Ukuchaza inkululeko yezeejaji kwiSindululo

Ukuzimela ngokwamagunya ejaji kugqalwa ngokubanzi njengesiseko somthetho. Kwingcamango, lo mgaqo uthetha ukuba iinkundla kunye nabagwebi basebenza ngokukhululekileyo ekuphazanyisweni zezinye ii-ofisi zikarhulumente, abadlali abanamandla, okanye ingcinezelo kawonke-wonke. Ikomiti ezimeleyo ichaza umthetho isebenzisa i-Implugramu esisiseko kwi-Oversidentity ye-Judiciary kwaye isebenzisa umthetho ngokungakhethi, isekelwe kuphela kwiimfuno zezomthetho kunokuba kuxokelwe okanye ulwalamano lobuqu. Noko ke, lo mgaqo uqulunqenelo lunganyelwa kwizixhobo zezizwe ezikhoyo ezinje, ngokukodwa kwimimiselo yendalo kunye neyoqobo apho amandla anamandla asezantsi kunye neemigaqo ephantsi.

Ingcamango yokuzimela geqe iquka imiqathango emininzi. Ukuzimela geqe kwequmrhu kuthetha ukuba icandelo lejaji liphela lahlukile kumasebe aphetheyo nawaseluwiso-mthetho. Ukuzimela geqe kuthetha ukuba abagwebi abakhululekileyo ukugqiba amatyala ngaphandle kwempembelelo engafanelekanga. Abagwebi abazimeleyo bafumana intlawulo yobuqu bafumana intlawulo kunye nentlawulo eyaneleyo. Kwinkqubo ye-athoriba, zonke iinkalo ezintathu zifumana uhlaselo oluqhubekayo kubalawuli abajonga ijaji ezimeleyo njengesisongelo kulawulo lwabo.

Indima Yecudiary Kwibutho Ledemokhrasi

Kwibutho ledemokhrasi, imisebenzi yejaji eyimfuneko kwimpilo yenkqubo yezobupolitika. Ilungisa iimpikiswano phakathi kwamaqela azimeleyo, itolika umthetho, iphinde ihlole izenzo zabadlali bakarhulumente ngenxa yokuvumelana nomgaqo-siseko nemithetho. Ngokuhlola okusesikweni, iinkundla zinokubetha imithetho okanye izenzo ezilawulayo ezichasene namalungelo asisiseko okanye zigqithe igunya lomgaqo-siseko. Eli gunya lenza ukuba ijaji ibe nguvavanyo lokwenene kwamanye amasebe karhulumente.

Ijaji ezimeleyo ikwakhusela amalungelo amancinane ekucinezeleni koninzi. Kwanaxa iimvakalelo eziqhelekileyo okanye iziko lomthetho zixhasa iinkqubo zolwaphulo-mthetho, inkundla ezizimeleyo ingaxhasa ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko wamaqela abuthathaka. Ngaphandle kokukhuselwa, iinkqubo zedemokhrasi zingathoba kwindima yobuzwilakhe bolawulo oluphezulu. Indima yejaji njengentsebenziswano engenamkhethe isiseko soluntu kwinkqubo yomthetho, ikhuthaza ukuveliswa kwemali kunye nolwando lwezoqoqosho, kwaye inika ubuchule boxolo bokuphelisa iimfazwe zezobupolitika.

Kulawulo-bume olumiselwe, ukuzimela ngenkululeko esemthethweni kuxhaswa luluhlu lwezikhuseli: ubomi okanye amagunya amiselwe ixesha elide abagwebi, ukukhuselwa ekuncitshisweni komvuzo, ukumiswa nokunyuselwa kweenkqubo ezicacileyo, kunye nenkcubeko yobuchule obusemthethweni. Le migaqo yokukhusela ayiyonto intle nje; ichaphazela ngqo indlela abagwebi abaziphatha ngayo nendlela abemi abakubona ngayo ukufaneleka kweenkundla.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko se-autonomy yezejaji

Umgaqo-siseko wedemokhrasi omninzi uquka amalungiselelo akhethekileyo enzelwe ukuqinisekisa inkululeko esesikweni. La malungiselelo aquka imithetho ebandakanya ukubekwa kwekomiti egwebayo, efuna iqondo elithile legalelo elisuka kwijaji ngokwayo okanye kwinkomfa ezizimeleyo. Imigaqo idla ngokuchaza ukuba abagwebi banokususwa kuphela ngenxa yehambo engafanelekanga enzulu okanye ukungabi nazintsebenziswano, kwaye kuphela ngenkqubo engqongqo ebandakanya ibhunga elilawulayo okanye ukulawulwa kwemithetho.

