka ikomiti yokulawula. ISparta yamandulo yayinobukumkani obubini kunye nebhunga labadala (iGerousia), ngokusisiseko eyayiyiqumrhu elinobucukubhede. Kumaxesha angoku, iRashiya isoloko ichazwa njengomzekelo apho inkqubo ye-oligarchiss [“igraclars, NW] , abantu abanobugcuphe basondelene norhulumente (i-Grousia), ngokuyintloko yayiyimpembelelo enkulu kwezobupolitika nakwezoqoqosho.

Ingcamango engundoqo kwinzululwazi yezobupolitika yi "isiseko somthetho we-oligarchy," ecetyiswe nguRobert Michels, ocebisa ukuba kwanemibutho yedemokhrasi idla ngokusoloko ilawula ngenxa yokuba iinkokeli ziqinisa amandla nobuchule ziyaququzelela. Abagxeki abaninzi baphikisa ukuba ulawulo-lwazi lwamagunya olawulo-lwazi lwale mihla lunamaqumrhu anamandla, njengemirhumo yempepho nentsebenziswano inika izityebi impembelelo engenakulinganiswa. Ngokutsho [FLT: 0]] ukuphendla ngobutyebi obungalinganiyo [, ukuxinzeleka kobutyebi kumazwe alawulwa yidemokhrasi kubangela ucelomngeni oluthe ngqo kumgaqo wokulingana kwezobupolitika.

Ulawulo Lobuthixo: Igunya LikaThixo Ekulawuleni

I-Ocracy yinkqubo karhulumente apho ababingeleli okanye iinkokeli zonqulo zilawula khona egameni lothixo (okanye oothixo). Iinkqubo zezorhulumente, imithetho, ulawulo lusuka ngokucacileyo kwiincwadi zonqulo nakwizithethe. Kulawulo lobuthixo olusulungekileyo, akukho kwahlukana phakathi kwecawa norhulumente; umthetho wonqulo ngumthetho ophakamileyo welizwe.

Imizekelo iquka iVatican City (ulawulo olupheleleyo lolawulo olukhethiweyo apho uPopu enegunya eliphakamileyo), iIran (elidibanisa umongameli onyuliweyo neNkokeli ePhakamileyo ephethe igunya elipheleleyo, elawula umthetho wamaSilamsi), nolawulo lukaTaliban eAfghanistan (umthetho ongqongqo weSharia).

Iimpawu zolawulo lobuthixo:

  • Iinkokeli zonqulo zinezikhundla eziphambili zikarhulumente.
  • Iinkqubo ezingokwasemthethweni zisekelwe kwizibhalo zonqulo.
  • Ngokufuthi iimfundiso zonqulo zimisela amalungelo nenkululeko.
  • Iinkolelo okanye iinkonzo ezicatshuliweyo zisenokupheliswa okanye zipheliswe.

Oorhulumente abalawulwa ngobuthixo batyekele ekutyekeleni ekutyebeni kwizithethe zabo nasekuchaseni ukuguquka. Banokulungiselela ilungiselelo lokuziphatha elimanyanisayo kodwa ngokufuthi ngenxa yokuphulukana nenkululeko yobuqu, ingakumbi kumabhinqa, amaqela amancinane onqulo, nakubemi behlabathi.

Iinkqubo Ezihlambulukileyo Nenyaniso Yolawulo Lwale Mihla

Ngokwesiko, bambalwa oorhulumente abawela kakuhle kudidi olunye. Abaninzi bazinkqubo ezidityanisiweyo ezixuba iziqalelo ezisuka kwiindidi ezininzi. Umzekelo, iSingapore yiparamente yeparamente enonyulo lwedemokhrasi kodwa ilawulwa liqela elinye (PAP) ukususela ekufumaneni inkululeko, enemiqathango ebalulekileyo kwintetho yezopolitiko kunye nengqungquthela . Ngokufuthi ichazwa njenge "semi-audirecity" okanye "i-demokhrasi yedekhrasi." Ngokufanayo, i-Iran yanamhlanje idibanisa iziqalelo zolawulo lobuthixo nezakhiwo ze-Riphabliki (ipalamente nomongameli okhethiweyo).

