Isiseko Sobuqalo Kumthetho woMgaqo-siseko Wasekhaya

Ubuqaqoba buye bavela njengempendulo koko abaxhasi bayo babekubona njengokungathintelwa kwengqiqo yokugweba kutoliko lomgaqo-siseko. Emongweni wabo, ubukho bobukho bendalo bumi ngelithi umbhalo osemthethweni (‘ nokuba ngumgaqo-siseko, ummiselo, okanye isivumelwano) kufuneka uchazwe ngokwentsingiselo yawo ngexesha lokumkelwa kwayo. Le ntanda-bulumko ifuna ukunqanda abagwebi ukuba bangayinyathisi imithetho yabo nokunqanda ukuthathathiswa kwemithetho yabo nokuqiqa okungokwasemthethweni, izibakalaniso zembali ezizinjongo, kunokuba zichaphazele imilinganiselo yasekuhlaleni.

Amasebe amabini angundoqo obuGqaba alawula ingxoxo. [[FLT: 0] enkqubeni ephambili yenjongo yoqobo ufuna ukufumana kwakhona iinjongo ezisisiseko ze-frames ... oko bakuqonde ngokobuqu umbhalo njengokuthetha. intsingiselo kawonke-wonke yentsingiselo yesiqalo [[], ngoku umsonto olawulayo kwingcamango yesiseko somgaqo-siseko waseMelika, endaweni yokucela ukuba umntu onengqondo ngexesha lokwenziwa kwesakhiwo uqonde ukuba umbhalo uthetha ntoni, usekelwe kulwimi oluqhelekileyo, iintlanganiso ezisemthethweni, nakwintetho kawonke. UJaji Antonin Sclia, mhlawumbi ummeli odumileyo wentsingiselo yantla, uphikisa ukuba oku kukulondoloza ulawulo lwedemokhrasi ngokuqhuba ulawulo lwendlela yolawulo lwendawo yomntu ngamnye kunokuba aqondeneembono zobucala.

Kumthetho wasekhaya, ukwenziwa komthetho ngqangi kusetyenziswe rhoqo kuMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S., nezigqibo eziphawulekayo kuMphetho-mva wesibini ( I-Dialification of Columbia v. Heller), iAlden v.Maine [umlinganiselo wamandla olawulo oluphezulu]. Impembelelo yayo inwebela kwezinye imikhosi eqhelekileyo, kuquka iKhanada, i-Australia, kunye ne-Israel, apho iinkundla ngamanye amaxesha zibiza intsingiselo yokuqala njengenye kwinkalo yomgaqo womthetho omgaqo-siseko.

Noko ke, kwanakwimeko yasekhaya, ubuqaqaba bujongene nocelomngeni olunzulu: ubungqina bembali bungangaphelelanga, intsingiselo yantlandlolo isenokuba ingacacanga kwimibuzo yangoku, kwaye imizekelo yamva isenokuba izinzile iindlela zemfundiso ezisuka kwiingqiqo zantlandlolo. Ezi ngxaki ziba nkulu kakhulu xa ubuqali bususwa ukusuka kwimekobume yesizwe enye ukuya kumgangatho ophezulu, ofanelekileyo, kunye nommandla wezizwe ngezizwe kunye nezivumelwano.

Umahluko Okhoyo Kumthetho Neengcebiso Zezizwe Ngezizwe

Umthetho wehlabathi usebenza ngokusisiseko kwimiqathango eyahlukileyo kumthetho-siseko wasekhaya. Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe uvela kuluntu olunye olulawulayo lwezobupolitika, ngokufuthi ngenkqubo echaziweyo yolwandiso, kwaye unyanzeliswa yimigangatho ephakathi yezomthetho. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, umthetho wezizwe ngezizwe uvela kwimvume ethe tyaba yamazwe azimeleyo, ungenayo indlu yowiso-mthetho ephakathi, kwaye uxhomekeke kwiinkqubo zokunyanzelisa. Iingxelo zishwankathelana kwiincwadi ezibonisa ukulalanisa phakathi kwamaqela anezithethe ezisemthethweni ezingqubanayo, izilangazelelo ezifanelekileyo, kunye neengcamango zenkcubeko.

