Ukuchaza ubuqamli njengesiseko somGaqo-siseko

UbuGaqo-siseko buye bavela njengenye yeengcamango ezinempembelelo kakhulu nezinempikiswano engqongqo yokutolika komgaqo-siseko eMelika. Esona siseko sawo, intanda-bulumko ibambelele ekubeni umGaqo-siseko uchazwe ngokwentsingiselo yokuba umbhalo wawo wawunawo ngexesha owamkelwa ngalo. Oku kuchasene ngabom neemfundiso "zomthetho ophilayo," ezivumela intsingiselo yesiseko ukuba iguqulelwe ngokutshintsha imigaqo-siseko kunye nemithetho. Kubaqali bokuqala, uxwebhu asiyonqanawa engenanto enokuthi igcwaliswe ngamaxabiso akhoyo kodwa ingumqulu obophelelayo onenjongo elungisiweyo ngokusesikweni de iguqulwe kwinkqubo yeSigqeba-V.

Uhlobo lwangoku lobuGqaba, olubizwa ngokuba "yintsingiselo kawonke-wonke yantlandlolo," lugxininisa kwindlela ilungu elisengqiqweni likawonke-wonke ngexesha lokwenziwa kwe-ratiation elinokuwuqonda ngayo umbhalo womgaqo-siseko. Oku kwahlukile kuguqulelo lwangaphambili "" injongo yantlandlolo" efuna ukutyhila iintshukumisa eziphambili zogcino-lwazi. Ukutshintsha bekuyintsingiselo entle neyobunzululwazi. Njengoko iJaji Antonin Scalia iphikisana, umthetho unenjongo ezimeleyo kwiinjongo zabalungiseleli bawo. Oku kuqhubela kwintsingiselo yangaphambili kwenza ukuba ubukho bendalo busebenze njengengcamango yokwenene yokutolika ubhalo kunokuqikelelo kwinzululwazi yembali. Ikwanika isiseko esomeleleyo sokwahlula amagunya, njengoko kubukelo lwezomthetho kumgangatho olungisiweyo.

Isiseko soqeqesho lobuGcisa sixhomekeke kwimiqathango emibini engundoqo: ukuthembeka kombhalo kunye nokuthintelwa kwemithetho yokugweba. Ngokumisa imithetho yembali ekuqondeni okubhaliweyo, abaxhasi bendalo baphikisana ngokulandela umthetho kunokuba bawenze. Oku kubalulekileyo kukwahlulwa kolawulo lwamagunya, apho amaplanga abandakanya ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zolawulo. Xa ijaji ibambe intsingiselo yokuqala ye-Viseales kwiming Plues I, II, kunye ne III, iqinisa imida yesakhiwo esibekwe kwisebe ngalinye. Njengoko iJaji Gor Goal ibhaliwe, "Ukwahlulwahlulo lwamandla alukho ngokobugcisa; lukhuselwa ngokukhusela okubalulekileyo."

Ukuqonda ubuqaqoba njengendlela yokucacisa ingqongqo kubalulekile ekuqondeni indima yayo kulwahlulo lwala mandla angoku. Inika isilanga esinika ungquzulwano olubalulekileyo lweNkundla oluye lwasombululwa.

Ukwakhiwa Kwamandla: Ukuqonda Ukwahlukana Kwamagunya

Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya yiplani esebenzayo yomGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. Kunokuba inikel ’ ingqalelo igunya kumlawuli omnye okanye kumzimba omnye, abalawuli bawaqhekeza ngabom amandla karhulumente ngaphaya kwamasebe amathathu ahlukeneyo: iLegislative (iQuquzeleli II), iGunya eliPhezulu (iGawulayo II), kunye neJaji (Article III). Le mfundiso ayingombandela nje wempumelelo karhulumente; ingumkhuseli wesakhiwo wenkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Ngokwahlula amandla, umGaqo-siseko udala intlukwano yangaphakathi kurhulumente, iyenza ibe nzima ngakumbi nasiphi nasiphi na isiciso okanye umdla wokulawula zonke izixhobo.