Ezintlobo zidibeneyo zixhaphakile, ingakumbi njengokuba ulawulo lwedemokhrasi luboleka iinkqubo zedemokhrasi (umbane, umgaqo-siseko) ukuze zifumane ilungelo lokwamkeleka ngeli lixa zithintela ulawulo lokwenene. Izazinzulu zezobupolitika zibhekisela kwezi "zikhuphiswano zolawulo oluphezulu" okanye "ulawulo lolawulo olungqongqo" ukuqonda ezi zimvo zingwevu ziyimfuneko ekuhlalutyeni ukusebenza kwehlabathi lokwenene loorhulumente, kunokuba zithembele kuphela kwizincomo zabo ezisesikweni.

Isizathu Sokuba Ukuqonda Iintlobo Zorhulumente Kubalulekile

Ukuqonda iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zikarhulumente akuyonto nje yokuzilolonga. Kuxhobisa abemi ngeezixhobo:

  • [[FLT: 0] Ibhatala eyabo indlela: Ukuqonda iimpawu zedemokhrasi, i-oligarchy, okanye ubuzwilakhe bolawulo olungqongqo buvumela abantu ukuba baqonde xa urhulumente wabo ebanetyala elincinane okanye enciphisa ingcinezelo.
  • Ngaphantsi kweziganeko zomhlaba: Iindaba ezimalunga nesiphithiphithi sezobupolitika, unyulo, okanye ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamalungelo abantu ziba nentsingiselo engakumbi xa usazi isakhiwo esisisiseko solawulo lwelizwe ekuthethwa ngalo.
  • Icandelo kwintetho yezobupolitika: Iingxoxo ezisekelwe kwimithetho mayelana nephulo-nkqubo `````iinkonzo'''''''. Ezifana notshintsho lwemali yephulo, ukwahlulwa kwamagunya, okanye ukutolikwa komgaqo-siseko/ukunikezelwa kolwazi lweziko lezobupolitika.
  • Ikhuselwa ekuxhathiseni ukuphatha: oorhulumente bobuAuthoritarian kunye nooligarchy badla ngokusebenzisa ulwimi "lobudemocracy" ukufihla ubume babo bokwenene. Abemi abaqonda iimpawu zeriphabliki yokwenene bangayixhathisa ngcono ingcamango enjalo.

Uphando lorhulumente wokulinganisa lubalulekile ekuqondeni imicimbi ebanzi yentlalo, kuquka ukungalingani kobutyebi, umthetho, kunye nokukhuselwa kwamalungelo abantu. Umzekelo, amazwe anemigangatho engqongqo yedemokhrasi atyekele ekukhuleni kwabantu, ngoxa amazwe alawula ngegunya adla ngokuwacinezela amaqela amancinane kwaye ajongene nomngcipheko ophezulu wemfazwe.

Isiphelo: Ukuhlaziywa Okuqhubekayo Korhulumente

Ubuchule obuqhelekileyo bolawulo-demokhrasi, irepublic, ubuzwilakhe, ubuzwilakhe, ubuzwilakhe, ubuzwilakhe, ubupolitika, kunye nolawulo lobuthixo bunikela ingongoma eluncedo ekuchazeni imimandla entsonkothileyo yezobupolitika. Noko ke, ezi ntlobo azizizixhobo eziqinileyo zokuhlalutya. Impilo yayo nayiphi na inkqubo yezobupolitika ayixhomekekanga kwisakhiwo sayo esisemthethweni kuphela kodwa ikwanokusetyenziswa kwayo, umkhamo wokuzibophelela kwabemi, namandla ayo kwimiqathango yalo.

Njengoko inkulungwane yama-21 ihamba, sinikela ubungqina beenguqu ezinamandla: ukwanda kwemibutho echuliweyo kwidemokhrasi emiselwe ixesha elide, ukuhlanganiswa kolawulo lwedemokhrasi kumazwe anjengeTshayina neRashiya, kunye nokuzingisa kwezithethe zolawulo lobuthixo nezolawulo lookumkani. Umsebenzi wokuqonda ezi nkqubo ungxamiseke ngakumbi kunanini na ngaphambili. Ngokufunda ukuchonga imiqondiso echuliweyo (kungekhona ukuthoba) yemizekelo eyahlukeneyo yabalawuli, abemi kuyo yonke indawo bangaxhasa ngokulunge ngakumbi iinkqubo ezisebenza ngokunyaniseka kuluntu, zigcine imithetho elungileyo, zinyanzelele imigaqo elungileyo, zize zihlale zinoxandukile kubantu abalawulayo.