Iinkqubo zokhetho eziziinqanawa ezihamba phambili, ezifana nezokuqala-phambili zombhalo (FPPP) kunye nezibini ezijikelezayo zokuvota, zithembisa ukuba lula, ukugqibelela, nokuphendula ngokucacileyo. Kwibutho elifanayo, ezi nkqubo zisebenza kakuhle. Kodwa xa zifakelwe kwintlalo-ntle-ntle-ntlani eninzi (991) apho uluntu luchazwa ngolwimi olunzulu, unqulo, okanye iimpawu ezifanayo ezivelisa oorhulumente abazinziyo kwezinye iindawo ngaphandle kwesizathu zinganyusa ukwaphuka kwemi kwebutho labantu. Umsantsa phakathi komkhakha oqhelekileyo wokuvota kunye nobomi benyani bobuhlanga ngokufuthi ukhokelela ekukhutshweni, ekuhlakeni, ekudeni, nakuko ubundlobo. Eli nqaku lihlola iingxaki ezingundoqo zokusebenza kweenkqubo ezingundoqo zezizwe ezihlukeneyo, kunye novavanyo lweziko lweziko lweziko lwendalo.

Ukuqonda Inkqubo yeeNtloko zoLawulo

Iinkqubo zobuMajonitarians zichazwa ngumgaqo ongundoqo: umvoti ofumana eyona mvume yokuvota, nokuba olo vota lungalingananga kakhulu noninzi. Ezi ndlela zimbini ziqhelekileyo zizizininzi (FPTP) kwaye isixokelelwano sesibini esijikelezayo (i-suff). KwiFPTPP, nabani na ofumana inani elibanzi eliphezulu leevoti [“inani eliphezulu leevoti-‘wins ’ ezipheleleyo). Kwinkqubo yesangqa sokuqala, ibhola yesibini ibanjwa phakathi kwemigxube emibini ephezulu. Zombini zisenza ukwenziwa kweziphumo zonyulo oluqinileyo, ngokufuthi yenza ukwenziwa kweqela elinye le-bucholi-equarts kunye nenkqubo ekhawulezayo.

Abaxhasi bobuGawulayo babonisa ukuba lula kwayo: abavoti bayaqonda ukuba abameli babo basekuhlaleni banqunyulwe ngubalo oluthe ngqo lwevoti. Oorhulumente banqabile ukuxhonywa, kwaye iminqophiso ingumthetho okhethekileyo kunomthetho. Oku kugqibelela kusenokuba yisidima kumazwe akwimeko yamanqam. Noko ke, kwale mpawu inye evelisa abaphumelele ngokucacileyo idala abahluzi abacacileyo.

Iingxaki zamakhorali kwiingingqi zoluntu

Iingingqi ze-mistyrethists zinika ucelomngeni olusisiseko ekufumaneni ubuchule bokoyisa. Xa ukhuphiswano lohlanga luhambelana ngamandla nokhetho lwezopolitiko, unyulo luba lubalo lwamanani abemi: iqela elikhulu lingalawula ngokungenasiphelo, lo gama iqela elincinane lingangaboni abameli balo befumana igunya. Le nombolo iguqula ukhuphiswano lwezopolitiko lube lukhoyo kugqatso olukhoyo lweqela eliphilayo, nesidima. "uqhaqhoqho lunganiswa noJohn Stuart Mill, asiyonto ecacileyo eboniswayo kwimimiselo enjalo" ayiyo yoqobo.

Ngaphezu koko, iinkqubo ezingundoqo azisoloko zinika izikhuthazo zokubhenela kwiqela elincinane lohlanga oluncinane linethemba elincinane lokuphumelela isithili esilawulwa liqela elikhulu, ngoko ke ujolise kwinqwele yoluntu lwakhe. Ngokuchasene noko, uninzi lweqela alifuni ukuvota lumbalwa ukuze luphumelele. Isiphumo sisiqalo siyindlela yokukhetha ekhethekileyo efana nezibuko nemida yobuhlanga, namaqela ezobupolitika aba ngamaqela ohlanga angoohlanga ayimfuneko kunokuba akhethe.

