Ukwazisa: Isiseko Sokuthembana Okungathethekiyo

Inkqubo yokufaka ibhola yecala kuphela kwidemokhrasi. Umlinganiselo wokwenyaniso wengqibelelo yabavoti uxhomekeke koko kwenzekayo emva kokuba umvoti eshiye indawo yokuvota: ukubala nokuqinisekisa kwayo yonke ivoti. Ukuqonda iingxokelelwano ezisemva kwezi nkqubo kubalulekile ukuze abantu baqiniseke, kwanabona bagqibele kakuhle inkqubo yokhetho elungiselelwe kakuhle, imigaqo ecacileyo elungiselelwe ukubamba iimpazamo, echanekileyo, kwaye ikhuselekile ukuphatha. Ukusukela kwisenzo sokuchola maphepha abhalotis kwiimatshini zekhompyutha ezinamandla e-elektroniki, inyathelo ngalinye linika amathuba okufumana ucoselelo lodwa noluvo. Olu khokelo lwandisiweyo luhlola iindlela zangoku zokuvota, imithetho ecacileyo elungiselelwe ukubamba iimpazamo, kunye nobugcisa bokuvelisa okuthembisa ukuqinisa iinkqubo zedemokhrasi emhlabeni wonke.

Imboniselo yeenkqubo zokukhanyisa kunye nempembelelo yazo ekubalekeni

Indlela apho ivoti iphoswa khona − kunye nenkqubo engaphantsi ehamba phantsi kwento ekhethayo — imo ejikelezayo yendlela ekumele ibonwe ngayo. Isixokelelwano esahlukileyo sifuna iindlela ezahlukeneyo zobalo, ubuchule bokulinganisa, kunye nobuchule bokwenza ulwenzo. Ukuqonda ezi ziseko zibalulekileyo phambi kokuntywila kumatshini.

Inkqubo zomdlalo omkhulu

  • Eyokuqala-Past-The PP (FPP): Isetyenziswa kumazwe anjenge United States neUnited Kingdom, FPTP izabelo kwisihlalo kumnyuswano kunye nenkoliso yamavoti kwisithili selungu elinye. Ukubala kulula: ibhola nganye ibhaliswe umbhaliswe ojongene nomntu omnye, kunye noyena uphakamileyo wemali ewinayo.
  • Imibala eKhethiweyo eqengqelekileyo (RCV): Abathathi-nxaxheba ngokukhethwa. Ukuba ubala ubandakanya imijikelezo emininzi; ukuba akukho mvoti ufikelela kuninzi lwevoti yokuqala yetyala, oyena mqhubi usezantsi utshayelwa, kwaye ezo zibhalo zisasazwa kwabashiyekileyo abathathiweyo abasekelwe kukhetho olulandelayo. Le nkqubo iyaqhubeka de kuphume umfumani.
  • Ipropatigationation (PR): Umzekelo kwisithili ezinamalungu amaninzi, iPR inikezela izihlalo ezisekelwe kwipesenti yamavoti afunyanwa liqela ngalinye. Ukubala kubandakanya iindlela zezibalo ezintsonkothileyo ezifana ne D'Hondt okanye iSaint-Laguë ukuguqula ivota izabelana kwizithuba zesihlalo.
  • Isigodo sokuvota: Abavoti banezihlalo ezininzi ezizakugcwaliswa, kwaye bangazabela phakathi kwabavoti. Abavoti abaninzi baphumelele. Ukubala kulula kodwa kungakhokelela kuninzi lokungquzulana kwentaba.
  • IVote edluliselweyo eyodwa (STV): Uhlobo lovota olukwiziqendu ezisetyenziswa kwisithili ezinamalungu amaninzi. Iibhola zibalwa zisebenzisa umlinganiselo (ngokokubanzi i-Droop recenture) kwaye iivote eziseleyo ziyatshintshelwa. Le ndlela ifuna intsokothile, ulungiso lwe-tab yodidi.

Ukhetho lwenkqubo lufuna kungekuphela nje ukuntsonkotha kobalo lwevoti kodwa nohlobo lobungqina obufunekayo. Umzekelo, iRCV ne STV kuphantse kube nzima ukubala ngokuchanekileyo ngesandla kwisikali esikhulu, ukwenza iskeni sokubona okanye izithinteli ze-elektroniki eziyimfuneko. I-FPTP, ngokwahlukileyo, ingabalwa ngesandla ngokulula okuthelekisayo.