Le mibutho ikhusela umGaqo-siseko ibonisa ukuvunywa ukuba icandelo lezezimali libuthathaka kunesebe lezobupolitika. Iinkundla azinagunya kwingxowa yemali okanye kwikrele; zixhomekeke kumphathi-mikhosi olawulayo ukunyanzelisa imiyalelo yazo kunye nendlu yowiso-mthetho ukuxhasa imisebenzi yazo. Ngaphandle kokhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko, oku kubuthathaka kushiya iinkundla zisengozini yoxinzelelo lwezopolitiko nokuxhaphaza.

Izakhiwo ezizinzileyo zamaNkundla kwiiNkqubo ze-Autocracy

Ulawulo lobugunya lujamelene noxinezeleko olusisiseko ngokuphathelele ijaji. Kwesinye isandla, kwanabaphathi-mikhosi kufuneka iinkundla ezisebenzayo ukusombulula iimbambano zezorhwebo, ukunyanzelisa, nokugcina ulungelelwano lwentlalo. Inkqubo yokungathobeli umthetho ngokupheleleyo ayizinzanga kwaye ayisebenzi kakuhle. Kwelinye icala, iinkundla ezizimeleyo ezinokucel ’ umngeni isenzo solawulo azivisisani nolawulo olupheleleyo. Isiphumo sisithi iinkokeli ezilawulayo zifuna ukwenza iinkundla ezilawulayo ezibonakala zizimele kodwa zizezezezona zizezo zonke iinkonzo.

Oku kuxinezeleka kuvelisa iinkalo ezahlukileyo zombutho wolawulo olungqongqo. Iinkundla zivumelekile ukusingatha imicimbi yesiqhelo yezorhwebo neyoluntu ngomkhamo othile, kuba oku kunceda izilangazelelo zorhulumente ekuphunyezweni kwezoqoqosho nokuxelwa kwangaphambili. Kodwa xa amatyala echaphazele inkcaso yezobupolitika, ukunganyaniseki korhulumente, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamalungelo abantu, okanye umgangatho wegunya lolawulo oluphezulu, ukulahleka kwemithetho. Le nkqubo idityanisiweyo yenza oko abanye abaphengululi bakubiza ngokuthi "igunya lomthetho" okanye "umthetho" ngokuchasene "nomthetho" njengesixhobo sokulawula kunokuba sinyanzele igunya." Lo mthetho usetyenziswa njengesixhobo sokulawula.

Ukuxhotyiswa kweZiko Lezomthetho

Ulawulo lobugunya lusoloko lugcina amaziko asemthethweni aqononophele kakuhle ngenxa yokuba amaziko anjalo akhulisa ukwenziwa kwawo ngokomthetho kunye nokusebenza kwawo. Inkqubo yenkundla elandela iinkqubo ezithe ngqo kwaye isebenzisa imigaqo ebhaliweyo ingenza amandla angekho mthethweni abonakale elungelelene kwaye esemthethweni. Oku kusetyenziswa kwejaji kusebenza imisebenzi emininzi kubalawuli abalawuli abanobungqongqo: inika imiqondiso kubaphulaphuli basekhaya nabezizwe ngezizwe abasebenza phakathi kwenkqubo esemthethweni, inika iinkqubo zokusebenzisa iqonga eligunyazisayo ngokumisela ikomiti egweba, kwaye inika indawo yokulawula iimpikiswano phakathi kwabalawuli abangachaziyo abantu abahlala phantsi koluntu ngaphandle kokuchanabeka koluntu.

Ucelomngeni lwejaji kule meko yendalo kukuba ugunyaziso lunikwa kwaye lukhutshwe kwiinkoliseko zolawulo. Iinkundla ezihamba ngaphaya kwemida yesimilo esamkelekileyo zijongene nempindezelo ekhawulezileyo, ngelixa ezo zihlala zingaphakathi kwemida zivuzwa ngobuncwane nangodumo. Oku kubangela izihlomelo ezinamandla kubagwebi ukuba bazibeke ngokwabo kwaye balungelelanise izigqibo zabo kunye nezilangazelelo zolawulo.