Ukuqhelisela Ucelomngeni Olubalulekileyo

Ukwenziwa komda omncinane kunye nokupheliswa

Owona mphumo ukhawulezileyo weenkqubo zobuKapitali kwiimeko ezininzi kukunikezelwa okucwangcisiweyo kwamaqela amancinane. Naxa amancinane esizwe athe ajoliswe kwimimandla eyaneleyo ukuwina izihlalo ezithile, ukumela kwawo akufane kuhambelane nobunzima bawo bokuzalana kwabantu. Kwizithili ezikwilungu elinye, imida yesithili ingatsalelwa ukuthoba i-votiota--a ukuqhelisa okwaziwayo njenge gegerrymanindering./o iipatrogs zendalo zingasasaza uluntu oluncinane kumacala amaninzi, zishiyeke njengobunzima obungapheliyo bomonakalo kuyo yonke indawo. Le shenxa ingqumbo ikhuthaza imbono yokuba imo yelizwe lingunohlanga olukhulu kuphela.

Uphando lwe-impirfera lubonisa ngokungaguqukiyo ukuba umsantsa phakathi kwesahlulo sovoti kunye nesihlalo ususela phambili kumazwe ahlukeneyo ngokweentlalo esebenzisa imithetho engundoqo. Amaqela abumba i10-20 ekhulwini anokufumana izihlalo ezizezene ukuba amavoti awo anciphile. Ababonakali ngokwezobupolitika, izikhalo zabo ezingachaziwayo kwaye ezingahlawulwanga kwimibutho. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, amaqela akhutshwe ngaphandle anokujika abuyele kwimiqathango eyongezelelweyo ethetha ukuba ngabathathi-ii-10-20, abangeva, ukungathobeki, ukunga, okanye ukusetyenziswa kwemi, okanye ukufunwa kwabantu.

Ukwandiswa Kwezizwe Nokungquzulana

Unyulo lwezinyuko ludla ngokuba zizingqi ezithe thaa ngokutshayelela ugonyamelo lobuhlanga. Ngenxa yokuba iziphumo zigqalwa njengokhuphiswano lwe-zero-sum phakathi kwamaqela, ukuphulukana namaqela kungakwala iziphumo njengomthetho, ingakumbi ukuba uqhaqho-qhathiso okanye ukuqhatha. Intetho yekampathiso ingasuka iqalise ukucalula ukulwa nohlanga "any'olunye". I-2008 yeKenyan eshiye abantu abali-1000 befile, ivuswe kakhulu yimbono yokuba unyulo olusondeleleneyo lweFPTPlu luye lwaxhonywa kwimigca yobuhlanga. Inkqubo yezonothi ayizange ibangele ukuba ingxabano ekhoyo phantsi kohlanga ibangele ukuba baqhutyekelele kwimbutho yezizwe.

Ngokubhekele phaya, uhlobo lwezibini lokhuphiswano oluyintloko, ```Ungaphumelela udidi lwesihlalo''' okanye ungalukhuphi ucandelo'. Kwinkqubo yolungelelwaniso, iqela elifumana i15 ekhulwini levoti lingafumana i15 ekhulwini lezihlalo kwaye libe yinxalenye yeqela elilawulayo. Kwinkqubo yezikhulu, i-15% ingakhupha umelo lwe-zero, ukwenza unyulo ngalunye lube ngumqobo okhoyo. Oku kunyusa ubushushu bokhuphiswano lwezobupolitika kwaye kunciphisa isithuba sokulalanisa.

Ukudimazeka Ngenxa Yokutsala Amandla

Iinkqubo zoomasipala zinika izihlomelo ezimbalwa zolwahlulo lwangaphambi okanye lwasemva kokhetho kunye namaqela amancinane. Ekubeni iqela eliphumeleleyo lingalawula lodwa, asinasizathu sakwabelana ngegunya okanye impembelelo yenkqubo. Oku kuchasene ngqo "nempembelelo" nemodeli ekhutshwa yinzululwazi yezobupolitika uArend Lijphart kumabutho ahlukene ngokunzulu, ancomela ukuba kubekho umnqongo omkhulu kuwo onke amaqela esizwe, amaqela ahlukeneyo, amalungelo olungelelanisayo kwiofisi kawonke-wonke, kunye ne-Implate. I-Majoritariangcity icustomss ejongenekileyo phantsi kwelungu ngalinye lala macandelo, yenza isenzo sokuzithandela sokwahlula amagunya kuneli, kunokuba kufuneke isakhiwo.

