Oorhulumente bakhona ukuze balungiselele ulwakhiwo, ucwangco, kunye neenkonzo kubantu abameleyo. EUnited States, eli gunya lilawulayo lahlulwe ngokwahlukeneyo kumanqanaba amathathu: umgangatho wommandla, worhulumente, nowolawulo. Umgangatho ngamnye unegunya lawo, iimbopheleleko, nemithombo yenkxaso yemali, ukanti zontathu zisebenza kunye phantsi kwenkqubo eyaziwayo njengegunya lolawulo lokulawula uhlanga. Ukuqonda la manqanaba karhulumente asiyondlela nje yemfundo yemfundo; sisiseko sobumi babemi abanolwazi. Ukwazi ukuba ngumgangatho olawula izakhiwo zikawonke wonke, olawula izikolo zikawonke wonke, nowongamele ukhuseleko lwesizwe kunika abantu amandla okuqhubana ngokunempumelelo namagosa abo anyuliweyo kwaye abanokuphendula. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa iimpawu ezikhethekileyo zikarhulumente, indlela abasebenzisanayo, nesizathu sokuba basebenzisanemisebenzi yabo ekufuneka ngayo kwi-demodemocracratic.

Isiseko: Inkqubo Yamandla Ahlukeneyo

Ulwahlulo lukarhulumente oya kumazwe asekuhlaleni, urhulumente, kunye norhulumente alunazintlu-zimo. Lusekelwe kumGaqo-siseko wase-U. Ludweliso lwenkqubo yorhulumente eyabelana ngamandla phakathi korhulumente wesizwe osembindini noorhulumente. ULawulo lweshumi lokuLandliswa koMdalelo lugcina onke amagunya angagunya anikwenga urhulumente wesizwe kumazwe okanye kubantu. Lo mgaqo-siseko udala indawo apho umgangatho ngamnye unoxanduva oluphambili lwemithetho ethile ngelixa usebenza kwabanye. Oorhulumente bendawo, ngokulandelayo, badalwa yaye bathobela igunya labo, ukanti basoloko begcina ukuzimela okubalulekileyo ekulawuleni imicimbi yomhla-yo. Lo mgaqo-ntle uqinisekisa ukuba umanyano lwesizwe lulungelene, ukuvumela ukuba imigaqo-nkqubo elungeleneyo kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo.

Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni: Imvelaphi ephambili yoLawulo

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni basondelelene kakhulu nabantu. Basebenza kwisixeko, idolophu, idolophu, ingingqi, isithili esikhethekileyo. Kukho malunga namacandelo amalunga nama-90 000 karhulumente eUnited States, asuka kumasipala amakhulu akwisixeko esinjengesiXeko saseNew York ukuya kumagumbi amancinane asemaphandleni. Ukusondelelana kwabo nabemi babo kubenza babe yeyona ndlela ibonakalayo neyandingenwa rhoqo kurhulumente. Xa ummi efuna iinkonzo zongxamiseko, uthumela umntwana kwisikolo sikawonke-wonke, okanye usiya kwiholo yedolophu, banxulumana norhulumente wasekuhlaleni.

Imisebenzi neeNkonzo

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banikela uludwe oluninzi lweenkonzo ezibalulekileyo ezichaphazela ubomi bemihla ngemihla. Le misebenzi ixhomekeke kumthetho karhulumente, kodwa iimbopheleleko eziqhelekileyo ziquka:

  • Ukhuseleko lwamapolisa: amasebe amapolisa, iinkonzo zomlilo, iinkonzo zonyango zongxamiseko, kunye neentolongo zasekuhlaleni.
  • Imfundo yePublic: IOpera yezikolo zeK-12, ixhasa ii-layibrari zikawonke-wonke, kunye nokuphatha iinkqubo zemfundo yabantu abadala.
  • Isakhiwo kunye nezothutho: Ukugcina iindlela zasekuhlaleni, iibhulorho, iindlela, izibane zesitrato, imiqondiso yendlela, kunye nokulawula iinkqubo zothutho lukawonke-wonke ezifana nooduladula kunye noololiwe abahamba ngaphantsi komhlaba.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukusetyenziswa kwelizwe nokuzingela: uphuhliso lwezindlu, imvume yolwakhiwo lorhwebo, imigca yempahla, kunye nokunyanzelisa ikhowudi yokwakha.
  • Izithethe neNkcubeko: Ukugcina iipaki, imidlalo, amaziko oluntu, amaqula okuqubha, nokulungiselela iziganeko nemisitho yasekuhlaleni.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuphilisa nokwehla: ukuqokelela inkunkuma nokuphinda isetyenziswe, ukusebenzisa iikliniki zempilo kawonke wonke, ukuqinisekisa amanzi okusela acocekileyo, kunye nokulawula inkqubo yokulahla inkunkuma.

