Ukufuduka kwabantu bemilo esemaphandleni kuye kwaba yenye yezona ndlela ziphambili zokuzalana kwabantu kule nkulungwane yama-21. NgokweZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, malunga nama- 68% abemi behlabathi balindeleke ukuba bahlale kwiindawo zasezidolophini ngo-2050, ukusuka kuma-55% namhlanje. Oku kufuduka kwabantu abasuka emaphandleni ukuya kwizixeko kuxhaphakile kuxhaswe eAsia nase-Afrika, apho izixeko ezikhula ngokukhawuleza. Nangona izixeko zinokunyusa ukwanda kwezoqoqosho ziphucule nemilinganiselo yokuphila, isantya esithi izixeko ezininzi zande ngaphezu kwamandla oorhulumente namaplani okwakha izakhiwo ezinokubonelela, zibonelela izindlu ezinokulinganayo, zize zikhusele imekobume. Ukuhambela idolophu ngokukhawuleza kufuna umlinganiselo othe ngqo phakathi kweengenelo nokuzingenelo lwazo. Eli nqaku lihlola iingxaki ezingundoqo kunye namathuba okusetyenziswa kwimimandla yezixeko eziseziidolophu ezikhoyo, ukusetyenziswa ngokuqhubekayo, ukusetyenziswa kweminxa-ok

Iingxaki Zokukhawuleza Ufikelelwe Zizinxulumani

Ukukhawuleza kubekwe ezidolophini kubangela uthotho lweengxaki ezidityanisiweyo, ezithi, ukuba azikhange zibekwe endaweni yazo, zinciphise iingenelo zezoqoqosho nezentlalo ezithenjiswe zizixeko.

Uqeqesho

Enye yezona ziphumo zibonakalayo zezixeko ezikhula ngokukhawuleza luxinzelelo olugqithisileyo lwezibonelelo eziphathekayo. Iindlela ezenziwe ngezithuthi ezimbalwa ziminxwa zizithuthi ezihambayo; iinkqubo zothutho lukawonke-wonke zizama ukuhlangabezana neemfuno; izixhobo zokuhambisa amanzi ziyavuza zize zingaphumeleli; izityalo zokuhambisa inkunkuma engcolileyo zikhupha kwimijelo yamanzi engalungiswanga. Kumazwe amaninzi asakhasayo, amanani okuzingela abantu edolophini angaphezulu 3% ngonyaka, nto leyo ethetha ukuba abemi besixeko bangaphinda-phindeka kabini kwiminyaka engaphantsi kwama-25. Phantsi kweemeko ezinjalo, kwane nemimandla ehlala izixeko ezitheneyo zifumana kunzima ukuthomalalisa isantya.

Ukuxinana kwezithuthi kubangela iindleko ezinkulu zezoqoqosho. EJakarta, esinye sezona zixeko zizeleyo ehlabathini, ukuxinana kweemoto kubiza uqoqosho oluqikelelwa kuma-R6,5 amawaka ezigidi ngonyaka ngenxa yokulahleka kwemveliso. Izibetho ezifanayo ze-grid locklock Lagos, Manila, kunye neMexico City. Ngaphandle kwezoqoqosho, izakhiwo ezingephi, zinegalelo kwiengxaki zempilo yoluntu. Ukusela amanzi amanzi aphuma kwiinkqubo zokulahla amanzi angenayo kukhokelela ekuqhambukeni kwekholera ne-typhoid kwiindawo ezingacwangciswanga, ngoxa ungcoliso lomoya kwimveliso yezithuthi nemizi - mveliso lubangela ukufa kwezigidi zabantu ngaphambi kwexesha.