Iindlela zokubala iiMbali: Ukusuka kwiPhepha ukuya kwii-pixel

Iindlela ezintathu eziphambili zilawula ubalo lwale mihla lwevoti: ukubala ngesandla, ukubala kweliso, kunye nomatshini ozilungisa ngqo we-elektroniki (DRE). Nganye inemibhobho eyahlukileyo yomsebenzi osebenzayo, iiprojekthi zempazamo, kunye nokhuseleko.

Ukubala Amagama Encwadi

Ukubala ngesandla kuhlala kuyindlela ecace kakhulu, esoloko isetyenziswa kunyulo oluncinane, iibhola zonyulo ezingekhoyo, okanye uphicotho-zincwadi lwasemva konyulo. Abasebenzi bokhetho .[1] Ngokufuthi amaqela e-bipartisan ````'' ngokuquququzelela ngokomzimba kwaye adwelise amaxwebhu amaphepha aphezulu. Inkqubo ilandela inkqubo engqongqo: okokuqala, iibhola zonyulo ziyakhethwa ngohlanga okanye nge-ofisi; ngoko, amaqela ebhola (umz., kwimikrolo ye 10 okanye 50) aqalwa kwaye abhalwe kwiphepha elide. Abasebenzi ababini okanye abaninzi abazimeleyo babala umhlathi omnye, kwaye iziphumo zabo kufuneka zidibane. Ukuba abalingani, ubalo lwesithathu bayaphindwa.

Ukubala ngezandla kusetyenziswa kwemposiso ephezulu kwaye icothayo, ingakumbi xa i-odoli intsonkothile. Imposiso yomntu `njenge impawu zokufunda kakubi, ukudinwa, okanye iimpazamo ezilula zezibalo'. --i-National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) ibhale ukuba amanani ezandla athambekele kwisantya esiphezulu sempazamo kunamanani azenzekelayo, ingakumbi xa imiyili yebhola intsonkothile okanye xa ivota yenza iingcaciso ezingacacanga. Ngoko, amanani ezandla anika uvavanyo olubalulekileyo kumanani ematshini nobuchule bobuxhakaxhakaxhakaxhaso lukawonke ngokubonakalayo, ulawulo loluntu.

Ukubala Uvavanyo Olubonakalayo

Uvavanyo lwe-optical luyindlela esetyenziswa kakhulu eUnited States. Iivoters zizalisa iibhola zomsonto wephepha (zingamanye amaxesha zigcwaliswe kwiovals okanye izalathisi ezidityanisiweyo) ezithi zifakwe kwinqanaba lovavanyo lokubona. Iscanner ifunda iimpawu usebenzisa izivotelo ezilula kwaye izichaza njengezivoti kubahloli abakhethekileyo okanye imilinganiso. Iziphumo zibekwa phantsi ngekhompyutha esembindini, ngokufuthi ngexesha lokwenene njengoko iibhola zovavanyo zivavanywa kwindawo yokukhangela okanye embindini we-ofisi yokhetho.

Inzuzo yeenkqubo zokuvavanya iliso iquka isantya esiphezulu (izigidi zebhola zingahlolwa ngeyure), irekhodi yephepha elibonakalayo lokuphicotha, kunye namandla okuphatha udweliso oluntsonkothileyo lwemingcingo. Noko ke, azinakukhuseleka kwimpazamo. Iziphumo zescanner colibration, isiminxeka sephepha, okanye iziphumo ezilahlekileyo zingenza umatshini ungakwazi ukuqwalasela kakuhle iibhola zomatshini. I-2020 isifundo ngomcimbi we-' i-Voritified Foundation [ ifumanise ukuba ukungaphumeleli kokuhlola imbonakalo yokuhlola okukhawulezekelelwa kwento eninzi yomatshini bokuvota okuxelwayo kuxelwe ngokubanziswa. Ukukhuthaza ezi zinto ezininzi, ulawulo lwemithetho yeposi yokuthelekisa uludwe lwemiboniso-omatshini.

Izixhobo zombane ezikhutshwa ngqo (DRE)

Oomatshini be DRE bavumela abavoti ukuba bavote ngqo kwikhusi lokuchukumisa okanye kwiqosha lojongano. Iivote zigcinwa ngombane kwinkumbulo yomatshini kwaye zisoloko zigqithiselwa kwinkqubo yojikelezo lwephepha elisembindini. Ezinye iimodeli ze DRE ziquka i Voter Verified Paper Adifice Trangectry (VPAT), ingxelo eshicilelweyo yephepha umvoti angabona emva kweglasi ngaphambi kokuba ivoti ibhalwe ngokusemthethweni. Kumandla amaninzi apho amaphepha abhaloti engasetyenziswanga, i DREE ziqhelekile, ingakumbi kuvoti abaneziphene ezikhubazekileyo abafumana kunzima ukuphatha i-mavoti yephepha.