AkangoMongami Omnye Okanye Ukhuthazwe

Kwisiseko sasekhaya, "ukwenziwa inguqulelo yomzuzu" inika ukunyanzeleka okucacileyo kwe-ankile yexeshana: okubhaliweyo kwakucetyiswa, kwaphikiswana, kwaye kwamkelwa kwincam ethile yembali. Kwizivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe, le nkqubo iphazamisa kakhulu. Isivumelwano singaququzelelwa ukudlula kweminyaka, sivulelwe utyikityo, simelwe kukungavumelani nokuzikowulwa, kwaye singene ngamandla kuphela emva kwenani lommiselo lokwenza iimfuno. Amanye amaqela angafaka isiqinisekiso amashumi eminyaka emva kwesigqibo. Intsingiselo "yokuqala" ngexesha lotyikityo isenokuhluka kwintsingiselo ngexesha lokufikelela kwesizwe kamva, kwaye amazwe asenokuba nokuqonda okunyanisekileyo kweembopheleleko zawo ukususela ekuqaleni.

Iincwadi Neelwimi Eziyinyaniso

Izivumelwano ezininzi zexeshana zibhalelwe ngeelwimi ezininzi ngezantsi. Ngokufuthi isiNgesi, isiFrentshi, isiRashiya, isiArabhu, kunye nesiTshayina. Phantsi kweGama 33 leVienna Convention on the Law of Treating (VCLT), xa uthelekiso lwamaxwebhu ayinyaniso lutyhila umahluko wentsingiselo ongenakugqitywa ngeendlela eziqhelekileyo zokutolika, intsingiselo yokuba imigaqo elungelelanisa ngokulula injongo yesivumelwano iphumelele.

Indima Yento Nenjongo

Inqaku 31 (1) le-VCLT lifuna ukuba isivumelwano sichazwe "ngokholo oluhle ngokuhambelana nentsingiselo eqhelekileyo ukuba sinikwe ngokwemigaqo yesivumelwano kumongo wayo nangoko kulula kwento nenjongo yayo. Le nkcazelo yeteoniki-oloji . Ukuchazwa kwenjongo yesivumelwano egqithisileyo, ngokubhekisa kwiinjongo eziphambili, ingakumbi kumalungelo abantu, imekobume, kunye nezivumelwano zezeziko.

Iingxaki Ekusebenziseni Ubuntsundu Kwiingcebiso Zezizwe Ngezizwe

Ukwahluka komthetho wasekhaya nowamazwe ngamazwe kuvelisa imiqobo ekhethekileyo ukuze kufikelelwe indlela yokutolika izivumelwano.

Ukuqokelelwa

Ukwenziwa konqulo lokuqala kufuna iinjongo ezithile ezibonakalayo, nokuba zisekelwe okanye zinenjongo. Kodwa kwizivumelwano ezininzi kunye namaqela amaninzi, akukho "kuqonda" okukodwa kwasekuqaleni ukubuyela. Iingxelo ezikhuthazayo (traviux préparatoires) zingabonisa iimbono zabathunywa abakhokelayo, kodwa ezi azinakwabelani ngokuyimfuneko ngazo zonke iinkcazelo. Iingxelo ezincinci zisenokuba zidibene ngaphandle kokuthatha inxaxheba ngokusebenzayo ekulungiseni iprojekthi, kwaye ukuqonda kwazo kungahluka. INkundla yezizwe ngezizwe i-traviko yogwebo i-stauxréparaires zizinto ezidiza phambili, hayi umthombo oyintloko wentsingiselo `astio zenza ubunzima bokusebenzisa iinjongo ezidityanisiweyo.