Ukunqongophala Kwezindlu Nokukhula Kwezihlali Ezingacwangciswanga

Olunye ucelomngeni olubalulekileyo kukunqongophala kwezindlu ezithengwayo. Xa abantu basezidolophini besanda ngokukhawuleza kunokuba kusenokwenziwa yimizi - mveliso yezindlu, izigidi zabantu zinyanzelelwa ukuba zibe ngamatyotyombe okanye zibe ziindawo ezingacwangciswanga. Ngokutsho kwe-UN-Habitat, abantu abangaphezu kwewaka lezigidi abahlala kwiimeko ezinjalo, kwaye elo nani linganyuka libe ngamawaka amathathu ezigidi ngo-2050 ukuba iziphumo zale mihla ziyaqhubeka. La mimandla ayinazo iinkonzo ezisisiseko ezifana namanzi acocekileyo, umgangatho wenqanala, umbane, kunye nokuqokelelwa kwenkunkuma.

Iimarike zokuthengisa izindlu ezicwangcisiweyo zibangela iingxaki ezinkulu. Ngenxa yokuba iindawo zokuhlala ezingacwangciswanga zisoloko zihlala kumhlaba oyingozi("floaplain, amathambeka, okanye iindawo ezikufutshane nongcoliso loshishino-lwazi-lwazi-lwazi---oooorhulumente bashiyelwa kwisiseko somgangatho wokulungisa isakhiwo kwindawo enzima. Isiphumo singumjikelo onzima: ukufuduka okukhawulezileyo, ukungafumani ndlu esesikweni, ukuthambeka okungalawulekiyo, kunye nokukhula kobungozi beentlekele zemvelo.

Ukudityaniswa Kwemeko - bume

Ukugquma okuthe ngqo okunegalelo ekungcolisweni kwemekobume. Njengoko izixeko zisanda, zidla umhlaba wezolimo, amahlathi namaxhama, zitshabalalisa indalo nendalo ephilayo, zinciphisa indalo nezityalo eziphila kuyo. Ukusetyenziswa kakhulu kwabemi ezixekweni kuphumela ekusetyenzisweni kakhulu kobuncwane: amandla, amanzi, nezinto ezidaliweyo kufuneka zithunyelwe ngaphandle kwemimandla ephakamileyo, ukwandisa imilinganiselo yendalo yesixeko ngasinye.

Ungcoliso lomoya luphakathi kweyona miphumo iyingozi yemekobume. IWorld Health Organization (WHO) iqikelela ukuba ama-99% abantu bomhlaba wonke baphefumla umoya ogqitha kwimiqathango ekhuselekileyo, kwaye imimandla yedolophana ichaphazeleka ngokungenakulinganiswa. Kwimimandla emininzi ekhawulezayo ehlala ezidolophini, ukuxhomekeka kwimizi yamandla, izithuthi zedizili, kunye nebhayolojiss zokupheka zinyusa amandla ebangela umlinganiselo wobomi. Ngaphezu koko, iziphumo zobushushu basedolophu zinyusa amaqondo obushushu emadolobheni ngomlinganiselo we-5-2010°C ngokuthelekiswa nemimandla engqonge amaphandle, uxinzelelo oluya kubushushu kunye nobushushu obuyandisayo.

Ukungalingani Kwentlalo Nempilo Kawonke - wonke

Ukusetyenziswa ngokukhawuleza kwedolophu kudla ngokwandisa ukungalingani kwebutho labantu. Nangona izixeko zinokuba zii-injini zokuhamba eziphezulu, iingenelo azisasazwa ngokulinganayo. Abahlali abafumana imali eninzi banandipha ukufikelela kwizindlu ezisemgangathweni, imfundo, kunye nonyango, ngoxa abantu abafumana imali eninzi betyhalelwa kwidolophu encinane okanye kwimingxuma exineneyo. Oku kuzalanisa umjikelo wobuhlwempu kunye nokuhlala kunye kwentlalo.

