Ubuchule boburhulumente: Imizekelo yokwenene yeenqanawa zomanyano ezisebenzayo

Ukwazisa: Ukhuthazo lwentsebenziswano yoRhulumente oluManyano

Ulawulo lwangoku lujongene nocelomngeni olunqabileyo lokuhlonela imida elawulayo. Ukusukela kwintsabelo nesiseko sokuhlaziya imozulu kunye nokungalingani kwezoqoqosho, eyona miba ingxamisekileyo efunwayo ilungelelaniswe nesenzo solawulo kummandla, urhulumente, kunye nomgangatho. Ngoxa ithala ngalinye likarhulumente lizisa oovimba abahlukeneyo, amagunya asemthethweni, kunye neembono, iindlela ezidibeneyo zidla ngokukhokelela ekusebenzeni, ekukhupheni iprojekthi, okanye ekuphumezeni kwemigaqo-nkqubo. Intsebenziswano esebenzayo phakathi komgangatho karhulumente asiyo nje inzuzo elungele ukusetyenziswa kwe-aureaucracracratic ``ieat'''.

Eli nqaku lihlolisisa imizekelo yokwenene yehlabathi yobudlelane obunempumelelo phakathi koorhulumente, ukuzoba izifundo kulawulo lwentlekele, ukhuseleko lwemeko, ukungabi namakhaya, inkqubela-phambili eqinileyo, nangaphaya. Ngokuhlalutya olu hlolisiso, sifumana iindlela ezenza intsebenziswano ikwazi ukuthintela, nemiqobo eluncedo abalawuli bakarhulumente abanokuyisebenzisa ukwakha izivumelwano ezihlala zihleli ezinqamlezeneyo.

Ukwakhiwa Kolwandiso Lwamaqumrhu Oorhulumente Abasebenzisanayo

Intsebenziswano yezoburhulumente eUnited States isebenza kumaziko antsonkothileyo alawulayo, alawulanayo, kunye nokuxhomekeka kwemali.

• [[Uluhlu: 0] Umanyano lwemali:[ iGrant, ukwabelana ngengeniso, kunye namaqula emali adityanisiweyo (umz., izibonelelo zemali ezigunyazisiweyo ngamaphondo).
• Imithetho elungelelanisiweyo: imilinganiselo elungelelanisiweyo, ukwamkelana kwemvume, kunye nokwenza imithetho edityanisiweyo.
• Ukudibanisa okungatshintshiyo: kunye neenkqubo zokuphendula ngexesha likaxakeka, amandla asebenzayo, kunye nokudityaniswa kokunikezelwa kwenkonzo.
• Ucwangciso lwezentlalo-ntle: icandelo lommandla, imibutho yocwangciso lwesixeko, kunye neenjongo ezisebenzisanayo zokumisela ucwangciso.

Uphando olulandelayo lubonisa indlela le migaqo esetyenziswa ngayo.

Isifundo Setyala 1: Ifulo Lesizwe Lempendulo — Ukusuka KwiSihloko Ukusa Kwinyathelo

ISizwe seRevolution Framework (NRF), emiselwe liSebe loKhuseleko lwase-Ofisini, inika imfundiso ethambekileyo, ethambileyo kubo bonke abalawuli bongxamiseko. Idibanisa indima yengingqi, yesizwe, yesizwe, yesizwe, neyolawulo lwesizwe phantsi kweNkqubo yokuLawula kweSizwe (NIMS). Amandla e-NR alele kumgangatho wayo olungelelanisiweyo, osebenzisanayo.

Umphakamo wangaphakathi: Umyalelo woMphambili woMxholo

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni ngabokuqala ukuphendula nakweliphi na ixakeka. Phantsi kwe-NRF, amasebe olawulo longxamiseko asekuhlaleni amisela i-Incident Leat Posts (ICPs) kwaye alungelelanisa amapolisa, umlilo, i-EMS, kunye nemisebenzi kawonke-wonke. Amagosa asekuhlaleni ahlola iimfuno, acela uncedo lobabini kwimimandla ekufuphi, kwaye aqalisa ukubeka izibonelelo.