Kwanaxa urhulumente omkhulu ezama ukuquka iinkokeli ezincinane ezikwizikhundla zobukhabhathi, isenzo singabonwa njengomqondiso ukuba ezo nkokeli azinaso isiseko esizimeleyo sezobupolitika. Ukungabikho kokuqinisekiswa kokubandakanya kuthetha ukuba abantu abambalwa abanakuphendula kurhulumente ngemijelo eqhelekileyo yokukhetha; endaweni yoko kufuneka baxhomekeke kwingcinezelo ephezulu okanye engaphandle, ezi zinto zombini zibuthathaka kwaye zingalawuleki.

Uvavanyo Lomzekelo

ENigeria: Ubunzima Benani

INigeria, enamaqela esizwe angaphezu kwama- 250, isebenzise inkqubo ye-FPTP ukususela kwinkululeko. Amaqela amathathu amakhulu `Hausa-Fulani, ne-Yoruba' ngokungokobuhlanga aye alawula ngokwembali yelizwe lezobupolitika, ngoxa amaqela amancinane njenge Ijaw, iTav, ne Kanuri azama ukufumana umelo olunentsingiselo. Unyulo lomongameli, olugqitywe lugqibelwe ziindlela ezininzi (kwaye lufuna ukusasazeka kwelizwe leevoti), luye lwaxhatshazwa ludla ngokuphaza ngogonyamelo nokrwano lwemida, luye lwangena kumazwe asekuhlaleni. I-1967,1970-Igranon, apho i-Igbo izama ukufumana i-sede, ngokwenxalenye ingcaphulo yoluvo lwezo lwezopolitiki phantsi kwenkqubo enkulu. Ijelo elininzi lonyulo luye lwaye lwanezwa luphaza ngogonyamelo noluthingo lobuhlanga, kunye nobuhlanga kunye noburhulumente obuninzi. Ngaphandle kokukhuthaza ukuba i-FPfelrup.

Kenya: Ukhuphiswano Olubangelwa Kukubalwa Kobuhlanga

Ibutho le-Kenya elinamaqela amaninzi liquka iKikuyu, iLuyo, iKalenjin, iKamba, kunye nabantu abaninzi abancinane. Inkqubo yeFPTP isoloko ivelisa ipateni apho i-CPP ingumzekelo apho i-Phostens(ibhaso lokhuphiswano lwezobupolitika). I-Raila Odinga's 2007 ilahleko eMwai Kibin, ingulwayo, iqwalaselwa ngabaxhasi bakhe beLuo njengeqela, ixhobisa iziphumo zobundlobongela bemali ephambili. Iinguqulo zamva zobundlobo. zavelisa iziphumo ezixube-malungu ahlukeneyo eparamente (umgaqo-ma 2010 wasungula ilahleko ye-manyu-ecentine nenani elininzi lolwanothi lwemilogwayi, kodwa igqibelela ngokusetyenziswa kwemilonke.

EIndiya: Ngaba Ngumntu Okhethekileyo Ongqina Umthetho?

IIndiya, eyona mimandla inkulu yedemokhrasi ehlabathini, isebenzisa i-FPTP kunyulo lwayo lweLok Sabha kwaye igcina enye yezona zizwe zahlukeneyo emhlabeni. Kuqala ukulijonga, kubonakala kuphikisa ingcamango yokuba ukulwa kweqela elikhulu ngokungenakuphepheka kubangela iqaqoba: iBhunga leNgqungquthela liquka amaSilamsi, amaDalit, namanye amaqela aphantsi, kwaye urhulumente usoloko engumbutho wamaqela amaqela amaninzi asekelwe kwimimandla ezahlukahlukeneyo emhlabeni. Noko ke, amava eIndiya abonakala ekhetheke ngokukhethekile ngenxa yeenkangeleko ezininzi: inkqubo yeqela enqanda naliphi iqela lohlanga elinye elilawula ilizwe lonke, ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho egciniwe yephondo, kunye nezithethe ezinamandla zezopolitiki, kwana, kwanezithethe ezingokwasemthethweni ezingokwasemthethweni zoburhulumente. Noko ke, kwiminyaka yakutshanje, i-Bhatatrate, kunye neMithelelana yeMithetho-oka yaseNdiya (i) i-entu ephambili yemeko exhasa yezonga enkulu yezopolitiki, xa kusebenza i