Iingxaki Zeelwimi Nemiqobo Yokuguqulela

Naxa abaqhubi bemizobo bevumelana kwilungiselelo, uguqulelo kwiilwimi ezingqinelanayo lungachaza intsingiselo engabonakaliyo. Umzekelo, igama lesiXhosa "umbhithi" kwisivumelwano samalungelo abantu lisenokungathwali ncam iintsingiselo ezifanayo njenge Frentshi "arbitraire" okanye "ibhatriyori" yaseSpeyin. Owendalo ogxininisa kwintsingiselo yantlalo-phambili yoguqulelo lwamaNgesi ungayihoya imeko egunyaziweyo yeminye imibhalo kunye nomgaqo wokutolika ukuba imibhalo eyinyaniso ifanele ivumelaniswe.

Ingxaki Yokukhulula

Mhlawumbi eyona ngxaki ingundoqo yeyokuba ubuFasi bokuqala, ukuba busetyenziswa ngokungqongqo, bungaqinisa izibophelelo zesivumelwano ngexesha lokudalwa kwazo. Umthetho wezizwe ngezizwe uguqulelwe kuqheliselo olulandelayo, ukuphuhliswa komthetho oqhelekileyo, nokuvela kwezithethe ezintsha (jus cogens[[FLT1]]). Izivumelwano zamalungelo abantu, ngokukodwa, njenge-European Convention on Human Rights, zitolikwa njenge "izixhobo eziphila" ezinentsingiselo ebanzi yexesha lokubonisa ukutshintsha iimeko zentlalo. Inkundla yaseYurophu yamaLungelo ikwala ngokucacileyo indlela yokwe-lungela, ukubamba kungene .[FLT2] i-v. uBukhosi boMpul.[FLT3] [1918] [18] i-1988 i-Ngqungquthela i-omanano "isixhobo esikhoyo esimele isetyenziswe kumhla wokuqala wokusebenzisa umhla."

Uqheliselo olulandelayo noMngeni

Inqaku 31(3) le-VCLT (b) lifuna ukuba xa kutolikwa isivumelwano, ityala lithathwe "nawuphi na umsebenzi olandelayo wokusebenza kwesivumelwano esimisela isivumelwano samaqela malunga nokutolikwa kwaso. Eli lungiselelo liquka ngokucacileyo ihambo yasemva kokutolikwa kwenkqubo yokutolika. Amazwe asoloko ecacisa okanye etshintsha indlela yawo yokuqonda izibophelelo zesivumelwano ngokuqhelisa okungaguquguqukiyo. Isakhiwo sobukho bendalo esingqongqo esizityeshelayo ngokulandelayo siya kudibanisa lo mthetho ubalulekileyo wokutolikwa kwesivumelwano.

Ukusebenzisana Nomthetho Wexesha Elifutshane Notshintsho Oluqhelekileyo

Imfundiso yomthetho wexesha elithile, ekhutshwe yiNkundla yezizwe ngezizwe yeJaji i-Iland of Palmas yowiso-mthetho (1928), ikholelwa ukuba intengiselwano esemthethweni mayigwetywe ngokulula kumthetho okhoyo ngexesha elinye nendalo yawo. Noko ke, ityala elifanayo liyavunywa ukuba ubukho obuqhubekayo belungelo elisemthethweni buxhomekeke ekuhambelaneni kwalo nomthetho ojikelezayo. Olu phawu lubini ludala uxinzelelo olungasombululekiyo: kufuneka kuchazwe igama lomnqophiso ofana "Thange" okanye "Ugqilalw" ngokwentsingiselo yalo 1950, okanye libandakanya ukuqondwa kwezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe?

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala: Unqulo - ngqangi Kwimiqathango Yomhlaba Wonke

Iinzima ezisebenzisekayo zolu hlelo zicaca xa sihlolisisa iinkalo ezithile apho iye yazanywa okanye yaphikiswa.