Iinkqubo zonyango lukawonke-wonke ezikwizixeko ezikhula ngokukhawuleza zidla ngokuthwaxwa zizifo ezithathelwanayo ezisasazeka ngokukhawuleza kwiimeko ezixineneyo, ezingacocekanga. Izifo ezingasulelekiyo ezinjengesifo seswekile nesentliziyo zinyuka ngenxa yokungawuhlali umzimba, ukutya okungatyisi, kunye nongcoliso lomoya. Iingxaki zengqondo, kuquka udandatheko nexhala, zixhaphakile nangakumbi kwimeko-bume zasedolophini, ngokuqhelekileyo ngenxa yokuzimela ngokwahlukana kwabantu kunye noxinezeleko olungapheliyo olunxulumene nokuhlala uxinezeleko.

Amathuba Okuphangalala Ngokungxamisekileyo

Phezu kwalo nje olu celomngeni lunzima, ukufuduka ngokukhawuleza ezidolophini kukwabangela amathuba anamandla okuphuhlisa abantu. Xa kusetyenziswa kakuhle, izixeko ziba yimiba ebangela uhlaziyo, inkqubela yezoqoqosho, neqonga lomgangatho womgangatho ophucukileyo wobomi.

Ukukhula Kwezoqoqosho Nokubuyiselwa Kwezinto

Ukukhuthaza abantu kunye noovimba abasemadolophini kukhokelela kuqoqosho lwezoqoqosho oluxhobisayo. Urhwebo lunceda amashishini ukwabelana ngezabelo, amaqula okusebenza, nolwazi, ingeniso yokuqhuba imveliso. Izixeko zifumana ingxelo engaphezu kwama-80% e-GDP yomhlaba wonke, nakumazwe amaninzi asakhasayo, imimandla yasezidolophini inegalelo elingaphezulu kakhulu. Ngoko ke, ukusetyenziswa kwedolophu kunika iglokhwe eliphuma ebuhlweni ngezigidi zezigidi ze-8, iveliswa ukuba imisebenzi iveliswe ngokukhawuleza ngokwaneleyo ukuze ifumane abatsha abafikayo.

Ukuzinzisa kwakhona kuxhaphakile ezixekweni. Iintlanganiso zoosomashishini, ezemfundo, kunye nabanikazi zenza iindawo apho iingcamango ezintsha zivavanywa ngokukhawuleza zize zilinganiswe. ISilicon Valley, iShenzen, neBangalore zonke zizinto ezibangela ukufuduswa kwedolophu. Kwanezixeko ezincinane zinokuba ziziko elikhethekileyo eliphambili eliphambili (ngokomzekelo, kwi-fintech, ubugcisa obuluhlaza, okanye uphando lwezamayeza) ngokufunxa amandla asekuhlaleni kwaye ngokutsala italentele.

Ukufumaneka okuphuculiweyo kwiinkonzo

Ukufuduka kwabantu basemaphandleni kuzisa iinkonzo ezisisiseko ekulula ukufikelela kuzo abantu abaninzi. Izikolo, izibhedlele, iibhanki, kunye namaziko enkcubeko zininzi kwaye zinobuchule obungakumbi ezixekweni. Kubemi basezixekweni ezisemaphandleni, ukufudukela kwisixeko esithile kudla ngokuthiwa kwelokuqala abantwana babo ukuya esikolweni rhoqo, okanye bona ngokwabo bafumane unyango lwezamayeza. I-Gelli, i-intanethi, kunye namanzi afakwe kwiipayipi athe chukumi nabemi basemaphandleni.

Olu hlomelo lungakhokelela kwinkqubela-phambili ekhawulezileyo kwiimpawu zokukhula kwabantu. Umzekelo, amanani okufa komama abazalayo adla ngokuncipha kwimimandla yasezidolophini ngenxa yokuba ukunyanyekelwa kwabantwana ngongxamiseko kufikeleleka ngakumbi. Ukwanda kwamanani okufunda nokubhala kuba abantwana benokuhamba ukuya esikolweni. Ukufumaneka kweethala leencwadi zikawonke wonke, iimyuziyam, kunye nemidlalo yemidlalo yeqonga kunika ubutyebi benkcubeko kunye nekomkhulu lezentlalo.