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni nabo banemibutho yowiso-mthetho, njengeebhunga zesixeko, iikomishini yephondo, okanye iibhodi zabalawuli, ezidlulisela imithetho esebenza phantsi kolawulo lwabo. Abaphathi abanolawulo abafana noosodolophu okanye abaphathi bephondo bajonge ulawulo. Iibhodi zesikolo, ngokufuthi ezinyuliweyo ngokwahlukeneyo, zikhombisa inkqubo yemfundo noqingqo-mali.

Ukubonelela ngeNkxaso

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bafumana ingeniso eninzi kwirhafu yempahla, iirhafu zentengiso (apho kuvunyelwa ngurhulumente), iindleko zomsebenzisi zeenkonzo ezifana namanzi okanye ukuzonwabisa, kunye nokuthunyelwa kwezoburhulumente kwimithombo karhulumente neyamarhulumente. Iirhafu zempahla zingumthombo oyintloko, okwenza ulawulo lwasekuhlaleni lube novelwano oluphezulu kwimigangatho yefama. Ngenxa yokuba amagosa asekuhlaleni anyulwa ngabahlali, irhintyelo yokuphendula ityala liqinile: abemi babona iziphumo ezithe ngqo zerhafu yeera yerhafu ezitrafini zabo nakwizikolo zasekuhlaleni. Olu lawulo lwasekuhlaleni lukwavumela abantu ukuba bazame imigaqo emitsha-nkqubo yezemibutho okanye imigangatho yokwakha eluhlaza.

Urhulumente: Umlawuli Ophakathi

Oorhulumente bahlala kumaleko ophakathi obalulekileyo phakathi komgangatho wasekuhlaleni nowamazwe angama-50. Ngamnye kumazwe anawo umgaqo-siseko, unyulwe, irhuluneli ye-bimeral (ngaphandle kwe-Nebraska, enendlu yowiso-mthetho engowama-mthetho), kunye nenkqubo yenkundla. Oorhulumente basemagunyeni banegunya lokukhusela impilo, ukhuseleko, nentlalo-ntle yabemi babo. La mazwe anezigunya ezibanzi kwaye avumela ukuba alawule iindawo ezininzi ezingalawulwa ngurhulumente.

Indima yomGaqo-siseko nokwenza imithetho

Iindlu zowiso-mthetho zesizwe zimisela imithetho esebenzayo kwimicimbi enjengezomthetho wezolwaphulo-mthetho, umthetho wentsapho, umthetho wempahla, izivumelwano, kunye nemimiselo emininzi yezoshishino. ImiGaqo-siseko karhulumente isoloko inikela ukhuseleko olongezelelekileyo ngaphaya komGaqo-siseko we-U. njengamalungelo abanzi obuqu okanye owemfundo. Kwakhona ama-United States adlala indima ephambili kwinkqubo karhulumente ngokuqhuba iinkqubo zesizwe ezifana ne-Medicaid, i-inshorensi yokungaqeshwa, kunye nenkxaso-zothutho. Ngaphezu koko, amaziko anamandla okuyila nokucima oorhulumente basekuhlaleni, achaza imidaba, aze anike igunya lokubala noomasipala.