Umgangatho weRhulumente: Icebo lokuphindaphinda kunye noQhubo

Xa umbilini wasekuhlaleni ugqithisiwe, urhulumente uba nendima elungelelanisiweyo. I-Emergency Emics Center (SEOC) yesizwe iyaziqhuba, ithumela iiyunithi zokhuselo lwesizwe, izinto zomgangatho wesizwe, kunye namaqela akhethekileyo.

Umgangatho woManyano: Inkxaso ecwangcisiweyo neNkxaso

Igalelo lomanyano, elikhokelwa yiFederal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), ligcinelwe iziganeko ezidambisa amandla karhulumente. IFEMA inikela uncedo lwemali ngeNkqubo yoNcedo yoLuntu kaRhulumente, iMisédas Iqela loLawulo loLuntu (IMAT), kwaye iququzelela namanye amasebe orhulumente (umz. HHS ukuxhasa unyango, iDOD ukwenzela iiprogastiki).

Ingeniso: Ngexesha leSitshingitshane uHarvey (2017), ulwahlulo lwe-NRF lwenze ukuba kungabi namthungo ukwabelana ngovimba phakathi kwe Texas, amasebe karhulumente, kunye ne-FEMA. Abasebenzi borhulumente abangaphezu kwe-30 000 baxhasa imisebenzi yokukhangela-na kwasekuhlaleni, ngeli lixa amazwe anika indawo yokufihla kunye nokususa ukungcola. Intsebenziswano yanciphisa amaxesha okuphendula yasindisa ubomi.

[[UMTLL: 0] Funda okungaphezulu: Ukufunda.gov — Impendulo yeSizwe yeFrames

Isifundo Sesi 2: Imali Ecocekileyo Esetyenziswa Eburhulumenteni Bamanzi — Imali Idibana Norhulumente

IGawulayo Ecocekileyo yeSizwe samanzi iRevooking Fund (CWSRF), eyakhiwa phantsi koMgaqo-nkqubo wamanzi oGcwethekileyo we-1992, ibonakalisa umanyano olunemali olunika amandla okutshintsha-tshintsha izinto ngexesha uqinisekisa iinjongo zomgangatho wamanzi esizwe. Urhulumente ngamnye usebenza inkqubo yakhe ye-SRF, eyinika imali enika urhulumente imali encinane ehambisana nemali, ngoko enika oorhulumente abanoncedo oluphantsi ukwenzela ukulahlwa kwamanzi kunye nesiseko samanzi esinesaqhwithi.

Ikomkhulu lembewu elisisidibi kunye nolawulo

I-Epagency yoKhuselo lweNkathilo-bume eUnited States (EPA) inika inkxaso-mali yonyaka-mali kumazwe phantsi kwe-CWSRF. Ezi zibonelelo ziza neemfuno zodweliso lwenkqubo.

Ulawulo lweRhulumente kunye nokumiselwa

Amaziko emeko-bume esizwe ayakwazi ukuchitha imali eninzi, ngokufuthi edibanisa iimali-mboleko zeCWSRF neenkqubo zikarhulumente ezinika iinkqubo. Aqhuba uhlolo lwemeko-bume, imisebenzi ephantsi esekelwe kwimpilo yoluntu nempembelelo yamanzi, kwaye anika uncedo lobugcisa kuluntu oluncinane olungenawo amandla obunjineli kwindlu yoononjineli.

Ukusetyenziswa kwemali nokungenelwa

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni basebenzisa iimali-mboleko zeCWSRF ukwakha okanye ukunyusa iinqanaba zonyango lwamanzi amdaka, iintambo zokuchitha inkunkuma, kunye neenkqubo zokuhambisa amanzi amdaka. Inzala idla ngokungaphantsi kwentengiso (ngokufuthi 0-12%), kwaye amaxesha okuhlawula anokunyusa iminyaka engama-20-30, ukunciphisa umthwalo werhafu kubemi.