Ezinye iinkqubo zobuchule nokungabi nabuchule

Umelo loPhicotho-zincwadi

Iinkqubo zePR ezibekwa kwizihlalo ezilinganayo kwivoti, mhlawumbi ngeqela okanye ngevoti enye edluliswayo (STV). Zithelelwa ngokubanzi kwintlalo ezahluliweyo ngenxa yokuba ziqinisekisa ukuba amaqela amancinane — agqithisa izihlalo ezifanelekileyo zomqobo okhetho---win kumlinganiselo onzima wamanani awo. Kuluhlu oluvaliweyo PR, amaqela angadibanisa iirelatida ezahlukileyo ngokwesizwe, azinyanzelela ukubhenela kwimigca enqamlezayo ukuze andise isabelo sawo. Amazwe anjengeMzantsi Afrika, Bosnia ne HerzeHerbean, kwaye eNyakatho Ireland yamkela imiqobo yePR ekuzameni ukulawula iingxabano zobuhlanga. Iingxelo zendlela zixube: PR zinganciphisa ukwahlukana kodwa zingenza namaqela amaqela amaqela esizwe, amaqela amaqela amaqela amaqela amaqela asuka kwi-'''accoaccoant. Isitshixo sesizwe singumbubulo esingulo esiphezulu; umbukulwano lwephondo oluphezulu; umda nomda oluphezulu lwelizwe; umda oluncinane.

Iinkqubo ze-Member ezixutyiweyo

Iinkqubo zokhetho ezidityanisiweyo zidibanisa izihlalo ezingundoqo kunye nezilungelelanisiweyo kwigumbi elinye. Kuguqulo oluxubeneyo lwe-modeli ye-MMP, abavoti baphosa iibhola ezimbini , kunye nezikhombisi (Ngokuqhelekileyo i-FPTP) kunye nezinye zoluhlu lweqela. Izihlalo zoluhlu zibuyisela iziphumo zokususa ipropatitituationationation, ukuqinisekisa ulwahlulo lolwahlulo. IJamani, iNew Zealand, ne Lesoxas zisebenzisa i-MMP, kwaye imodeli iye yanconywa ngokugcina imelo lwendawo ngexesha lokuhambisa izahlulo ezintle. Amaqela ezizwe ambalwa kakhulu ukuba aphumelele kwisihlalo esilungelelanisayo, angafumana ukumeleka ngokuhambelana kweqela. Umahluko (okanye nokuvota) ukulondoloza uluhlu oludityanileyo, angazihoyaniswe kakhulu, kwaye imodelwane kakhulu ezihlala phantsi koluhlu; ezizihlulo oluthelwe kakhulu phantsi kwemibutho elicekelweyo, ngenxa yolwano oluthelelwayo.

I-Ranki-Choice kunye neVote engaphaya kwayo (AV)

Abanye abaphengululi bacebise ukuvota okuchaseneyo noVote (AV) okanye okubalekayo ngokukhawuleza njengendawo esembindini. Kwi-AV, abavoti, kwaye ukuba akukho mntu uphumelela uninzi, abatshati abaphantsi banokususwa kwaye amavoti abo athunyelwe. I-AV iqinisekisa ukuba umvuzi ufumana inkxaso eninzi kwisithili, kodwa ayiqinisekisi ukuba iqela elincinane likwingingqi nganye. Kwimimiselo yesizwe ekwimimandla ephakamileyo, u-AV uyakwazi ukuvelisa ivota yohlanga kwaye ayinakuphucula ukudibana. Kodwa ke, ikhuthaza abathathi bafune inkxaso yesibini kwamanye amaqela, indlela enokwenzeka yokuthetha. I-AV isetyenziswa kwiHoostressssss, apho i-oglectene ilawulwa kwezinye iindlela, kwaye isetyenziswa kakhulu kwezinye iindawo zasekuhlaleni.