Iimbopheleleko Ezingundoqo Zemeko

  • Imfundo: Ukubeka imilinganiselo yokufundisa, ukuxhasa iiyunivesithi zikawonke-wonke neekholeji zoluntu, ukuxhasa abafundisi- ntsapho, kunye nokunikezela ngemfundo karhulumente kwiphondo lasekuhlaleni.
  • Unikezelo: Ulwakhiwo nogcino lohola wendlela karhulumente, amaphondo (esebenzisaneni norhulumente worhulumente), iibhulorho, kunye neenqwelo zenqwelo-moya.
  • Ukhuseleko neZikhokelo zePublic: amapolisa asebenza ngoomatshini okanye uphando lohola wendlela, ukuphatha iintolongo zikarhulumente, kunye nokuphatha iinkqubo zokukhulula nokuvavanya.
  • Unyango lwemali kunye neNtlalo-ntle: Ulungiselelo lweMedicaid, udweliso lwezempilo yabantwana lwe-inshorensi (CHIP), uncedo lokutya, kunye nezinye iinkonzo zentlalo.
  • Unyulo: Ukumiselwa kweenkqubo zokuvota, ukuzoba imimandla yemithetho, ukuqinisekisa iziphumo zonyulo, kunye nokulawula inkxaso-mali yephulo.
  • Ishishini kunye neMaphulo-mthetho aMashishini: ukukhupha iilayisensi zoogqirha, amagqwetha, iinkomfa, abasebenzi bezindlu, kunye nezinye iziko.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukhuseleko lwezenkcubeko: oluphengulula imithetho yemo yemo yelizwe, ulawulo lwepaki zikarhulumente, kunye nokulawula amanzi kunye nomgangatho womoya kwimida yazo.

Urhulumente unegunya elibalulekileyo kwimali ephambili. Bahlawula iirhafu zengeniso, irhafu yerhafu, irhafu yeshishini, kunye nerhafu ekhutshwayo kwizinto ezifana nepetroli necuba. Uqingqo-mali lukarhulumente lungafikelela kumakhulu ezigidi zeerandi kwimimandla emikhulu njengeKhalifoniya okanye iTexas, baxhase iinkqubo ezithelekelelwayo ukusuka kwizithuthi ukuya kwimfundo ephakamileyo.

Urhulumente Omanyeneyo: Igunya lesiZwe

Urhulumente wesizwe, osekelwe eWashington, D.C., unegunya kwimicimbi echaphazela lonke ilizwe okanye ebandakanya ulwalamano lwezizwe ngezizwe. Amandla akhe adweliswa kwi-U.S. kwaye aye achazwa ngokubanzi ekuhambeni kwexesha, ingakumbi phantsi korhwebo lukaClaus kunye noluTshayina oluyimfuneko noluLuntu. Urhulumente wesizwe ngowodwa umgangatho onamandla okuvakalisa imfazwe, ukugcina imikhosi exhobileyo, ukungena kwizivumelwano, ukulawula izivumelwano zomanyano kunye norhwebo lwangaphandle, imali, kunye nokuseka inkqubo yeposi yesizwe.

Amandla omGaqo-siseko

Inqaku leSiqendu I linika iKhomishini uluhlu olukhethekileyo lwamagunya, kuquka irhafu, ukuboleka imali, ukulawula intengiso, ukuseka imithetho yendalo, nokulungiselela ukukhusela okuqhelekileyo. UMthetho wokuHlaziya we-16 wavumela urhulumente wesizwe ukuba anike irhafu yengeniso eqhubekayo, enika uninzi lwengeniso yayo. Ukutyhubela iinkulungwane, igunya lengingqi liye lakhula ukuquka iindawo ezifana namalungelo abantu, ulawulo lwemekobume, ukhuseleko lwempilo (ngokusetyenziswa kweenkqubo ezifana ne-Medicareare kunye noMthetho we-Affordal Careal Act), kunye nokhuseleko lwentlalo-curity olunika intsko yoovimba-mali okanye ngokulawula imisebenzi echaphazela ukurhweba.

Amasebe Amathathu

Urhulumente wesizwe wakhiwe waba ngamasebe amathathu alinganayo alungiselelwe ukuxilonga nokulungelelanisa:

  • Isebe elinokwahlulwa komthetho (Ikomkhulu): Eyakhiwe yiNdlu yeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso (amalungu alikhulu, amabini kwiphondo ngalinye) neNdlu yabameli (amalungu angama-435 ahlulwe ngabantu). IBhunga libhala imithetho, ivumela uqingqo-mali lwemali, ivakalisa imfazwe, kwaye yengamela isebe eliphetheyo.
  • Isebe eliphumezayo (uMphathi):[[Umongameli:1] uMongameli unyanzelisa imithetho, uyalela umkhosi, uqhuba inkqubo yangaphandle, kwaye umisela iijaji zequmrhu. Kwakhona uMongameli uphawula okanye ubeka umthetho.
  • Isebe leQumrhu elikwiNkundla yeNtlanganiso ePhantsi kunye neenkundla ezisezantsi zephondo): iinkundla zoMasipala zichaza imithetho, zimisela umGaqo-siseko, zicombulule neempikiswano ezibandakanya umthetho karhulumente. INkundla ePhakamileyo yinkundla yezonyuso zokugqibela.