Iingxaki Kubaphathi Abalawulayo

Ucelomngeni lokuqala oluchazwe kwisiqinisekiso esisisiseko solwandiso olunenkcukacha. Lunye lumela inkqubo eyahlukileyo apho ulawulo oluneedentiliki lusingela phantsi inkululeko yokulawula, yaye ukuqonda ezi nkqubo kubalulekile kubahlaziyi nakubadlali bezizwe ngezizwe abafuna ukuxhasa ukuzilawula.

Ingcinezelo Yezobupolitika KuBagwebi NakwiiNkundla

Ingcinezelo yezobupolitika kulawulo lobuzwilakhe isetyenziswa ngeendlela ezininzi, ukususela kwimiqondiso echuliweyo ukuya kwimpatho egqithisileyo. Ubuchule obuqhelekileyo kukusetyenziswa kwemijelo yokunxibelelana engacwangciswanga phakathi kwabagwebi abaphetheyo nabaphezulu. Umnxeba osuka kwi-adial adial, intlanganiso nomlungiseleli, okanye incoko yangasese kwisiganeko esithile soluntu inokudlulisela amathemba ngendlela elimele ligqitywe ngayo ityala elithile. Abagwebi abafumana imiqondiso enjalo bayayiqonda into yokuba ingabandakani na.

Iintlobo ezingaphezulu zengcinezelo ziquka ukugxekwa koburhulumente ngabagwebi ngamagosa karhulumente, uphando lwemithetho kwizenzo zomthetho, nokugwetywa kwabagwebi ngokukhetheyo ngenxa yokunganyaniseki okanye ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwesikhundla. Kwiimeko ezimandundu, abagwebi abalawula ngokuchasene nezilangazelelo zolawulo basenokujamelana nezisongelo zogonyamelo, ukubanjwa, okanye ukugxothwa. Olu xinzelelo luqhubekekayo lubangela ingcinezelo ebangela ulawulo oluthandwa ngurhulumente nesombululo olufuna amatyala ngokufanelekileyo, noko ngaphandle kwemiyalelo ecacileyo kuzo zonke iimeko.

Umzekelo: EHungary, urhulumente kaViktor Orbán uye wasebenzisa ulungiso lomgaqo-siseko, umhlala-phantsi wangaphambili, kunye nokuxhobisa inkundla ukuzisa ijaji phantsi kolawulo lwezopolitiko. Abagwebi abacel ’ umngeni imigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente bajongene neentlaselo kumajelo-ndaba karhulumente kunye noxinzelelo oluvela kwiinkundla zolawulo ezisandul' ukusekwa. I-Europe Union iye yaphakamisa ngokuphindaphindiweyo inkxalabo malunga nenkululeko yokulawula eHungary njengenxalenye yomthetho olawula imiqathango yemithetho.

Ukulawula amadinga namagunya eejaji

Ukulawula amadinga mhlawumbi sesona sixhobo sinamandla sokubumba ulawulo lwejaji kulawulo olunegunya. Ngokuqinisekisa ukuba ngabalawuli abanyanisekileyo okanye amanani angoorhulumente kuphela amiselwe kwizikhundla zokugweba, urhulumente unakho ukuphembelela iziphumo ngaphandle kokungenelela kwiimeko ezithile. Olu hlobo lolawulo luyisakhiwo kunokuba lube yi-episodic, kwaye kunzima ukumelana naso.

Iinkokeli ezinegunya ziphumeza olu lawulo ngeendlela eziliqela. Zingafumba iikhomishini zokukhetha iikomiti zokwahlulela nabamiselwe kwezobupolitika, zinciphise indima yejaji ngokwayo ekumiselweni, okanye zivele zingazihoyi iinkqubo ezikhoyo zize zimisele abagwebi ngqo. Zingadala iinkundla ezintsha ezixhaswe ngabaxhasi abanyanisekileyo kwaye zabela ezi nteko amatyala achukumileyo ezobupolitika, ngoxa zishiya iinkundla eziqhelekileyo ukuba zicombulule imicimbi eqhelekileyo phantsi kwabagwebi abakhoyo.