Indibano Yokubulala Izilwanyana Nenjongo

I-Genecocide Convention yowe-1948 ichaza ukutshatyalaliswa kohlanga njengezenzo ezithile "ezinenjongo yokutshabalalisa, ziphelele okanye ngokwenxalenye, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga okanye ubuzwe, njengeqela elinjalo. INkundla yezizwe ngezizwe yeJaji, kwi Bosnia v. iSerbia ityala [2007], elitolika "iimeko", eliguqulelwe "intekozo" nangokubhekiselele kwiNgqungquthela yeNtlanganiso yeNtlanganiso yemithetho, umsebenzi we International Law Commission, kunye nokuqhelisa ngokulandelayo. Ngexesha iNkundla ithetha ne- travreaire, ayizange ijongene ukuqonda kwe-meactives njenge-console. Endaweni yoko, yaphuhlisa indlela ekhethekileyo yokucacisa imfuno yembali ye-gropola.

Ukucaciswa kweSicatshulwa seZizwe Ezimanyeneyo kunye noTshintsho loBulungiseleli

IChwetheza leUN itolikiwe ukususela ngo 1945 ngendlela esusela kwiinjongo zokuqala zabaququzeleli bayo. Ulwandiso lweBhunga loKhuseleko luza kubangela ukuba i-UN ivumele ukuhambelana nezisongelo ezintsha kunye nezinto ze-Programments. INkundla yezizwe ngezizwe yeNtlanganiso yeSivumelwano yoXo loxolo, kunye nokuphuhliswa kwemisebenzi yokugcina uxolo konke kusuka kumbhalo ongqongqo kunye nokuqonda kokuqala komTshadolo. Ukusondela komzinzi komzinzo okhoyo kungaphelisa ukwandisa uqheliselo oluvumela i-UN ukuba ilungele ukusongela okutsha kunye nento ekhoyo ye-Promotensity. Inkundla yezizwe ngezizwe yeJanube, kwimisebenzi yobulungisa Certain Confectives [[Fl:1]] uluvo lwasekuqaleni konyakanyakanyaka ka19622, ukula uluvo lwakuqala lumele ukuba luchaziwe lusetyenziswe ngulawulo lweZizwe zeZizwe ezikhanyiselwanobumba.

Imigaqo Yamalungelo Abantu Njengezixhobo Eziphilayo

Iinkundla zamalungelo abantu zephondo ziye zaba zezona zicacileyo ekuchaseni ubuQuqu. INkundla yaseYurophu yamaLungelo abantu isoloko ihlaziya ukucaciswa kwamalungelo eNtlanganiso ukubonisa utshintsho olungokwentlalo, njengoko kubonwa kumatyala anxulumeneyo nokuziphatha okufanayo ( Schalk kunye neKopf v. ]), incedisa ukuvelisa (.S.H. v.Austria[FLT]], kunye nogcino-lwazi. Inkundla yamatyala aseMelika e-American amalungelo abantu kufuneka ivakalelwe ngokufanayo ukuba i-intengxwawase ngokulula kumalungelo abantu esizwe nakumalungelo abantu. Ukusebenzisa imigaqo yokuqala ezi zixhobo ezizingaphikisangaphithiyo kodwa ezithiyo iinjongo ezimanyeneyo kodwa zikwaneenzalise ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho e-devini, ezithiwe ngokufumana i-demo yedemo-demo-othemo-otho.

Iimpikiswano Ezixhasa Izinto Ezisekelwe KwiSivumelwano Sokuqala

Phezu kwazo nje ezi ngxaki zinzima, iingcamango zantlandlolo zinegalelo kumthetho wezizwe ngezizwe, yaye abanye abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi imigaqo yantlandlolo isetyenziswa ngokulungelelene ngakumbi.