Imvelaphi enzulu yale nkqubo isuka ngqo kwisithandi sobupolitika saseFransi uMontesquieu, omsebenzi wakhe Umoya woMthetho waphembelela ngokunzulu isizukulwana esiFunyekayo. Noko ke, eyona mfundiso inegunya elikhoyo ivela kuJames Madison kwiPunist Papers. KuFederalist No. 47, uMadison uyichasile ngokucacileyo ityala lokuba umGaqo-siseko awuzange wahlulele ngokufanelekileyo, ephikisa ngelithi "ukubekwa kwawo onke amandla, ulawulo lowiso-mthetho, isigqeqeba, kunye nesazulu, kwizandla ezifanayo... ngokufanelekileyo kungachazwa ingcaciso kanye yedensitiselo." KwiFederational List List List Pagests No. 51, walungiselela inkqubo yokuzinzisa ulwa: "Inglation"

Amandla Omthetho (Ingcaphephe I)

IBhunga linikwe "Onke Amagunya owiso-mthetho apha avunyelweyo" kwimbono yantlandlolo, le mvume ithe ngqo kwaye iyabalwa. Amandla adweliswe; iCongress ayinakusebenzisa igunya ngaphaya kwezo zidwelisweyo (okanye ezo "ziyimfuneko nezifanelekileyo" zokuziphumeza). Le ngxelo ngumgca wokuqala wokukhusela urhulumente ophazanyisiweyo kulawulo okanye kumalungelo olwesizwe. Inkqubo yomthetho ngokwayo ````i-bidaralism''' kunye nokunikwa kukaMongameli-*s yenzelwe ukucotha inkqubo yokuyila umthetho, ukuqinisekisa uvumelwano olubanzi phambi kokuba umthetho uwiswe.

Amandla Olawulo (Article II)

IVises Clause yeQumrhu II yahluke kakhulu kwiQumrhu I elingumxhasi wayo. Ifaka "UMphathi olawulayo" kuMongameli omnye, kunokuba idwelise amandla athile ngokucokisekileyo phambi kokuwafaka. Lo mahluko wombhalo uye wakhokelela kwingxoxo enzima phakathi kwabalawuli bokuqala. Abanye, bexhasa "umlawuli oyintloko," baphikisa ukuba olu lwimi lunika uMongameli igunya elisemgangathweni, igunya elinguwongameleyo ekuphunyeni kwemithetho, lithobele kuphela kwiintsilelo ezithile ezifunyenwe kwezinye iindawo ezibhaliweyo. Abanye bathatha imbono ebambekayo, bephikisa into yokuba umsebenzi oyintloko kaMongameli "ukhathalele ukuba uMthetho uphumezwe ngokuthembekileyo," imbopheleleko yokuba igunya lakhe linxibe ngqo kwimithetho enikezela.

Amandla Eejaji (Article III)

Amandla ejaji anwebela kuphela "IiCases" kunye "neeNtlanganiso". Olu lwimi lumisela iimfuno ezingqongqo zokusesikweni: ukuma, ukuvuthwa, kunye nokunganyaniseki. Amalungu embali adla ngokujonga ezi zithintelo njengezibalulekileyo ekulondolozeni indima efanelekileyo yejaji. Ukwahlulwa kwamandla akuyontlanganiso zokuhlola; zikho ukucombulula iimbambano ezingokwasemthethweni phakathi kwamaqela ahlukeneyo. Olu wiso lwabiwo luthintela isebe lenkundla ekuphumeleni iimbono zejaji okanye ekungeneni kwimilo ecwangciselwe kumasebe ezobupolitika.

Ukuqhelisela Unqulo Lobuzibulo: Kubonisa Ukwahlukana Kwamandla

Xa ijaji yezoqobo ijongene nolwahlulo lwamagunya, uhlalutyo luqala luphele ngombhalo womgaqo-siseko kunye nomongo wayo wembali. Iindidi zodidi oluqhelekileyo zidla ngokuthandwa ngaphezu kovavanyo lokulinganisela oluthambileyo. Umbuzo asikokuba isenzo sesebe elinye singu "esisengqiqweni" ukusabela kwingxaki yesizwe, kodwa ukuba singaphakathi kwamandla anikwe elosebe ngumGaqo-siseko.