Iprojekthi zenye i-sket zolawulo. kwiinkqubo ezininzi zomthetho, inkqubela phambili kwiinkundla eziphezulu ixhomekeke kwibhunga eliphezulu lixhomekeke kwiziphumo zequmrhu lejaji okanye abagwebi abakhulu. Xa la maqumrhu elawulwa ngurhulumente, abagwebi abanqwenela ukuqhubekisela phambili imisebenzi yabo kufuneka babonise ukunyaniseka. Oku kudala amandla okuzikhetha: abagwebi abaneluleki abanolungela ngokwanelisa inkululeko yabo, ngexa abo bazinikele kwinkululeko yokwenene yokulawula behlala bekwizikhundla elisezantsi okanye beshiya ijaji epheleleyo.

[[NTLT:0] Umzekelo: eTurkey phantsi koMongameli Recep Tayyip Erdowanian, urhulumente walungisa kwakhona iBhunga eliPhakamileyo laBagwebi nabatshutshisi ngo-2017, enika umongameli kunye nepalamente ulawulo olungqalileyo kumalungiselelo owiso-mthetho. Amawaka abagwebi nabatshutshisi agxothwa emva komzamo wonikezelo 2016, kwaye abaxhasi babo bakhethwa ngokusekelwe kukunyaniseka kwezobupolitika. Isiphumo besiyisalathi somgwebi esisoloko silawula kakuhle urhulumente, kuquka namatyala abandakanya abachasi bezobupolitika kunye neentatheli.

Ukuzikhusela Ngokomthetho Nokunganqabiseki Okubuthathaka

Kwanalapho umgaqo-siseko ngokuzisholo uqinisekisa inkululeko yokugweba, ukhuseleko olubuthathaka olusemthethweni lungenza abagwebi babe sengozini yokugxothwa, ukudluliselwa, okanye ukuqeqeshwa. Kumagunya amaninzi olawulo olungqongqo, imithetho yokuqeqesha ayicacanga kwaye ivumela ukususwa kwabagwebi ababandakanyeka "ekungalungisi" okanye "izenzo ezonakalisa udumo lwejaji." Le milinganiselo isenokusetyenziswa ngokunempumelelo nangokukhetha ngokuchasene nabagwebi abachasayo kwimiqathango yezobupolitika.

Amagama amiselweyo abagwebi, ngokuchasene nobomi okanye ukumelana nobomi de kube lixesha lokuthatha umhlala-phantsi, ngolunye umngcipheko. Abagwebi abanamagama aphelayo kufuneka bamiselwe okanye baqinisekiswe, banika urhulumente amathuba athe rhoqo okususa abagwebi abazimeleyo. Kwanalapho iSivumelo siyindlela yokusebenza, ukunokwenzeka koxinzelelo olungatshayo ukuze luvumelane.

I-Transfer ngaphandle kwemvume luhlobo oluchuliweyo loxinzelelo. Ijaji ekhupha umthetho ongamkelekanga ingatshintshelwa kumsebenzi okude okanye onganqwenelekiyo, iphumelele ukohlwaya ijaji ngaphandle kokususwa. Oku kuqhelisela kutshabalalisa imilinganiselo yokuziphatha yomthetho kwaye kukhuthaza ukuzilawula, ekubeni abagwebi besazi ukuba amathemba abo emisebenzi axhomekeke ekuphepheni ukungakholiswa ngurhulumente.

Ukucinezelwa Nokucinezelwa Kwezigqibo Zokugweba

Ulawulo olugunyazisayo ludla ngokulawula ukupapashwa nokusasazwa kwezigwebo zomthetho, ingakumbi ezo zibandakanya imicimbi echukumis' kwezobupolitika. Iinkundla zisenokungavunyelwa ekupapasheni imithetho ethile, okanye urhulumente unokuthi nje angakwazi ukuphelisa ukusasazwa kwezigqibo ezibonisa ukungalufaneleki korhulumente. Oku kuhlola kufeza iinjongo ezininzi: kuthintela uluntu ukuba lufunde ngenkululeko yokugweba, kukhanyele ukuthethelelwa okungokwasemthethweni okuvela kwisigqibo senkundla, kwaye kufipha ulawulo luphazamisana nejaji.