Imali efunyenweyo: Ukususela ekusungulweni, iCWSRF inikeze ngaphezu kwe-R150 yezigidi zezigidi zemali kwimisebenzi engaphezu kwama-44 000 exhasa ngemali kwilizwe lonke. Umzekelo, iSixeko saseMemfisi sasebenzisa i-CWSRF ukuqinisekisa ukukhutshwa kwezondlo kwiT.E. Maxson Wasteater Trankment Plan, ukunciphisa i-itrogen kunye ne-phosphorus ekhutshwa ngama-60% kwaye ubuyisela ubunjani bamanzi kwisidibini soMfula iMississippi.

[[UMTLL:0] ugcino oludityanisiweyo: [[FT:2]EPA] — Coca uRhulumente wokuVuselela ngamanzi iNgxowa yemali

Isifundo Sezigulana 3: Indlu Kuqala — Ukuguquka Kwendlela Yokusebenza Yokungabi Nakhaya

Imodeli yeNdlu yokuqala, engoovulindlela yimibutho efana nePatways to Houses eNew York, iye yamkelwa njengenkqubo karhulumente phantsi kweBhunga loMbutho woLawulo lweMpatho-mbizane eMasipala eMasipala ekwiNtloko (USICH). Iphuhlisa ukunyuswa kwezindlu ezisisigxina ngaphandle kokufuna ukunxiba, unyango lwengqondo, okanye umsebenzi njengeemali ezifunekayo. Le ndlela yokulungelelanisa ixhomekeke kwimali kunye nokunikezelwa kweenkonzo kuwo onke amaqondo orhulumente amathathu.

Ukuthunyelwa kwenkonzo yasekuhlaleni kunye neendawo zokuhlala

Amaqumrhu okunyamekela (CoCs) alungelelanisa iinkonzo zokungabi namakhaya, unyango, kunye nokuhamba ngenqanawa. Amagosa ezindlu zikawonke-wonke abeke ecaleni irejista okanye amaqela abantu abangenamakhaya abangenamakhaya, ngeli xesha abaxhasi abangafumani ngeniso benika abaphathi betyala, unyango, kunye neenkonzo zemisebenzi.

Ukubonelela ngeNgxowa-mali yeMbali

Urhulumente unika imali yokuxhasa ingqesho, iinkonzo ezixhasayo, kunye notyalo-mali lwezindlu ezinokufikeleleka. Kwakhona ama-United States adibanisa iinkqubo zeMedicaid, zempilo yengqondo nezokusebenzisa iziyobisi kunye nenkqubo yenkcitho yezindlu zobulali, nto leyo ebangela ukuba kubekho inkqubo yokuxhasa.

Iinkqubo zomanyano: HUD, HHS, neVA

ISebe leNdlu yeNdlu yeMibutho neYophuhliso lwe-U.S. linika izibonelelo ngeNkqutyana yenkqubo yokunyamekela kunye neziNqutyana zeSebe lezeMpilo nezoBuntu (HHS) iimali kunye neenkonzo zezentlalo ezidlula kwi-SAMHSA izibonelelo zezithintelo. ISebe leMicimbi yeMicimbi yezeNtlalo (VA) linika i-HUD-VASHS inkxaso yamagqala angenamakhaya.

Ingeniso: Ukususela ngo-2010, ubalo lwelizwe olukhuselweyo lwendawo yokuhlala luye lwancipha ngaphaya kwe 10%, i-indawo engenamakhaya ehla ngama- 46% (2020). Ukungena kokuqala koluntu olufana no Houston, Texas, kwanciphisa ukungabi namakhaya okungapheliyo ngama- 63% phakathi ko-202020 kumanyano oludibeneyo olubandakanya isixeko, i- Harris County, urhulumente, kunye ne-HUD.

Ukhokelo oluxokelelweyo: USIXH — Indlu Eyokuqala

Isifundo sesi-4: Iqabane lengingqi lengingqi engazinziyo — Ucwangciso Oludityanisiweyo Lomnqamlezo

ISebe leMibutho eSixhathiso sokuSebenza (ngoku eliBandakanyekileyo) lahlanganisa i-HID, iDOT ne-EPA ukuze kuququzelelwe utyalo-mali lweziko loluntu ngokubonelela kwengingqi. Umanyano lwakhuthaza ukudityaniswa kokucwangciswa kwezindlu, ezothutho, nomgangatho wemekobume, ukuncitshiswa, ukuphucula impilo yoluntu, nokwandisa amathuba oqoqosho.