Imfundiso Engagunyaziswanga

Enye yezona ndawo zisebenzayo zokwahlula amagunya amagunya ngokomthetho yimfundiso engagunyaziswanga. Isiseko silula: ukuba onke amandla owiso-mthetho anikwe kwiBhunga, ngoko iNgqungquthela ayinakunikela elo gunya kwiSebe Elilawulayo. Kwinkulungwane yama-20, iNkundla iphumelele ukuyishiya le mfundiso, ivumela iBhunga ukuba limise igunya elikhulu le-quasi-legisterism kumaziko olawulo logama linika umgaqo "ongenakuthe ngqo" ukukhokela iSebe leSebe leMithetho. Abaqululeki abanjengoBagwebi beGorle baye baphikisana ngokunamandla ngokuvusekileyo nokuvuselelwa kwayo [Foct:]. [Foct:] i-Greant [F.[FFct1:1] i-ult [9], (2011]), Gor, i-Governst, ingu Roberts, inguPriech, ijonge ityala lomthetho, imbono ejongene kwityala lobugrogracraclatest njengoko lingu.

Igunya elilawulayo kunye nolawulo lwecandelo

Abaqulunqi bekhokele ekumeleni ingcamango yequmrhu elilawulayo. Le ngcamango ikholelwa ukuba uMongameli unegunya kwisebe eliphetheyo. Naliphi na isebe elizimeleyo elisebenzisa igunya lolawulo lolawulo lolawulo lomongameli kodwa elikhuselwe ekulawuleni umongameli (njengoko iFederal Trade Commission okanye iSecuties kunye neKomishini ye-Exchange) liphakamisa amaxhala omthetho-siseko. Umbhalo weSiqendumiso II unika "Ulawulo lwezigunya" kuMongameli omnye, kwaye uMphathi unyanzelela ukuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho iphunyezwa ngokuthembeka. Njengoko iJaji Sccialia iphikisana nokungavumelani kwakhe [[Foct:].[FLT:] [FOR.[FOLD 1] [1988], "iii-Adromenti" inguM.[198]

Igunya Elilawula Abagwebi Nemibuzo Yezobupolitika

UbuGawulayo bukwazisa ukuqondwa kwejaji-cantiary yemiqathango yayo. Imfundiso yezopolitiko, ngelixesha ingasoloko igxininisa ngokungqongqo ekusebenzeni kwayo, ichukumisa ingcamango yokuba iimpikiswano ezithile zomGaqo-siseko zixhomekeke ngokwezibhalo kumasebe ezobupolitika. Umzekelo, iSqinisective Clausle IV (Umbutho, Icandelo 4) ibisoloko ithathwa njengombuzo wezopolitiko, iwushiyela kwiBhunga ukugqiba oko kukuthi yiNtloko yoRhulumente.

Uphawu Lwetyala NgeeLens Zamandulo

Ukuhlolisisa amatyala athile eNkundla Ephakamileyo kucacisa indlela esebenza ngayo inkqubo yokwahlula amagunya. La matyala atyhila ukuzinikela kwiingcambu zombhalo, iindidi eziqhelekileyo, nokungaqiniseki okufanelekileyo kokusetyenziswa kwendlela engaqhelekanga yokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo.

INS v. Chanha (19983)

Eli tyala laliquka "legislative transmittery ," indlela enye indlu yeBhunga eyayinokubhukuqa ngayo isigqibo sesebe eliphetheyo (kule meko, ukugxotha umthetho). INkundla ePhakamileyo yasibetha phantsi. INkundla ePhakamileyo yeSigqeba iBurger yayingumzekelo wemithetho esekelwe kwimigaqo-siseko. INkundla yabambelela ekubeni umthetho uvimbele u-Claustace no-biabralismism imfuno yeQumndla I. Ukuba iNkundla ifuna ukusebenza ngegunya lomthetho, kufuneka idlulise umthetho kuzo zombini izindlu kwaye iwunike uMongameli. Inkundla yemithetho-mthetho yayiyisiphelo esisetyenziswa ngokucacileyo kule nkqubo yomthetho, kwaye isala ingummiselo wesiseko sokwahlulo lwamandla, oko kubonakalisa ukushwa kwemiqathangombutho phakathi kwamasebe.