Kwezinye iimeko, ulawulo luye luqhubekeke luphinde luziphindezele kubagwebi abapapashe izigqibo eziye zaphambuka kwizinto ezikhethwa ngurhulumente. Ukwahluka okupapashwa okanye umthetho ongabufakiyo ubungqina obufunyenwe ngokuthuthunjiswa ungathathwa njengesenzo sokungathobeli, neziphumo zomsebenzi womgwebi nokhuseleko lobuqu. Isiphumo esicaphukisayo sidlulela ngaphaya komgwebi ngamnye kwijaji epheleleyo, njengoko abanye abagwebi beqwalasela iziphumo zentuthumbo baze balungise indlela yabo yokuziphatha ngokufanelekileyo.

Umzekelo: ERashiya, urhulumente uye waqinisa ulawulo phezu kwejaji ngokudibanisa ulawulo lokumiselwa, iziphumo zoluleko, kunye nengcinezelo engacwangciswanga. Iimeko eziphezulu-profile ezibandakanya abachasi bezobupolitika zisoloko zigqityelwe ngokuchasene nabamangalelwa, kwaye abagwebi abazama ukusebenzisa inkululeko yokususwa. Inkqubo yokugweba ibonwa ngokubanzi njengesixhobo solawulo kunokuba ibonwe njengomgwebi ozimeleyo wetyala.

Imiphumo Yenkululeko Encitshisiweyo Yezogwebo

Ukuwohloka kwenkululeko yokugweba akubangelwa kukuzimela geqe. Kubangela iziphumo ezitshabalalisa phantse zonke iinkalo zolawulo nobomi bentlalo. Ukuqonda le miphumo kubalulekile ukuze siqonde oko kusemngciphekweni wokukhusela ukuzilawula.

Ukupheliswa Komthetho

Owona mphumo ukhawulezileyo wokuhla kwenkululeko yokugweba kukurhoxa komthetho ngokwawo. Xa iinkundla zingenako okanye zingayi kuwenza urhulumente aphendule kwimigangatho esemthethweni, umthetho uyayeka ukusebenza njengesinyanzelo kugunya. Umahluko phakathi kwesenzo esisemthethweni nesobugqwetha sorhulumente, kwaye inkqubo esemthethweni iba sisixhobo sokulawula kunokuba ibe sisixhobo sokulawula okusesikweni.

Oku kukhukuliseka akuhambelani kuzo zonke iinkalo zomthetho. Njengoko kuphawulwe ngasentla, ulawulo olungqongqo lusoloko lugcina iinkundla ezisebenzayo zezorhwebo kuba ukuxelwa kwangaphambili kokunyanzeliswa komthetho kufeza izilangazelelo zazo zezoqoqosho. Kodwa ukusetyenziswa komthetho ngokukhetheyo kudala inkqubo apho ukukhusela okusemthethweni kuxhomekeke ekuzinyweni kwamaqela nakuhlobo lwawo. Oku akuthethi ukuba umthetho umele ulawule, kodwa kunomthetho, apho umthetho uyisixhobo sokulawula kunokuba uhlole igunya.

Ukusetyenziswa Kakubi Kwegunya Namalungelo Abantu

Ngaphandle kwemithetho ezimeleyo yokuhlola izenzo zolawulo, oorhulumente banokuthatha inxaxheba ekusebenziseni kakubi igunya ngaphandle kokohlwaywa. Abachasi bezobupolitika banokuvalelwa kwiityala eziyilweyo, iintatheli zingamangalelwa okanye zigwetywe ngenxa yokunikela ingxelo ngobuqhetseba, kwaye abemi abaqhelekileyo bangaphiwa ukhuseleko olusisiseko olusemthethweni. iinkundla ezizimeleyo ziyindlela ephambili yokunyanzelisa amalungelo abantu, kwaye xa iinkundla zivavanywa, ukhuseleko lwamalungelo abantu luba lungenandawo.

Oku kunamandla kuyingozi ngokukodwa kumongo apho urhulumente ejamelene nenkcaso yezopolitiko okanye izidubedube zentlalo. Ijaji elizimeleyo linganika isicombululo soxolo sokucombulula iingxabano zezobupolitika ngokubekwa kwetyala kwaye linokukhusela amalungelo abaqhankqalazi kunye nabavukeli. Xa ijaji livumelana norhulumente, ekuphela kwendlela eseleyo yokufuna ukuchaswa inkcaso idla ngokubakho, kuquka ukuqhankqalaza, ukuvukela, ukungathobeli kwesizwe, okanye kwanogonyamelo.