Ukuhlala uhleli okubhaliweyo kunye nokuvunywa nguRhulumente

Umgaqo wokuvuma kukarhulumente usekelwe kumthetho wezizwe ngezizwe: amagunya abotshelelwe kuphela ngezibopho azifumene ngokuzithandela. Uguqulelo olunamandla lobuGqirha lunganomtsalane ngenxa yokuba luneembopheleleko zesivumelwano ezithi ngokwenene zamkelekile, zilinganisela amandla eenkundla okumisela iimfuno ezingaze zicetywe. Le nkxalabo ibaluleke kakhulu kwisivumelwano sokuveliswa kwemali, apho iinkundla ngamanye amaxesha ziye zandisa intsingiselo yobulungisa nonyango olulungeleleneyo okanye ukukhutshwa ngokugqithisileyo ngaphezu koko kuqondwa ngamazwe xa kuqwalaselwa izivumelo ezifanelekileyo. Kulo mongo, ukugxininiswa kakhulu kombhalo wokuqala nembali yokuhlahlela imbali kungaqinisa ukuxhaswa komthetho wezizwe ngezizwe.

Intsingiselo Eqhelekileyo Njengesiqalo

I-VCLT iqala nge "intsingiselo eqhelekileyo" kumongo, efana nesapho kunye nentsingiselo yoluntu lokuqala. Iinkundla zezizwe ngezizwe zisoloko zijonga isichazi-magama, imibhalo yangoku, kunye neengxelo zokuphicotha intsingiselo yesivumelwano ngexesha lokwenza idrafti. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu kwizivumelwano zobugcisa `zo zilawula intengiso, irhafu, okanye imida yaselwandle , apho ulungiso nozinzo lwenqanawa luphambili kwaye apho utoliko olunamandla lungadala ukungaqiniseki. Imithetho yeKhomishini yezizwe nge VCLT igxininisa ukuba ingongoma yokuqala yokutolika ngokwayo, hayi iinjongo ezicingelwayo zamaqela. Ngokuqhelisa, iinko yoninzi lwezizwe ngezizwe ziphatha umbhalo njengokhokelo olungundoqo kunye noncedo xa umbhalo ungeyonke ithetha into engabonakali ngokungenakuphikiswa okanye iziphumo ezibugqwanga.

Intsingiselo Yokuqala Njengomyalelo Kumthetho Ogwebayo

Abahlalutyi botoliko lwe-evolutive baphikisa ngelithi ifuna ukuba naluphi na utoliko olutsha oluthathelwe ingqalelo kwintsingiselo yantlandlolo yombhalo okanye kumazwe. Xa iNkundla yaseYurophu yamalungelo abantu "ithetha intsingiselo yeNkomfa, ifaka ngokunempumelelo izibophelelo ezintsha ngaphandle kwemvume ecacileyo yamagunya-azwenu. Udidi lomthetho wezomthetho. Umthetho wakuqala onyanzelisayo uyafuna ukuba naluphi na utoliko olutsha oluthenjiweyo lufunyanwe kwintsingiselo yantlandlolo yombhalo okanye kumthetho olandelayo oqhelisela ngokucacileyo isivumelwano esitsha. Le ngxoxo ithetha ngokuchaphaza kumthetho ngaphandle kwemvume ngenxa yokuqhambuka kweenkundla. Indlela yolwazi olungakumbi yokusebenza inokubuyisela ngokusemthethweni ngokubonisa ukuba iimfuno ezikhoyo ezimiselwe ngokweentengo zentelelo ezikhoyo, ezingathangathwanga.

Ukugxekwa Nokuphendulwa: Ityala Lokuchasa Ukumiselwa Kwamagama Angaphambili KuMthetho Wezizwe Ngezizwe

Iimpikiswano ezinxamnye nokufakela umthetho wehlabathi ngowona mgaqo awusebenzi nje kuphela kodwa zisekelwe kwizithethe zale nkqubo.

Ukungalingani Kumandla Abangela Intabalala

Ukuthathela phambili amalungelo eembono zabaqhubi, aba kwiingxoxo ezininzi zezizwe ngezizwe bangabameli bamazwe anamandla kunye namaqela enzala. Amazwe asakhasayo asoloko evuma izivumelwano eziye zathethwa ngaphambi kokuba afumane inkululeko okanye ngaphandle kokuthatha inxaxheba enenjongo kwinkqubo yokuyila. Ukuchaza izivumelwano ezinjalo ngokwenjongo yantlandlolo yabaqhubi beedrafti baza kufumana amandla embali afana nezobugqwesi belizwe lamva, ezinokuba nentsingiselo eyahlukileyo yenjongo yesixhobo. Oku kukuzixhalabisa ukuba inkxalabo yokuqala, ngembo yayo yangasemva, ayinakukwazi ukunikela ingqalelo ngokulula.