Iziphumo ezingundoqo ze DREEs zifumaneka (zinganika iibhola zesandi, ushicilelo olukhulu, kunye nokuskena- kunye neziphumo ezikhawulezayo. Kodwa ke, zisengozini yokhuseleko olunzulu. Ngo-2018, ingxelo yephondo laseVirginia yabonisa ukuba ezinye ii-DE zazinonxulumano lwenethwekhi ezinokusetyenziswa kakubi, kwaye i-2019 yengqungquthela ye-DFFCON ibonisa ukuba iimodeli ezininzi ze-DE zinokucinywa ngemizuzu emibani. Ngaphandle kweVVVPAT, akukho ngxelo yephepha ethembekileyo yokuba iphiconeze-/iphofuthe iziphumo ze-software okanye uhlaselo oluyingozi lungatshintsha ngaphandle kokubhaqwa. Kungoko imibutho enje njenge [[FLT:]] i-Uctive Commentssionty i-DRS[FFLD:1] yonke ikhuthaza ukuba kubekho ulawulo lwe-DRVPATE kuphela, kwaye inotshintsho lwe-ocrootssss.

IiNdlela zoqinisekiso: Ukuhambisa kuMbambo ngamnye

Ukubala iivoti ngokuchanekileyo sisiqingatha sedabi. Uqinisekiso luqinisekisa ukuba ubalo luchanekile, akukho vhotiso zongezwe okanye zisuswe, kwaye inkqubo idibane nemigangatho esemthethweni. Uqinisekiso lwangoku luxhomekeke kudityaniso lwemiba yokhetho lwasemva, ukubuyisela umva, kunye nemigca yamaphepha.

Uphicotho-zincwadi loKhetho lwasemva

Uphicotho-zincwadi oluqhelekileyo lukukhetho lweposi, apho umlinganiselo oqhelekileyo weebhalothi ubalwa ngesandla kwaye uthelekiswa neziphumo zomatshini ezixeliweyo. Imiphicotho ingaba: [

    [[FLT][[FFF:2]] [FFF:] [FFF:5] [iiipesenti] [iiipesenti] ezithenjiweyo ze-ballet okanye ii-bolots (umz., 5% okanye 10] i-indlela efunekayo ikhangelwe. Ezi zinokuphoswa ngeyona nto ingako imposiso.[FFFFFFFF:] [impe] izicwangciso ezithekileyo:[FL:[3] [iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiindlela ezikhoyo:] [iindlela ezicelelweyo:] [Nt.Nt] Iindlela ezicedft :[egnotes][3]

    Uququzelo olunqamlezayo noqinisekiso

    Phambi kokuba iziphumo zigqibeke, amagosa okhetho anqamleza- idata ekhoyo kwimithombo emininzi:

    • [[FLT]] iincwadi zePolk vs. ibholaoot inamba:[ Inani levoti eyatyikitywa eqeleni lithelekiswa nenani lebhola ephoswe yimfutho. [[FFUT] inkquza uphindaphindo olubhaliweyo. [[FLT:] [FLT] [FLT] imiqulu ekhatyiweyo] [ibhombu] ifumana:[FLT] i-ekhowulwayo imposiso ekhoyo: [FFFF] ikhangelwa imvume ekhatyiweyo.[10] phambi kokuba iinfoase iin eshwayokutyikiswe yimposiso.[10] Iinfotefuthe izikhephelo ezikhoyo.[10]

      Imisebenzi yophicotho-zincwadi ephicothiweyo yephepha (VVPAT)

      VVPATs sisixhobo soqinisekiso olubalulekileyo lomatshini be DRE. Emva kokuba umvoti enze ukhetho lwabo kwikhusi, umshicileli wephepha wenza uluhlu olushicilelweyo lwevoti (ngokusoloko ifihlwe emva kweglasi yeglasi). Umvoti uqinisekisa ukuba ukushicilela kungqinelana nenjongo yabo ngaphambi koku gquma i blolota. Kwisiganeko sengxelo okanye uphicotho-zincwadi, abaphathi bonyulo bangafumana kwakhona iphepha le VVPAT liroll kwaye balibale ngesandla. Ngaphandle kwe VVVPAT, akukho ndlela yokuqinisekisa irekhodi ye- elektroniki. Njengo 2024, 32, amaxwebhu afuna VVPAT kuzo zonke oomatshini beDRE, kwaye ezininzi zicela ngaphandle kwe- DRS ee kwimixobo yokukhetha iphepha le vidiyo.