Inkqubela Yobugcisa Nezixeko Ezikrelekrele

Ukusetyenziswa ngokukhawuleza kwedolophu kunyusa ulwamkelo lobugcisa. Imfuneko yokulawula iinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo zedolophu ngokunempumelelo ibangele ukuba kubekho ingqiqo ephambili “kwisixeko esineengcinga ezimanyeneyo” apho izimvo, i-data e-alytics, kunye nokusetyenziswa komatshini ozenzekelayo kusetyenziswa ukuhambisa izithuthi ezisemgceni, ukunciphisa uxinzelelo lwamandla, ukuphucula ulawulo lwenkunkuma, nokunyusa ukhuseleko loluntu. I-Barcelona, iSingapore, neTokyo zimizekelo ephambili yeendlela ezihamba kakuhle eziye zanciphisa ukuxinana, ukukhutshwa kweminxanxa-mfutho, kunye nexabiso elicuthiweyo.

Ubugcisa bungenza iinkonzo zasedolophini zidibane kakhulu. Iiplatfomu ezihambayo zokuhlawula, ii-apps ezitsalwayo, kunye neenkonzo ze-e-curenel zinceda ukudibanisa abasebenzi abangacwangciswanga kunye noluntu olucekelwe phantsi kwimeko yezoqoqosho. Ugcino-lwazi lwexesha lokwenene olusuka kwizivamvo kunye nemifanekiso yesatellite lunceda abacebisi ukuba bajonge ukwanda kwedolophu kwaye baphawule iindawo ezingaphantsi kwexabiso. Eli thuba lisekusebenziseni izixhobo zemipu kungekhona nje ukwenzela impumelelo, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwendlela elungileyo.

Iindlela Zokwandiswa Kwezixeko

Ukuguqula imingeni yokuzinza ngokukhawuleza ezidolophini zibe ngamathuba ahlalayo kufuna ucwangciso oludityanisiweyo, ungenelelo lwenkqubo oludityanisiweyo. Ezi ndlela zilandelayo, ezithathwe kwizakhiwo zolawulo lwezixeko ezinempumelelo ehlabathini jikelele, zinika indlela ebheke phambili.

Ukuveliswa Kwezinto Ezizinzileyo

Utyalo-mali olunolwakhiwo lwemiqathango kufuneka lujonge phambili luze lunyamezele kwizinto eziza kwenzeka kwixesha elizayo, kuquka ukutshintsha kwemozulu. Kunokuba kuqalwe nje iinkqubo ezikhoyo, izixeko kufuneka zamkele “ukwakha bhetele, hayi ngokungaphezulu”. Oku kuquka ukuphuculwa kweenkqubo ezithambileyo zokusasaza amanzi ezinokukuphatha zombini imbalela kunye neemeko zomkhukula, ukwakha izakhiwo ezisebenzisa amandla asebenzayo, kunye nokusebenzisa amandla anokuphinda asebenze ngexesha lemigca ehlayo.

Ukurhweba ngekhompyutha kuhlala kungumqobo. Amazi-dolophana amaninzi asebenza ngokukhawuleza kumazwe asakhulayo angenabo ubuchule bokuxhasa imiqathango emikhulu yezibonelelo. Unxulumano lobuqu, ukuphuhliswa kwemali-mali ebhanki, kunye noncedo lokufumana ingeniso (apho ixabiso lomhlaba linyukayo ngenxa yorhwebo lukawonke-wonke lihlawulwa ukuxhasa ezo zityalo-mali) zinganika intlawulo elondolozwayo. Umzekelo, iNkqubo yeBhanki yeZixeko leMbali leNtshona Koloni inceda afumane imali yokuxhasa imozulu nesiseko semo-masty.