Ingxaki Yomthetho Wezizwe Ngezizwe

Inxalenye ebalulekileyo yomthetho wezizwe ngezizwe ayisekelwe kwisivumelwano kodwa iqhelekile: uqheliselo jikelele lwamkelwa njengomthetho. Umthetho wezizwe ngezizwe unamandla ngokwemvelo, ucazulula ngomgaqo wombuso kunye noluyi-junio ngexesha elithile. UbuShumo abunantsingiselo yokusebenza kwimithetho eqhelekileyo, engenaso isiseko sombhalo esisisigxina okanye umzuzu omnye wendalo. Ukuba isiseko soqobo samkelwe njengengcamango eqhelekileyo yokutolika umthetho wezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe, bungamele bungawuvani umgaqo wesithethe okanye ukuzama ukuwenza angabi namsebenzi kwincam ethile yembali, enokuthi yombini ingabi namsebenzi kwaye ibe nemithetho esesikweni.

Inkqubela ePhakamileyo namalungelo abantu

Mhlawumbi eyona nto inamandla kukugxeka oku kukuba ubuGqaba bungaphelisa ukuphuhliswa kwamalungelo abantu ngokwesithethe. Ukwalelwa kokuthuthumbisa, ilungelo lokuvavanywa ngokufanelekileyo, kunye nokukhuselwa kocalulo konke konke kuye kwandiswa ngokutolika kwe-evulo. Indlela yokuqala ifuna ukuba ezi ngcamango ziqondwe njengokuba zazinjalo ngo-1948, 1950, okanye 1966, eziya kuthetha ukulawulwa kwemilinganiselo egqalwa njengengafanelekanga ngoku okanye enyanyekayo. Umzekelo, iNdibano yaseYurophu engokwamalungelo abantu yachazwa ekuqaleni njengevumela ukubonelelwa kwesohlwayo kwizikolo ([FLT: 0]], okanye i-1969], imodeli enokuthi ithethe ukuba inqanda imilinganiselo egqalwayo ngoku okanye ihlazo ezithiweyo ijongelwa ngaphandle kweempawu ezithile zembonakalo yesondo. Izixhobo eziphambili zokusetyenziswa ekubonelela i-gloventili yemfundo, zimele ukuva nokuquququququzelela i-e.

Ukuya Kwindawo Engaqhelekanga Yokuthetha: Intsingiselo Yokuqala Njengendawo Yokuqala, Asiyosiphelo

Ukunikwa ucelomngeni lokwakha noluqhelekileyo, ukwamkela isiseko sohlobo lwasekhaya lomthetho wezizwe ngezizwe nezivumelwano akunakwenzeka kwaye akunqweneleki. Noko ke, iziqalelo zengqiqo yoqobo zinokuba nendima ekucaciseni okubanzi.

Intsingiselo Yoqobo Njengombono Onamandla

Utoliko lwesivumelwano kufuneka luqale ngentsingiselo eqhelekileyo yombhalo ngexesha lokuqukunjelwa kwawo, kuqwalaselwe ngokubhekiselele kumongo kwaye kulula kwinjongo yesivumelwano. Oku kuchaza kusebenza kumaxabiso abalulekileyo okuxelwa kwangaphambili, ukuzinza, kunye nokuhlonelwa kwemvume karhulumente. Xa umbhalo ucacile kwaye ucacile, inkundla kufuneka ixhathise isilingo sokusuka kuwo ngokusekelwe kwizinto ezikhethwa yinkqubo. UbuDala, noko ngemo ephakathi, bunika ulungiso oluluncedo ekuchaseni abathathi-nxaxheba.