Iinkqubo zomanyano neNgeniso

Urhulumente wesizwe ulawula iinkqubo ezichaphazela phantse wonke umntu waseMerika. Ukhuseleko loNyaka lunika iingenelo zokuthatha umhlala-phantsi neziphene; uMdicare noMedicaid kunye bafihla ukunyamekela impilo yabakhulileyo, abakhubazekileyo, nabafumana imali ephantsi; iSebe leMicimbi yezeMicimbi lisebenza kumagqala emkhosi; i-Enteviletion Protection Agemental imisela imilinganiselo yongcolise ungcoliselo lwesizwe; kwaye i-Frederal Bureaunial Bureauniment of Investigation isingatha iimfanelo ezinkulu zolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nezisongelo zokhuseleko lwesizwe. Ingeniso ephambili ifumaneka kwirhafuzo-mali nganye (ngaphezu kwama-50%), irhafuyo yezeNtlalo yezeNtlanganiso neMecans), irhafu yerhafu yemali, irhafu yemali, irhafumenti yemali, kunye nerhafu yemali yemali yesizwe.

Indlela Ungenelelo lwamaqondo: I-Fiscal Federalism kunye

Nangona umgangatho ngamnye karhulumente uneembopheleleko ezahlukeneyo, banqabile ukusebenza bebodwa. Ingcamango ye-fiscal unityism ichaza indlela amanqanaba aphezulu ngayo amasebe okusetyenziswa kukarhulumente anika kunye nokufuduswa kokuphembelela ukubekwa phambili komgaqo-nkqubo wemigangatho esezantsi. Umzekelo, urhulumente wengingqi unika amawaka ezigidi zeerandi kwiimali zohola-mali eenqwelo-ndlela, kodwa ufuna amazwe ukuba afumane imilinganiselo ethile yokhuseleko (njengokusela kancinci kweminyaka engama-21) ukuze afumane imali. Ngokufanayo, anika oorhulumente basekuhlaleni uncedo lwezikolo, iindlela, kunye neenkonzo zoluntu, ngokufuthi anxibelelanisa iimeko ezimele zihlangane noorhulumente basekuhlaleni.

Olu nxulumano lwezorhulumente ludala zombini intsebenziswano kunye noxinezeleko. Kwesinye isandla, luvumela imigangatho efanayo yesizwe kwimimandla efana nomoya ococekileyo okanye amalungelo abantu ngelinye ixesha igcina ulawulo lwengingqi. Kwesinye isandla, kungakhokelela kwimiyalelo engagunyaziswanga, apho urhulumente wengingqi okanye urhulumente umisela iimfuno ngaphandle kokunikela inkxaso epheleleyo. Isifo songqubano se-COVID-19 sabonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba oku kunokwenzeka: urhulumente wanika imali yongxamiseko kunye nonikezelo lwamayeza okugoma; urhulumente wasungula izitshixo, ukuvavanya, kunye namaphulo okugoma; oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bafaka imiyalelo yempilo kawonke-wonke-wonke-wonke kwaye bakhupha igosavelo ngaphandle.

Umahluko Ongundoqo Kwinto Eninzi

Ngoxa le miphakamiso mithathu ineenjongo zokunceda uluntu, umahluko wayo ungundoqo:

  • Umboniso wamaGunya: oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bathetha ngeengxaki zobume bengingqi kunye nezoluntu; oorhulumente bamazwe basingatha imicimbi yommandla ngokubanzi kwimida yabo; urhulumente wengingqi uqhubana nemicimbi yesizwe neyezizwe ngezizwe.
  • Isiseko soburhulumente bomhlaba: Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bayimveliso yomthetho karhulumente; oorhulumente bamazwe balawula kancinane ngemithetho-siseko yabo; urhulumente wezwe ufumana amandla akhe kuMgaqo-siseko we-U.S.
  • Umthombo we-Roue:[ Ukuxhomekeka kuluntu kwirhafu yempahla kunye neerhafu; ukusetyenziswa kwerhafu yengeniso, irhafu yentengiso, kunye nezinye irhafu ezahlukeneyo; ukulawulwa kolawulo lwerhafu yengeniso eqhubekayo kunye nerhafu eqeshiweyo.
  • Uhlobo lokhuseleko: Uluntu lugxininisa kwiinkonzo zobomi bemihla ngemihla (ipolitiki, izikolo, iipaki); urhulumente kwisiseko esibanzi, impilo, kunye nolawulo lwemfundo; urhulumente kwi-inshorensi yesizwe, yentlalo, kunye nozinzo lwezoqoqosho.
  • Ubalo-mali:[ Amagosa ongingqi afikeleleka ngqo kubavoti; amagosa karhulumente anamandla abanzi kodwa asenokufumaneka ngokunxulumene; amagosa karhulumente akwimo yelizwe kodwa amele ii-constituence ezinkulu.

Isizathu Sokuba Ukuqonda Urhulumente Kubaluleke

Kubafundi nakubemi ngokufanayo, ukuyiqonda kakuhle le nkqubo igqunyweyo kubalulekile ukuze baphumelele ekuthabatheni inxaxheba kwezentlalo-ntle. Xa umngxuma ufuna ukugcwaliswa, umbutho onomthwalo udla ngokuba ngurhulumente wasekuhlaleni. Xa ufuna ukutshintsha imfuno yomqhubi, ufaka intlanganiso yendlu yowiso-mthetho. Xa uxhasa utshintsho lwesizwe lwezonyango, abaphulaphuli bakho yiBhunga lezwe. Ukungaqondi oku kunokubangela ukudimazeka okanye ukudlala nzima. Ngaphezu koko, uluntu olunolwazi lungahlola ngokungcono izicelo zenkqubo: ukwazi ukuba imfundo ingurhulumente nomsebenzi wasekuhlaleni uchaza isizathu sokuba umgaqo wemeko-bume wahluka-ndenye; ukuqonda ukuba umgaqo-siseko somhlaba uchaza isizathu sokuba imilinganiselo yongcoliso yomthetho womhlaba yahlukene ngokwemilinganiselo yombuso.

Olu lwazi lukwakhuthaza uxabiso lwamandla orhulumente. Luvumela ukuba kwenziwe uvavanyo . nto leyo isazinzulu sezobupolitika uSahluleli uLouis Brandeis ebizwa ngokuba yi "iimisebenzi zolawulo-mpukane". Amazwe angazama iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokunyamekela impilo, irhafu, okanye ulawulo lolwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nemodeli ephumelelayo. Oorhulumente bongingqi bangangenisa iiprojekthi zobupolisa okanye inkqubela-phambili exhathisayo. Urhulumente unika umnatha wokhuseleko kwaye uqinisekisa amalungelo asisiseko kwilizwe lonke. Ukudlala phakathi kwemigangatho kudala inkqubo esebenzayo yolawulo, nangona maxa kuthethyo, kulula, kulula ukumelana nokusabela kwiimfuno ezahlukeneyo zohlanga olusahlukeneyo.

Isiphelo

Ulwahlulo lwamandla phakathi koorhulumente basekuhlaleni, urhulumente, kunye norhulumente womhlaba ligumbi lesiseko lolawulo lwaseMerika. Umgangatho ngamnye uneembopheleleko ezikhethekileyo ezihambelana nobungakanani bawo: oorhulumente basekuhlaleni balawula iimfuno ezikhawulezileyo zoluntu, oorhulumente boorhulumente bongamele iinkqubo ezibanzi zengingqi baze banike iinkqubo ezibalulekileyo, kwaye urhulumente worhulumente ulawula ukhuseleko lwesizwe, ulawulo, kunye namalungelo asisiseko. Ukuqonda ezi ndima zahlukeneyo qhaqho zidityaniswe ngolawulo lwamagunya orhulumente kunye negunya elabelana nabo ukuze babe ngabemi abanempumelelo, abaxhasi, neenkokeli. Njengoko ilizwe liqhubeka lizama ukumelana neengxaki ezintluntlukwano zempilo yoluntu, ulawulo, namandla asisiseko nokubandakanye nawo onke amanqanaba orhulumente angundoqo kunanini nanini nanini nanini nanini nanini nanini nanini nanini nanini na ngaphambili.