Uthutho Oluzinzileyo

Izinto zokuthutha zingundoqo wemeko-bume yesixeko. Ukuphepha ukubotshelelwa kwenqanawa kunye nongcoliso lomoya, izixeko kufuneka zimisele uthutho lukawonke-wonke, ukuhamba, kunye nokubhayiseka ibhayisekile kwiinqwelo-mafutha zabuss ezikhawulezayo (BRT), njengoko zisetyenziswa kwiCuritiba, Brazil, ne Bogotá, eColombia, zinika izicombululo zexabiso. Ukunyusa i-metro, ukutshala umbane, kunye nokwenza imizila yebhayisekile ekhuselekileyo kunganciphisa kakhulu ukuxinana nokukhupha igesi.

Inkqubela-phambili edluliselweyo (TOD) lelinye iqhinga elinamandla. Ngokunikela ingqalelo kwizindlu eziphezulu kunye nezithuba zorhwebo ezingqonge izikhululo zothutho, izixeko zikhuthaza abemi ukuba basebenzise izithuthi zikawonke-wonke endaweni yeenqwelo-mafutha. I-TOD inciphisa ukunwenwa kwedolophu ngokuthumela imimandla edityanisiweyo, ehambayo. Ipolitiki efana nokuminyana, imida yokupaka, kunye nerhafu yepetroli ibangela ukuba imoto yabucala isetyenziswe ize ivelise ingeniso yezithuthi ezihambayo.

Ukukhuthaza Izithuba Eziluhlaza Nokulondoloza Indawo Esingqongileyo

Ukufudumala kwendalo kwindawo ezingqongileyo zasezidolophini kubalulekile ekutshintsheni imozulu nasekuphileni. Imiphakamo, uphahla oluluhlaza, amahlathi asezidolophini, kunye namathafa anceda ekulawuleni amanzi obushushu, ekunciphiseni iziphumo zesiqithi, ekuphuculeni umgangatho womoya, nokubonelela indawo yokuzihlaziya. Izixeko ezifana neSingapore ziye zazenza “isixeko esisentsimini” sanendima engundoqo ekucwangcisweni kwazo, nto leyo ephumela ekubeni zibe nemigangatho eluhlaza eninzi nemigangatho ehonjiweyo epholisa isixeko kwaye ixhase izityalo nezityalo.

Ulondolozo kufuneka lufunyanwe kwimimandla yeperi-urban. Ukukhusela izigcini-meya zendalo ezifana namahlathi, amachiza akhutshwayo, kunye nefama ezingqonge izixeko zingathintela ukhukhuliseko, imithombo yamanzi akhuselekileyo, kunye nokugcina iinkqubo zokutya zasekuhlaleni. Ibhanti eliluhlaza (njengeleseLondon neSeoul)/isiphelo esingalawulekiyo kwaye silondoloze iipaseji zendalo. Urhulumente wesixeko angasebenzisana nemibutho yolondolozo ukuze afumane aze alawule la mazwe.

Ukuphumeza iPhondo leMidlalo

Ukusingatha ukunqongophala kwezindlu kufuna indlela eninzi. Okokuqala, oorhulumente kufuneka bandise unikezelo lwezindlu ezinokufikeleleka ngolwakhiwo oluthe ngqo, inkxaso-mali, kunye nezihlomelo zokuba abaphuhlisi bazimeleyo bakhe amaqela aphantsi amaxabiso. Iinkqubo zolawulo zifuna ukuba ipesenti yophuhliso olutsha ichazwe njengezindlu ezinokufikeleleka, njengoko kusenziwa kwizixeko ezinjengeSan Francisco neNew York.