Clinton v. IsiXeko saseNew York (1998)

UMthetho we-Line Ento Veto ka-1996 wanika uMongameli igunya lokuphelisa inkcitho ethile okanye iingenelo zerhafu kwimali ebanzi. Inkundla yawisa umthetho lomthetho ongekho mgaqo-siseko. IJaji Stevens yavuma ukuba umThetho woMgaqo-siseko ulwaphula umthetho ka-Pascal Claus. Umsebenzi kaMongameli ngukuvumela okanye ukulahla umthetho wonke; akanakuphinda awubhale ngokususa amacandelo athile erhafu. Uhlalutyo lwakuqala lwajoliswe kwiinkqubo ezithile zokumisela imithetho. UMgaqo-siseko unika inkqubo ecacileyo, elungeleleneyo, kwaye uMongameli akanalo onelungelo lokuphelisa umthetho emva kokuba udlulise iBhunga. Isigqibo saqinisekisa ukuba ukwahlulwa kwamandla oMbutho akhusela indima yomthetho oyintloko kwaye achaza igunya eliyintloko loMongameli.

[[FLT: 0] Ikhasi le Table & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (1852)

Ngokufuthi kwaqwalaselwa ulwahlulo olukhulu lwamagunya kwimbali yeNkundla, ulutsha oluncinane lwavela xa uMongameli Truman wathatha izinyithi zentsimbi ngexesha lemfazwe yaseKorea ukuze athintele ukubetha. Uluvo loMnyama woMdathalluko lwaba kukuqheliswa komthetho ongqongqo. Waqala ngokubhaliweyo: "UMphathi weSizwe, ukuba uphi na, ukukhupha umyalelo kufuneka usuke kwisenzo seBhunga okanye kumGaqo-siseko ngokwawo." Ukufumana ugunyazo lwe-statry (UMdabinikazi wayekwalulalulalula ngokucacileyo oku kumsebenzi we-HartArtley Active) kwaye akukho gunya lolawulo lokuphatha elifuyo lokuthatha impahla yangasese, uBlamlamgamgamkeli wesenzo. UJapsonkth Jackson'e, owayila icandelo lemithetho ephambili, awenza ulawulo oluphezulu, kodwa umele ukusetyenziswa komthetho onyulukileyo, njengoko kulandele indlela yokuqala, inkqulukelo olunyulu, njengoko kulandele ichazwayo, njengoko ku

Iinguqu neMiqathango ephikisayo kwiNtshukumo yezomGaqo-siseko yaNgoku

Phezu kwayo nje impembelelo yayo ekhulayo, ingcamango yokuyila ijongene nokugxekwa okunzulu. Abachasi baphikisa ngelithi isenokuba ayinyanisekanga engqondweni okanye ayinakusebenza, ingakumbi xa isetyenziswa kubuchule obunamandla bokwahlula amagunya kule mihla.

Ingxaki "Yesandla Esifileyo"

Mhlawumbi eyona ngxaki ingapheliyo yi "isandla esifileyo": kutheni ibutho labantu lale mihla ledemokhrasi kufuneka libotshwe luxokelelwano lwezopolitiko kunye nokusikelwe umda kwehlabathi liqela elincinane labamhlophe, elizingela abantu ngenkulungwane ye-18? Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi umGaqo-siseko ufanele ube sisakhiwo esiphilayo esikwaziyo ukuqhelanisa neemeko ezingalindelekilenga, njengokunyuka kwelizwe lolawulo lolawulo, uphando lwezombane, okanye ubugrogrisi behlabathi lonke. Icandelo loqobo liphendula ngokuthi iQumgaqo V ye-andel linika icebo elifanelekileyo lokuzinza. Ukuvumela abagweba umGaqo-siseko ukuba bahlaziye ngaphandle kokwenza ulawulo lwedemokhrasi kunye nokonakalisa umthetho womthetho.