Ingcaciso Enamandla Yombhalo Ovulekileyo

Kwangaxeshanye, amalungiselelo amaninzi esivumelwano akhutshelwa ngempazamo, asebenzisa amagama afana "nolwazelelelo," "isidima somntu," okanye "umntu onegunya". La magama amema ukucaciswa okuvelayo ngokuchanileyo ngenxa yokuba ayenzelwe ukuhlaziywa kweemeko eziguqukayo. Indlela yoqobo eyathi yagxininisa ekushicileleni la magama ngentsingiselo yawo yowe-1950 iyakuyiphelisa into nenjongo yesivumelwano. Ucelomngeni kukwahlula phakathi kwemiqathango enyanisekileyo nentsingiselo ecacileyo yembali emele igxininise.

Umqheliselo Olandelayo Njengomthombo Womthetho Wenkqubo Yenkqubo Ye-Evolution

Uqhagamshelwano lwe VCLT lunika umgangatho ophakathi osemthethweni. Xa urhulumente esoloko esebenza ngokuqonda okutsha kwezibophelelo zesivumelwano, lo mkhwa ungahlaziya ngokusemthethweni isakhiwo esichazayo ngaphandle kokufuna intengiselwano esesikweni. Le ndlela ihlonela zombini umbhalo wokuqala (ongalahlwanga) kunye nemvume eqhubekayo yomazwe njengoko iboniswa ngehambo yawo. Inqanda ukugqithisa kobu bhali besakhiwo esiqaqaqadekileyo kwelinye icala kwaye ubuchule bokwenza ikomiti elawulayo obungalawulekiyo kwelinye icala.

Isiphelo

Ukusetyenziswa kobuStatusm kumthetho wezizwe ngezizwe kunye nezivumelwano kubhenca ungquzulwano olusisiseko phakathi kokuzinza okusisiseko kunye nendaleko, phakathi kovumelwano yombuso kunye nolungelelwano, kunye naphakathi kwenkqubo evaliweyo yomgaqo-siseko wesizwe kunye nesakhiwo esivulekileyo somthetho wezizwe ngezizwe. Ukujoliseka kumbhalo nentsingiselo yembali kunika uqeqesho olubalulekileyo kwimeko-bume enokutyibilika lula ekwenzeni inkqubo yomthetho. Kodwa abantu bezizwe ngezizwe, ngokwezizwe, ngokwezidibeko, kunye nemisebenzi yezivumelwano yezizwe ngezizwe benza ukuba imodeli eqinileyo ingabi nakuguqulelwa.

Iinkundla zezizwe ngezizwe kufuneka zijonge intsingiselo yokuqala njengemfuneko kodwa hayi isiphelo esipheleleyo. Kufuneka zijonge imbali nemithombo yamaxesha akhoyo ukuze ziqonde oko kusenokwenzeka ukuba amaqela athetha kona, ngeli xesha ehlala evulekile ekutolikeni apho umbhalo, into, kunye nenjongo yesivumelwano ixhasa khona. Ngokulandelayo uqheliselo lwesizwe, ukuvela kwezithethe ezintsha zokuzicinezela, kunye notshintsho lomthetho wesithethe wezizwe ngezizwe zonke konke kunika isiseko esifanelekileyo sokuhlaziya intsingiselo yesivumelwano. Injongo ibandakanya ukuthembeka kombhalo nokuthobeka, ukusetyenziswa kokuqala kokucetyiswa ngamabala kunye nokuziphatha okuhlalayo okusemthethweni kwehlabathi lonke okutshintshayo.

I-synthesis ecacileyo, edwelisa amandla obuGcisa bokuqala ngeli lixa uphepha imiqathango yabo kwinkqubo yomthetho yehlabathi lonke, inika indlela elungileyo kubatoliki abafuna ukuxolelanisa uzinzo notshintsho, ukufaneleka nokuvumelana nomthetho.