Ulawulo lomanyano: Uncedo lwemali nolobugcisa

IGrants ezizinzileyo zoNyaka yeHUD kunye neZibonelelo ze-DOT zomthetho zinika abantu ubuchule bokuphuhlisa izicwangciso ezidityanisiweyo. Umanyano lwaseka imigaqo emithandathu elungele ukufumaneka kwe-livration-meters `kuquka ukubonelela izinto zokuhamba ezingakumbi, ukukhuthaza iindawo zokuhlala ezinokufikeleleka, kunye nokukhuthaza ukhuphiswano lwezoqoqosho olunobuchule.

Umanyano lweSizwe: Ukuxolelwaniswa kwengingqi noManyano

Amasebe karhulumente ezothutho, ezindlu, kunye nokhuseleko lwemekobume aba nenxaxheba kwinkqubo yocwangciso lwengingqi, ukunceda ukudibanisa izimali zephondo, inkxaso-mali yokuthutha, kunye nemigaqo yokusebenzisa umhlaba kunye nokunika izinto eziza kuqala.

Ubandakanyeko lwasekuhlaleni: Izicombululo zoLuntu-okanye

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bahlanganisa abaxhasi bezithuthi zengingqi, amaqela ezoshishino, abarhwebi, nabacebi-zicwangciso .

Ingeniso yokungabikho komsebenzi: Kwiminyaka elishumi yenkqubo, ngaphezu kwama-3,5 ezigidi zemali ezixhaswe ngurhulumente kwimisebenzi yokuphuhlisa exhaswe kwindawo ethile. Uvavanyo lwe-Ofisi yetyala kaRhulumente wafumanisa ukuba umanyano luphucule umanyano kwaye lwanceda abantu basebenzisa utyalo-mali olungaphaya koo-3,5 lamawaka ezigidi.

[[UMTLL:0] ulwazi oluninzi:[ EPA — Isebe lokuncedisana kwingingqi ezizinzileyo

Uhlolisiso lwesihlanu: Ubuchule bezithuthi — IFTA NeDOTs KaRhulumente

Iinkqubo zothutho lukawonke-wonke zixhomekeke kwipiramidi yenkxaso yenkxaso yenkxaso-mali nemigaqo-siseko. Ulawulo lweFederal Transit (FTA) lunika ikomkhulu kunye nocwangciso lwezibonelelo phantsi kwe-MAP-21 kunye noMthetho we-Bipartisan Intraclactive, ngelixa amasebe ezothutho (OMT) karhulumente enika irhafu yentengiso, iirhafu zemali zomanyano, kunye nemali enconywayo ukulingana ne-erandis. Abaphathi bothutho basebenza iinkqubo kunye nokuphucula ingeniso yebhaso.

Imisebenzi yeFrame eHlanganisiweyo

Iinkqubo ezingundoqo zeFTA ezinika abantu ulwahlulo ngezantsi njengendawo edityanisiweyo ye-Formula Program (Uthunyelo 5307) kunye noRhulumente weNkqubo yokulungisa okuhle (Ulwaleko 5337).

Ukucwangcisa kweMveli kunye nokuKhetha iprojekthi

Ii-DOTs zeSizwe ziphuhlisa iNkqubo yeNkqubela-phambili yezothutho eMasipala e-Overpole (STIP) equka izinto eziza kuqala kunye nolawulo lwamaxhoba omsebenzi oluntu. Kumaphondo amaninzi, imibutho yocwangciso lwezixeko zoshishino (MPOs) isebenzisana norhulumente kunye namaqumrhu okuhlela ukubeka imisebenzi ngokwemiqathango efana nokuzinzisa, ukuphuhlisa kwezoqoqosho, kunye nokuthe tyeba.

Imisebenzi yangaphakathi kunye nokuthunyelwa kweenkonzo

Amaqumrhu okuthutha asekuhlaleni `enziwe yisixeko, iphondo elisebenzisa, okanye amagunya engingqi'."Isebenzisa imali edityanisiweyo yemali yengingqi yengingqi-yalomni ukuthenga izithuthi, izitishi ezinyuselayo, ukuseka imiqathango yebhazi ehambayo, kunye nokuqhuba imisebenzi yemini-mini. Iinkqubo zomkhosi, indlela, kunye nobuninzi zizimisele ukufikelela kwimfuno zoluntu.