Ukungaqiniseki Kwembali

Icebo eliluncedo kakhulu lokungalawuleki kwembali. Ingaba ijaji ingafumana imbono epheleleyo yento engundoqo, ingayinqanda ngokwenene intsingiselo "yoluntu lokuqala" ngenxa yamabinzana angaqhelekanga afana "kwinkqubo engaphambili," "ulawulo olungaqhelekanga"" okanye "Ulawulo olungaqhelekanga"? Ababhali-mbali basoloko bengavumelani phakathi kwabo ngentsingiselo yamagama angundoqo. UJaji Stevens, umgxeki wenkqubo yoqobo, uphikisa ukuba ukuphengulula iintsingiselo zantlandlolo kusoloko kungu "ukuphengulula imbali ekhoyo". Izazi zembali ziyavuma ukuba ubungqina bembali bunokungadibaniseka kodwa zigcine ukuba uphando oluphezulu luyo lungachasanayo kunenkqubo yomthetho engqongqo. Baphikisa ukuba ubukho beemeko ezinzima abuyifuni indlela yokwenza uphando.

Umbandela WomGaqo-siseko Ophilayo

Abaxhasi bomgaqo-siseko ophilayo, njengoMgwebi Stephen Breyer, baphikisa ngelithi amabinzana avulekileyo omGaqo-siseko amema abagwebi ukuba baqwalasele amaxabiso omhla neziphumo ezisebenzisekayo. Ngokwahlukana komongo wamagunya, oku kungakhokelela ijaji ekuxhaseni i-veto okanye umbutho ozimeleyo kuba ucombulula ingxaki yangoku. Ingxubusho yoqobo ibuyisela umahluko wokuba oku kufikelela kumthetho kunye nezobupolitika. Ukuba umGaqo-siseko kuthetha nantoni na abagwebi abacinga ukuba ithetha yona, ngoko ukwahlukana kwamandla kumane nje kucebisa, kuxhomekeke kwintengo yeNkundla. Uqeqesho loqobo lunikezelwa njengokuphela komqobo nxamnye nejaqo-judiast ophezulu nolusele urhulumente.

Ikamva LobuNtlobano BobuGaqo-siseko Nomthetho Wokwakha

Ingcaciso yeNkundla ePhakamileyo kwiminyaka yakutshanje icebisa ukuba ubuBhosa buza kuqhubeka busenza indima ephambili kutoliko lomgaqo-siseko, ingakumbi kukwahlulwa kwamatyala amagunya. Ukongezwa koBagwebi uGormoth, iKavangaugh, neBarrett `bonke abaneziqinisekiso zoqobo ezinamandla kunye nezibhaliweyo eziqinisekisiweyo zecandelo elinikwe le nkqubo yolwazi. Izigqibo zakutshanje zibonisa olu tshintsho.

[[[FLT: 0] I-West Virginia v. i-EPA [202], iNkundla yacela i "Imfundo Yemibuzo Engundoqo," ifuna ukuba iNgqungquthela ithethe ngokucacileyo xa inika igunya kumaqumrhu aphetheyo kwimicimbi yezoqoqosho neyobupolitika. Nangona imfundiso ingeyoyakuqala kuphela, ivumelana nolwahlulo lwamandla olusemzimbeni kwingcinga yolwakhenketho: ukulondoloza ulawulo lwemithetho yemithetho yemithetho kunye nokubeka amandla aphezulu angalinganiyo. [kunyaka-mashumi eminyaka], [FOct:] Isigqibo seNkuqululo] Bright Enterppects.[FLT] [5], i-evicedggggggs withs.[3] i-acedkT] i-alors, i-evicet with ingumthetho ohlukeneyokuthelela ukuchana kwemithetho egunya elingulo.[Fogne.[3][3]

UbuGawulayo abuyongcamango egqibeleleyo okanye epheleleyo. Buyaguquka ngengxoxo yangaphakathi kunye nempikiswano engaphandle. Kodwa ukujolisa kwayo kumbhalo, isakhiwo, kunye nembali kunika isiseko esizinzileyo nemigaqo yokucombulula uxanduva lwamasebe orhulumente wengingqi. Njengoko urhulumente uqhubeka ucelw'ucelw' iindidi, umyalelo woburhulumente onyanzelisa iintambo ezicacileyo, amandla adweliswe, kunye nokuphendula kwedemokhrasi kuya kuhlala kunamandla kumthetho wesiseko waseMelika. Ingxoxo ngokubaluleka kobukho bokuqala nokwahlukana kwamandla, ingundoqo wayo, ngemvelaphi yomthetho ngokwawo: nokuba ngumyalelo omele ulandelwe okanye isixhobo sokubumba.