Ukuphelelwa Kwentembelo Kuluntu Kwiziko Elisemthethweni

Xa abemi beqonda ukuba iinkundla zikhohlakele, zikhohlakele, okanye zilawulwe ngokwezobupolitika, bayaphelelwa yintembelo kwinkqubo yomthetho iphela. Oku kuphelelwa yintembelo kuneziphumo ezifikeleleka kude. Abantu ababa ngakulungeli ukusebenzisa iinkundla ukucombulula iimpikiswano, kusenokungabi nokwenzeka kangako ukuba bathobele imiyalelo yenkundla, kwaye kulindeleke ngakumbi ukufuna ukusetyenziswa kwemiqathango esemthethweni yezikhalazo. Ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho yokuzithandela kululaza ulungelelwano lwentlalo-ntle kwaye kwenza ukuba kubekho ukulawulwa kwemithetho engqinelanayo nokubiza imali eninzi.

Ukukholosa kukawonke-wonke kwinkundla yezomthetho kukwanxulumene ngokusondeleyo nokufaneleka kwenkqubo yezobupolitika iyonke. Xa iinkundla zijongwa njengezobulungisa nezingakhethi buso, zinokunika igunya kwizenzo zikarhulumente kwaye zincede ekulondolozeni ukuzinza kwentlalo. Xa iinkundla zijongwa njengezixhobo zeqela elilawulayo, ziyenza ibe yeyomelele inkqubo yonke kwaye zifak' isandla ekupheliseni kwezobupolitika nokungaguquguquki.

Ukungabi Natyala Ngorhwaphilizo

Izahlulelo ezizimeleyo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekugcineni amagosa arhwaphilizayo etyala. Xa isebe lejaji lichaphazelekayo, imigudu yokulwa nokonakala iyatshitsha. Amagosa orhwaphilizo ayakwazi ukusebenzisa unxulumano lwawo lwezopolitiko ukuphembelela inkundla, nabatshutshisi abanakuxhomekeka kwiinkundla ukuze baxhase amatyala abo. Oku kubangela umjikelo wokuziphindezela: ukonakala kuwenza buthathaka umgwebo, kwaye ijaji ebuthathaka icandelo lejaji eldicarifiyo ibangela ukuba inkohlakalo iqhubeke.

Impembelelo entle kwinkqubela yezoqoqosho ininzi. Ukunganyaniseki kuthintela ushishino lwamazwe angaphandle, kugqwetha iintshukumisa zentengiso, kwaye kuphazamisa ubuncwane boluntu ekusebenzeni ngempumelelo. Ijaji ezizimeleyo yenye yezona zibalulekileyo ekukhuseleni urhwaphilizo, kwaye ukungabikho kwayo kunxulumene ngokunamandla nomgangatho ophezulu worhwaphilizo nomgangatho ophantsi wezoqoqosho.

Iingcamango Zokomeleza Inkululeko Yogwebo

Ukuqinisa inkululeko yokulawula kulawulo lobuzwilakhe kunzima ngokwemvelo kuba kwala maziko afuna utshintsho alawulwa ngabadlali abangenelwayo kwimeko ekhoyo. Sekunjalo, abahlaziyi, abadlali bezentlalo yasekuhlaleni, nemibutho yezizwe ngezizwe baye bavelisa iindlela ezininzi ezinokwenza umahluko obalulekileyo, kwanakwimekobume enzima.

Utshintsho olungokwasemthethweni nolomGaqo-siseko

Iinguqu ezisemthethweni zibalulekile ekusekeni iziseko zesakhiwo sokuzimela geqe. Ezi nguqu kufuneka zichaze izicwangciso zokuchonga, ukhuseleko, iinkqubo zoluleko, kunye nokuzilawula kwemali. zivumela ukuba kupheliswe ukubekwa kwekomiti ngokunika iikomfa ezizimeleyo indima ebalulekileyo. iziphelo zomGaqo-siseko zisenokufuneka ukukhusela ezi zikhuseliso, kodwa kwaneenguqu zemithetho-siseko zingenza umahluko apho imimiselo yemithetho yezomthetho inzima ukutshintsha.