Okwesibini, ukuphucula inkqubo yokuhlala engacwangciswanga eRio de Janeiro kunokuthi kudilizwe elinexabiso elininzi nelingaphazamisiyo. Ukunika umhlaba okhuselekileyo, iinkonzo ezisisiseko, kunye nezinto zokwakha eziphuculiweyo zinceda abemi balapho ukuba bafake imali emakhaya abo kunye noluntu. Ucwangciso lweFavela-Bairro lungumzekelo ophawulekayo oguqula amatyotyo abe yindawo edibeneyo. Okwesithathu, ulawulo lwerhafu nemithetho yokukhusela eqinileyo inokuthi inqande ukufuduselwa kweminye imimandla engenisa amakhaya aphezulu. Ekugqibeleni, iimodeli zezindlu ezitsha ezifana nezindlu ezincinane, kunye nokwakha okuneentambo zokwakha zingandisa iindlela zokukhetha iingeniso ezahlukeneyo.

Ukusebenzisa Ugcino-lwazi nobugcisa ekulungiseleleni idolophu

Ukwenziwa kwesigqibo sogcino-lwazi kubaluleke kakhulu ekulawuleni isixeko ngokukhawuleza. Iinkqubo zolwazi lwe-groographic (GIS), intelekelelo yesatellite, kunye neenkqubo zolwazi zexesha lokwenene zingadwelisa ulwando lwedolophu, iliso lemekobume, kunye nophawulo lwezithuba zezibonelelo. Amaqonga ogcino-lwazi oluvulekileyo avumela abemi kunye nabacebi ukuba basebenzisane kwizisombululo. Umzekelo, isixeko saseMedellín, eColombia, sasebenzisa ugcino-lwazi ukujolisa ungeniso lukawonke-wonke kwimimandla ehlweleze, ukunciphisa ngokuphawulekayo ugonyamelo nokuphucula ukuhamba.

Ukufakela isalathisi sokulinganisa kukwanceda ukulindela ucelomngeni lwexesha elizayo. Ii-algorithm zokufunda ngomatshini zingaxela kwangaphambili ukwanda kwabemi, iintlobo zeetrafiki, kunye nemfuno yamandla, zibangela ucwangciso oluqhubekayo kunokuba lulawule amanqam. Ukufakela imilinganiselo yamanani yamawele . "Iiimfaniso zenkqubo" phambi kokuba zisetyenziswe. Noko ke, izixeko kufuneka ziqinisekise ukuba ubugcisa abukhuphi ukulingana, ukufikelela kwamanani kufuneka kufikele kuyo yonke indawo, kwaye imicimbi ye-athorialkho ecacileyo kufuneka iqwalaselwe ngolawulo olucacileyo.

Isiphelo

Ukusetyenziswa ngokukhawuleza kwedolophu akulungile okanye akubi nto imbi ngokwemvelo, yimpembelelo enamandla elawula isiphelo somawaka ezigidi. Xa ilawulwa kakubi, ikhokelela ekuxinana, ungcoliseko, ukungalingani, kunye nokungalungelelani. Xa ilawulwa ngobulumko, ivula uqoqosho, amathuba entlalo, kunye nokulondolozwa kwemekobume. Umahluko phakathi kwezi ziphumo uxhomekeke kumgangatho wokhokelo, ukuceba, kunye norhwebo.

Oorhulumente bezixeko abanako ukusingatha le mingeni yodwa. Imigaqo-nkqubo yesiZwe kufuneka ixhase ugcino-lwazi lwasedolophini, intsebenziswano yezezimali yezezibonelelo, kwaye uluntu lwasekuhlaleni kufuneka lube nelizwi kwizigqibo ezichaphazela ubomi balo. Ngokwamkela iindlela ezidityanisiweyo zezixhobo ezidityanisiweyo(iiimeko eziluncedo, ezothutho ezizinzileyo, iindawo eziluhlaza, iindawo zokuhlala ezisusiweyo, kunye nolawulo lwedata oluqulukileyo lungaguqula uxinzelelo lwamadolo-dolophana lube sisiseko sempumelelo ende. Amadolobha osuku oluzayo aya kusilwa ngokhetho olukhoyo namhlanje.