      Iingxaki Neengxaki

      Phezu kwazo nje iinkqubo zokomeleza, ubalo lwevoti lujamelana nocelomngeni oluzingisileyo oluvela kwimpazamo yabantu, ukusilela kobugcisa nezisongelo zokhuseleko.

      Impazamo Engumntu

      Ubalo lwamaxwebhu lolona nyathelo lemposiso-prone. Uphando lubonise ukuba namaqela aqeqeshiweyo aqalileyo aqapha phosakeleyo i1-2% yeebholaot, ingakumbi xa izicwangciso zebhola zididanisa (umz., "umbamba-mpu" eFlorida 2000). Iinqanawa ngokwazo zingenza iimpazamo zokwenza iimpazamo , zishiya iimpawu zityhafile kakhulu kwiskeni, okanye zisebenzisa iinki engafanelekanga. Abasebenzi bokhetho bangaphinda baqonde ngokugqwetha iinjongo zovota, ezifana nokuba igama lomvotisi elikwisangqa liyivota esebenzayo. Cacisa imigangatho yokwenziwa kwebhola kunye noqeqesho olusezantsi kubasebenzi abaqeshiweyo behlisa kodwa abasebenzisi impazamo engabantu.

      Imisebenzi yezobugcisa

      Oomatshini abakwaziyo ukuxilonga. Imizobo ye-optical iyakwazi ukuminxa, ukufundwa kakubi, okanye iimpazamo zamakhadi enkumbulo. I-DRE ingangqubana, ikhenkqe, okanye inike isimbo sebhola yomatshini. Ngo-2022, ingingqi ePennsylvania yanikela ingxelo yokuba ngaphezulu kwe 10% yomatshini wayo we DRE engasebenzi kakuhle kuSuku Lokhetho, ifuna abavoti ukuba basebenzise iibhola zokuxhasa. Ukungaphumeleli okunjalo kungasusa ipeyinti yovolo okanye iziphumo. Ugcino oluqhelekileyo, uvavanyo lobuchule bokhetho, kunye nezixhobo ezigciniweyo zizinto eziyimfuneko.

      Iingozi Zokhuseleko

      Iinkqubo zokuvota zekhompyutha zisengozini yokuhlasela ngekhompyutha. Abadlali abasoyikisayo bangazama ukutshintsha iinkcazelo zebhola, ukutshintsha iziphumo ezigcinwe kwinkumbulo, okanye ukusetyenziswa kwe-injini egcina i-afware ngokuhlaziya. Imeko edumileyo yokhetho ibandakanya umboniso ka-2017 kwingqungquthela yokhuseleko apho umatshini we DRE wasetyenziswa ukuguqula amavoti kunyulo lobugrafi. Ngelixa akukho lukhulu lokuhlasela kwekhompyutha engazange iguqule iziphumo zonyulo, inokubakho. I-Cybersecurity kunye ne-Infrastrual Security Agency (CISA) inika ukhuseleko lokhuseleko lwezibonelo [[FLT:] [FLT: 1]] ukunceda ukhuseleko lwemixokelelwano olusuka kwimixongo yomoya, ukuhlola nokuvavanyanisa.

      Iziphakamiso Zobugcisa Ziyalitshintsha Ikamva

      Ukuze bahlangabezane nokusikelwa umda okukhoyo, abaphandi namagosa onyulo ahlola ubugcisa obutsha obunokwenza ukuba ukuvota kubelwa ngokukhawuleza, kunqabiseke ngakumbi yaye kufikeleleke ngakumbi.

      Ukuhambisa uvingco

      Iblockchain(a) eyabelwe, i-immutable ger (icetyiwe njengendlela yokukhusela usasazo lwevoti nogcino. Iiprojekthi zesikhokelo zikhona eNtshona Virginia nase Utah kubavoti belizwe laphesheya, zibavumela ukuba baphose ibholatis ngesixhobo esisekelwe kwibloko- ezincinane. Izixhobo zobugcisa zithembisa ukuphela-ukufikelela ekupheleni, intsingiselo yokuvota ingaqinisekisa kamva ukuba ivoti yabo yabalwa ngaphandle kokwambula ukhetho lwabo. Noko ke, abagxeki baphawula ukuba iblokoin ayikhuseli sixhobo sovoti okanye umatshini wokuvota ngokwawo, kwaye i-software ingaphinda ivumela ukulala kwe-injini ekhokelayo. Iingcali ezininzi zincomela ukuba i-ris, unyusoluko oluncinane lungalungayo.