Izinto eziza kuqala ekuhlaziyweni ziquka: ukuseka iinkqubo ezibonisa ngokucacileyo nezifanelekileyo zokumisa ezinciphisa ulawulo oluphezulu; ukunika abagwebi ukhuseleko de kube lixesha lomhlala-phantsi elinyanzelekileyo; ukuqinisekisa ukuba iingcebiso zoqeqesho ziqhutywa ngamaqumrhu azimeleyo anenkqubo elungileyo; nokuqinisekisa ukuba imali elungiselelwe icandelo ayinakuncitshiswa njengesohlwayo sezigwebo ezigwebayo.

Inkxaso Nengcinezelo Yamazwe Ngamazwe

Imibutho yezizwe ngezizwe noorhulumente bamanye amazwe bangenza indima ebalulekileyo ekuxhaseni inkululeko yokugweba. IZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, imibutho yengingqi enjenge-European Union ne-Afrikaan Union, kunye namaqumrhu ezoqoqosho amazwe ngamazwe konke oku konke kuneenkqubo zokukhuthaza ulawulo lweziNguqu zomthetho. Iinkqubo zoncedo lwezibonelelo zinganikela uncedo lobugcisa, uqeqesho, kunye nobuncwane kumajaji afuna ukuqinisa inkululeko yawo.

I-European Union iye yavelisa izixhobo ezincumisayo zokukhuthaza uzimele-mthetho, kuquka umthetho woMthetho weMali, odibanisa i-EU nemali yokuthobela umthetho wemigangatho yomthetho. Umthetho ka-EU] wokwahlula i-Mthethweni u-Regastifice uvumela i-EU ukuba ihlawule amarhamente angenayo kumazwe angamalungu achasene nomthetho, kwaye le nkqubo isetyenzisiweyo ngokunxulumene neHungary nePoland. Imibandela efanayo isenokusetyenziswa kumbandela wonikezelo lwamazwe angenelwayo e-EU.

Iinkundla kunye neenkundla zelizwe jikelele nazo zinendima. INkundla yaseYurophu yamalungelo abantu, iNkundla yaMazwana eMelika yamalungelo abantu, kunye namanye amalungelo abantu engingqi angawava amatyala abandakanya inkululeko yokugweba kunye nesigwebo esibophelelekileyo esidala uxinzelelo lotshintsho. Kwanalapho ukuthobela ezi zigwebo kungafezeki, imigwebo isebenza njengengxelo yemigangatho yezizwe ngezizwe kwaye inika iziphatho zebhanile zemithetho yasekhaya.

Unxulumano noluntu noluntu

Imibutho yamakhaya isoloko iphambili kwimigudu yokukhusela inkululeko esesikweni. Le mibutho ilawula ukumangalelwa kwetyala, ukugxampfaniswa kwamaxwebhu neenkundla, ukukhuthaza utshintsho olungokwasemthethweni, nokumisela imvume esemthethweni kubagwebi abajamelene nokuziphindezelela. Kwakhona izama ukuphakamisa uluntu ngokubanzi ngokubaluleka kokuzimela ngokwamatyala nokukhuthaza utshintsho.

Ukuphaphela kwezemfundo kubalulekile kuba ukuzimela ngokwamatyala kudla ngokuba yimbambano engekho ngqiqweni kubemi abaqhelekileyo. Xa abantu beqonda ukuba ijaji ezimeleyo ikhusela amalungelo ayo kwaye ibeka urhulumente etyala, basengozini yokuxhasa utshintsho nokuchasa izenzo zikarhulumente ezijongela phantsi iinkundla. Imibutho yabemi iyakwazi ukusebenzisa amaphulo onxibelelwano, iinkqubo zemfundo kawonke wonke, kunye nokuzimisela koluntu ukwandisa olu lwazi.

Ukwakha Iinethwekhi Zomanyano Lwejaji

ABagwebi ngokwabo bangadlala indima ekukhuseleni uzimeleyo lwezahlulelo kunxulumano lobungcaphephe kunye neenkqubo. Unxulumano lwabagwebi besizwe lungaxhasa izilangazelelo zomthetho, lunikezele inkxaso, kwaye luchase ekuhleni ukuphazamisana nokuzimele kwemithetho. Iinkqubo zezizwe ngezizwe ezifana neKhomishoni ye-JURT[[FL:1] kunye ne-[FLT] International of Bar Association inika abagwebi iqonga ukuze babelane amava necebo, kwaye iyakwazi ukukhusela nokukhusela kunye nokuziphindezela abagwebi abajaji abajamelene nokuzi.