Imali efunyenweyo: Unyuko olunempumelelo lwenkqubo yeLos Angeles Metro Rail, exhaswa yirhafu ye-R yemali elinganayo (2008), edityaniswe ngamaqhina othutho karhulumente (Iprojekthi 1A, 2006), kunye ne-New Starts ezinika (Iziqabu ezi-530,9), inkonzo eyongeziweyo kwimimandla egciniweyo kunye nokuncitshiswa kokhutshwa kwegesi eshushu yegesi eshushu ye-injini eziqikelelwa kuma-300,000 ngonyaka.

[[UMTLR: 0] Umahluko:[ [[UMTL:2]] Ulawulo lonikezelo lwe-Federal Transit — Grans Hub

Iingenelo zokhuphiswano olukumgangatho omninzi: Ngaphaya kwendlela

Ngeli xesha ukuphumelela nokulunga kwezibonelelo zineengenelo ezaziwayo, umanyano lwamagunya orhulumente luvelisa iingenelo ezinzulu zokwakha:

• Rabisk ukwabelana: ulwahlulo lolwahlulo lwasasaza imali, umsebenzi, kunye nomngcipheko wezobupolitika ngaphaya kwabadlali //izinto ezibaluleke kwimisebenzi emikhulu nenkqubela phambili yentlekele.
• Ukukhutshwa kotshintsho: iinkqubo zesikhokelo zasekuhlaleni ezinokuphumelela zilinganiswe ngamaphondo okanye zimiselwe ngokwesizwe, ngeli lixa imigangatho karhulumente inika isiseko somgca we-quoty.
• [[FLT: 0] Uxanduva lwetyala: Xa kubandakanya ulawulo oluninzi, kuba nzima ukutshintsha ityala; ukuba ngumnini omnye kukhuthaza ukusebenza okucace gca.
• Isakhiwo sobundlobongela: Oorhulumente abancinci basekuhlaleni bafumana ukufikelela kurhulumente nakubuchule borhulumente ekunikeni uxwebhu, ulawulo lweprojekthi, kunye nohlalutyo logcino-lwazi, ukucutha umhlaba wokudlala.

Ucelomngeni Oluqhubekayo Ekuxhaseni Intlangano Karhulumente

Nangona ziluncedo, izakhiwo nenkcubeko zisekho:

• [[UMTL:0] Ixesha lokunika ixesha alihambelani:[[FT:1] Imijikelo yezibalo isoloko ingqubana neminyaka ye-oyile yephondo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuthatheni iprojekthi kulibaziseko okanye imfuno yemali-mboleko yebrorho.
• Uxanduva lolawulo: oludityanisiweyo olufunekayo ekunikeni ingxelo, ulwahlulo lweenkqubo zogcino-lwazi, kunye nokwahluka komgangatho wophicotho-zincwadi lwandisa iindleko zothengiso.
• Utshintsho oluthe ngqo: kulawulo nangaliphi na iqondo lingaphazamisa ubudlelane bexesha elide(umz., inkqubo karhulumente etshintsha umgaqo-siseko wokusingqongileyo okanye uncedo lwendlu.
• Inkcaso kunye nemfazwe: Ingquzulwano engaphezulu kwelo nani umgangatho unamandla okugqibela okwenza izigqibo, ingakumbi ekusetyenzisweni komhlaba okanye kwimiyalelo yempilo kawonke-wonke, ingathintela inkqubela phambili.
• Ukungalingani kwinxaxheba: Amazwe asemaphandleni, okanye aphantsi kwesikhundla asoloko ezama ukukhuphisana kucwangciso lwezibonelelo okanye impembelelo yengingqi, ukuqhubekekisa umahluko.