      Ukulinganisa umlinganiselo wendlela elingana ngayo

      Isixokelelwano se-bimetric .* ukusebenzisa iminwe, iscan se-iso, okanye ubhaqo lobuso, lungakhusela ukuvota nokuvota. Amanye amazwe, njengo-Indiya, sele esebenzisa uqinisekiso lwe-biometric kwizikhululo zokuvota. Kwi-U.S., iinkqubo zenqwelo-moya ziye zavavanya uvavanyo lweminwe yokuchola i-minwe yokuhlola umvoti, kodwa inkxalabo yecala kunye nempazamo ephezulu yeminye imiba yoluntu ithathelwe ngokulinganiselwe. Ubugcisa buluncedo kakhulu xa budityaniswe nenkqubo yokusebenza kwephepha ukuqinisekisa ukuphindwa kwemibo.

      Ulongiso lwendawo olukwenye indawo nolungaphakathi

      Uvota luyindawo engcwele yovotelo kunyulo olukwi-intanethi kuninzi lwabahlaziyi-ziko, enika uncedo kumkhosi, abemi baphesheya, kunye nabavoti abaneziphene. Estonia baye basebenzisa i-intanethi yokuvota ngempumelelo ukususela ngo-2005, ngokuqinisekisa ngemisebenzi emininzi kunye nokukhowuda okukhusela ibhola nganye. Noko ke, ukuvota okusasazekileyo kwi-Internet ekhuselekileyo kwimiqobo yokuvota ekhuselekileyo, kodwa iphepha elingekhoyo lisenayo lisekho indlela yokuqinisekisa ukuba ibhola yomfihlelo kwindawo ekude. IKhomishini yokhetho yokhetho ikhuthalele uphando olukhuselekileyo kwiinkqubo zokuvota okude, kodwa amaxwebhu angekhoyo ahlala ekho ekho ekhombazweni ahlala esoloko esetyenziswa ngoku.

      Indlela yokusebenza yokuphelisa ukuya- kwisiphelo se-Verificible (E2E)

      Iinkqubo ze-E2E zivumela abavoti ukuba bafake ibhola yokuvota kwaye kamva baqinisekise ukuba baqukiwe kunyulo lokugqibela, konke ngaphandle kokwaphula ubuqu bomvoti. Ezi nkqubo ziqhele ukusebenzisa ii-lisithi ezicwethezekileyo ezibekwe kwilayini. Umzekelo omnye ngu ' i-Scanterity[ indlela, esetyenziswa kunyulo lwesixeko lwango 2009. Iindlela zophawulo lwephepha ngepeni ekhethekileyo etyhila ikhowudi efihliweyo; ikhowudi ebekwe kwikhompyutha ukuze ivavanye ivoti yayo i- e- e-EE ingavavanya umgangatho ophezulu wengqibelelo yayo, kodwa intsonkothile ukusebenza nokucacisa i-voti.

      Isiphelo: Ukubonakala ngaphaya njengelitye lokuthembana

      Abavoti abaquki ncam yobuchule bobugcisa; bayiziko lokujika apho uluntu luhlala khona lunentembelo kwiziphumo zedemokhrasi. Ukusuka kubalo lokuqala lwencwadi yephepha ukuya kubungqina obuphambili benkqubo ye-E2EE, inyathelo ngalinye lenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukuthanda kwabantu kuchazwe ngokuchanekileyo. Njengoko ubugcisa butshintsha, umgaqo ongundoqo uhlala uhleli: nayiphi inkqubo yokuvota mayibe mhlophe, iqwalaselwe, kwaye ikhuseleke kuzo zombini iimpazamo zomntu kunye nohlaselo olunolunya. Ukufundisa abemi ngezi nkqubo ze-E2E, indlela oomatshini babo abavavanywa ngayo, nendlela ababamba ngayo iimpazamo ze-franche. umatshini abagcina iimdlalo-mali abanokuzilungisa ngayo. Umgangatho awuluqondisi oluqondayo ulawulo lwayo.