Ezi zinxulumani zibaluleke kakhulu kulawulo lobuzwilakhe, apho abagwebi ngabanye abathethayo bejamelene nomngcipheko omkhulu. Isenzo sokuhlanganisana ngemanyano yabagwebi singanikezela umlinganiselo othile wokukhusela ngamanani, kwaye umanyano lwamazwe ngamazwe lungakhulisa amazwi abaxhasi basekhaya kwaye luzise ingcinezelo yangaphandle yokunyamezela ulawulo oluxhaphazayo.

Ukukhuthaza Ukucaca Kwinkqubo Yejaji

Ukubonisa ngaphaya kwengqondo sisixhobo esinamandla sokukhusela inkululeko yokugweba. Xa izigwebo zenkundla zivulekele uluntu, xa kupapashwa kwaye kufikeleleka, yaye xa kucaciswa ngokucacileyo ukuqiqa okusezigqityweni zesigwebo somthetho, kuba nzima ngakumbi ukuba oorhulumente baphazamisane neziphumo ezichuliweyo. Ukubonakala kwelinye icala kunceda uluntu lujonge imicimbi yasekuhlaleni nokuziphendulela koluntu.

Iinguqu ezinyusa ukubonakala ngokucacileyo ziquka: ezifuna ukuba iinkundla zipapashe zonke izigwebo ezinezimvo; zivumela ukufikelela koluntu kwiinkundla zokuchophela iingxelo; zimisela iinkqubo zolawulo ezilandelela inkqubela yamatyala kwaye zibone imilinganiselo engaqhelekanga; kwaye ziqinisekisa ukuba ukumiselwa kwekomiti kunye nokunyuselwa kuxhomekeke ekuxilongweni kwabantu ngokubanzi.

Isiphelo

Ukuzimela ngokwamagunya okulawula iingcebiso kulawulo lobuzwilakhe kujongene neengxaki ezizinzileyo nezizinzileyo ezifikelela kwinqanaba elimiselwe lize lisetyenziswe. Ingcinezelo yezobupolitika, ukulawula amadinga, ukhuseleko olubuthathaka olusemthethweni, kunye nokuhlolisiswa kwezigqibo zomthetho asiyoengxaki zobugcisa nje kuphela kodwa zibonisa ungquzulwano olusisiseko phakathi komthetho kunye nokubekwa kolawulo olusemgangathweni. iziphumo zokuzimela ngokwaphulwa kwenkululeko esesikweni ziquka ukurhoxiswa komthetho, ukusetyenziswa kwamalungelo abantu, ukuphulukana nokuthembeka kwabantu, nokuncitshiswa kwetyala ngenxa yokunganyaniseki.

Ukuqinisa inkululeko yokulawula kufuna imigudu eqhubekayo kwiinkalo ezininzi: utshintsho olungokwasemthethweni nolungokomgaqo-siseko, inkxaso kunye nengcinezelo yezizwe ngezizwe, ukudityaniswa kwebutho labantu, umanyano lomthetho, nokubonakala. Ezi ndlela zisebenza kakhulu xa zidityanisiwe kwaye zidityaniswe kwimeko yezopolitiko neyomthetho yelizwe ngalinye. Akukho ngenelelo lwaneleyo, kwaye inkqubela idla ngokucotha kwaye ibuthathaka.

Ukuzimela ngokwamatyala kuxhomekeke kwimeko-bume yezopolitiko ebanzi. Iyachuma apho kukho ulawulo lwezopolitiko oluziinkomfa, ulwandiso lwentlalo-ntle, ukhuthuzo olukhululekileyo lobuzwe, kunye nesithethe sokuhlonela umthetho. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, lunendawo apho ezi meko zingekho khona. ukukhusela ukuzimela kolawulo lomthetho kukukhusela umbono othile wolawulo lwezopolitiko [ apho igunya linyanzelwa ngumthetho, amalungelo akhuselwa ziinkundla ezingakhethi buso, kwaye urhulumente umele ulwe ngabantu ngokusemthethweni kunye neenkqubo zobupolitika. Lo mbono ujongenenkcaso enamandla kwimimandla emininzi yehlabathi, kodwa amatyala angenakuba ngaphezulu. Ngaphandle kwesithembiso somthetho ozimeleyo, umgaqo womthetho ongekho semthethweni, kwaye ngaphandle kolawulo-demokhrasi.