Imisebenzi yesakhelo ecwangcisiweyo yokuqinisa ulwahlulo

Abaphathi boluntu neenkokeli zenkqubo zingasebenzisa iindlela ezisekelwe kubungqina ukuphelisa le miqobo:

Ukumisela imigaqo yolawulo edityanisiweyo

Iikomiti ezincedisanayo, iibhodi, okanye imikhosi yemisebenzi ejikelezayo nezihlalo kunye nemithetho yesigqibo esicacileyo inceda ekulawuleni ingxabano. Umzekelo, ubudlelane beChesapeake Bay Program phakathi kwamazwe amathandathu, D.C., kunye ne-EPA isebenzisa iKomiti yolawulo kunye noMphathiswa ukukhokela imigudu yokulungisa.

Comment

Ukusebenzisa iziphumo eziqhelekileyo zomlinganiselo (umz., ukucuthwa kohambo lwegumbi longxamiseko kubantu abangenamakhaya, umgangatho wamanzi anyanga, amaxesha okudada) kuqinisekisa ukuba onke amaqabane asebenzela intsingiselo efanayo yempumelelo. UMthetho weGovernment Information and Resource Act (GPRA) Modernization Act ukhuthaza ukunqamleza usukelo oluqinileyo.

Ukubonelela Ngemali KwiiNdlela Zonxibelelwano

Abasebenzi abazinikeleyo abaqonda iinkqubo zorhulumente nezesizwe banokunxibelelana ngokutyibilikayo. Amazwana amaninzi agcina iWashington, D.C., iiofisi zokunxibelelana namaqumrhu karhulumente; ngokufanayo, ii-ofisi zengingqi zengingqi zorhulumente zingafaka amaqela okwakha afakelwe umlinganiselo wamandla kumakomkhulu karhulumente.

Ubuxhakaxhaka be-evercation ukwenzela ukubonisa ngaphaya

Iindawo zogcino-lwazi ezabelweneyo ngezantsi ngezantsi njengeNkonzo yamanani e-U.S. enika abalawuli bamaqonga okanye amanyathelo ogcino-lwazi avulekileyo omgangatho karhulumente .

Isalathisi soMsebenzi weNkqubo

Intsebenziswano esebenzayo ayipheli nabadlali bakarhulumente. Imibutho esekelwe kuluntu, imibutho yemisebenzi, amabhunga oshishino, kunye nabemi basekuhlaleni baqinisekisa ukuba imisebenzi eboniswa ngoorhulumente ijongene neemfuno zebala eliselubala kwaye izuze igunya kwezobupolitika.

Isiphelo: Ukwakha Isithethe Solawulo Oluneenkcubeko

Uphando lwetyala oluhlolisiswe apha, ukususwa kulawulo lukaxakeka kunye nezibonelelo zamanzi ukuya kuphuhliso oluzinzileyo, -- umlinganiselo wokusebenza kwezixhobo phakathi korhulumente uyakwazi ukufumaneka xa iindima zicaciswe ngokucacileyo, inkxaso-mali ithambe, kwaye unxibelelwano lungaphucuka. Olu manyano lunika uphuculo olunokulungiseka ekunikezelweni kweenkonzo, ukulingana, kunye nokuzinziswa kogcino-lwazi.

Noko ke, intsebenziswano asilolungiselelo elinye lexesha; yinkqubo eqhubekekayo yokunxibelelana, ukufunda, kunye nobuchule. Njengokuba imingeni efana nokutshintsha kwemozulu, ukukwazi ukufumaneka kwezindlu, kunye nokuphazamiseka kobugcisa kukhula, amandla oorhulumente bobulali, borhulumente, kunye norhulumente osebenza kunye ayakuba neziphumo ezithe kratya. Ngokuqulunqwa kwemigaqo yokuthembana, ukubonakala, nokuphendulana koxanduva, abalawuli basekuhlaleni bangaguqula intsingiselo yentsebenziswano yentlalo-ntle yelizwe ibe ngumsebenzi wemihla ngemihla, kwaye banike iziphumo ezingcono kuluntu abasebenza kulo.

[[UMTLL:0] ukwenzela ukufunda okubhekele phaya kulwalamano lwamasebe, bona: U.S. i-Ofisi yobuMangalelwano yoRhulumente — Iimpikiswano zobuGcisa