Isivumelwano somanyano neSivumelwano saMagunya

Utshintsho lwe-Electoral lunqabile; uyilo lwezibonelelo kufuneka ludityaniswe neenkqubo zamandla. Inkcubeko yesizwe, iquka iziqalelo ezine: i-GoognFreety entle yeenkokeli zesizwe, i-veto amandla akhoyo kwizigqibo ezingundoqo, ukulungelelana komsebenzi wecandelo loluntu kunye nokuchitha imali, kunye nokulawulwa kwe-quarationtion (umz, ulawulo loluntu okanye ulawulo lwenkqumfatho-lulo), njengoko kucaciso lwesizwe. I-199898989 Wesihlanu eNorthern Ireland ityala lencwadi: imisela amandla okulawula amaqela azimeleyo kunye nombutho onyanzelo, ukuvota okunamandla phakathi kwendibano, kunye nokuncitshiswa kwe-okanye nokusetyenziswa kwe-ok-okthe yodidi oluphezulu lwe-Genethi.

Izifundo Zoyilo Lweziko

Akukho nkqubo yokhetho luyinkqubo yequmrhu elinobuchule, kodwa imigaqo ethile yoyilo ivela kumashumi eminyaka yohlalutyo. Okokuqala, ukusasazwa kwemiba yezizwe: ukuba iqela elincinane lijoliswe kwimimandla ethile, lisekelwe kwisizwe, kwi-solitika ngokudityaniswe neFPTP kumgangatho wengingqi inganika inkululeko ngaphandle kokuzikhetha. Ukuba lilungelelanisa, ukumela okanye iMMP kuyimfuneko. Okwesibini, umqobo onyuliweyo kufuneka umiswe ngenyameko, ngokunelisa ngokwaneleyo ukuquka amaqela amancinane, kodwa aphezulu ngokwaneleyo ukunqanda ukwahlukana okugqithisa. Okwesithathu, isebe eliphetheyo alifanele likhethwe yinkqubo ecocekileyo; imodeli efana nemilinganiselo ekhoyo elinganayo. Iyunithi yesibini, inkxaso engomthetho egcina izihlalo, i-omatili, i-gqweqwena, i-gqwele-o-gracrac, i-omatial yenkundla.

Amava ehlabathi lonke abonisa ukuba amazwe aguquka ngempumelelo ukusuka kwimithetho emikhulu ukuya kwiinkqubo eziquka zonke − ezifana nokufuduka kwe-FPTP ukuya kwi-PR ngo-1994 `asoloko ebona ugonyamelo luncitshisiwe kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kwezobupolitika phakathi kwamaqela amancinane. Noko ke, utshintsho lunzima ngokwezobupolitika: ezona ziphakamileyo ezingenelweyo kwimithetho emidala zilwa notshintsho. Abalamli bangaphandle, njengemibutho yezizwe ngezizwe okanye abalamleli boxolo, bangenza indima ekudibaniseni ingxuba, kodwa ubuphathi basekuhlaleni bubalulekile.

Isiphelo

Iinkqubo zokhetho azinamngxengelwano ngokwemvelo, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwazo kwimibutho emininzi yamazwe aneengozi eziphezulu zokwahlulwa, ukuhlaliswa kwemimandla engaphandle, kunye nengqungquthela. Ukwenziwa mfutshane nokugqibelela okuzenza zithandeke kwizicwangciso ezidityanisiweyo kuba ngamatyala xa ii-creadavavage ezinzulu zobuhlanga zikho. Ngokulandelelana okukhoyo, ukuguqula unyulo lube lube lungaba lubalo lwezizwe, kwaye ukusohlwaya izivumelwano zeqela leqela leqela leqela, kwaye ukuphelisa ukunqamla ingxube-mfa yombutho, ukutho wamaqela amaqela anokukonakalisa oko kunokwenziwa kulungele zonke iimeko zokulawula. Kodwa ubungqina obucacileyo buthetha ukuba ulawulo lwezenteleko olucacileyo lumele lulawule. Ngethathsamele luxhaphaze ulawulo lweziko lwemithetho yolawulo oluluvo oluqhelekileyo kunye nokujobele phambili kwimiqatha yemithetho ephakathi kunye nemithetho efuna ukusetyenziswa kuyo.

Ukufunda okubhekele phaya, jonga i-IDEA yehlabathi lonke isiseko sedata kwindlela yokuyila, I-ACE I-Exchange Ulwazi lwenethwekhi [, kunye nemisebenzi yemfundo enjenge Arend Lijphart's [[FLT:] [[FLT]]] iipateni zedemocracy [ [IYunivesithi ye-PS, 2012] okanye iBenjamin Reilly’s [[FLT:]] Dectacy in codetic [[FLT][FFF] [FFF] kumazwe asebenzayo].[10]