Ukugqwethwa Kwedemokhrasi

UGerrymander kukusetyenziswa kakubi kwangamabomu kwemida yesithili yezobupolitika ukufikelela ungenelo olungafanelekanga lweqela elithile okanye iqela elithile. Ngoxa lo msebenzi umdala njengorhulumente ongummeli ngokwawo, ubugcisa bezi mini kunye nezobupolitika eziphezulu kakhulu ziguqulele kwisixhobo sotyando esinokugqiba iziphumo zonyulo phambi kokuba ivoti enye iphoswe. Kumphakathi wayo, ukuvota okungalawulekiyo kulula umgaqo wokuba ivoti nganye yommi ithwale ubunzima obulinganayo kwaye abameli abanyuliweyo babonise ukuba uphangalele abantu. Endaweni yoko, ivumela idrowadi zemaphu zigqibelele phambi kokuba ivoti enye ikhutshwe. Kunokukhetha abavoti babo, kunokuba ivumele abavoti babo bakhethe abameli babo.

Igama elithi “gerrymander” liqala ngo1812, xa iGaverhe uElbridge Gerry waseMassachusetts watyobela icebo lokulungisa icandelo elingumqondiso weDemocratic-Republican Party. Esinye sesithili esitsha e-Essex County sathiwa sifana nesalamander, kwaye umhleli wephephandaba waqamba i-portmanteau “gerrymermer.” Igama lanamathela, kwaye lo mkhwa ubengumqondiso ophindaphindwayo wezobupolitika zaseMelika ukususela ngoko. Nangona zombini amaqela aphambili aye abandakanye kwi-gerrymanling, ukwanda nokukhula kwawo ngokuphawulekayo kwiminyaka engamashumi akutshanje, ngenxa ye-opript sy sy program kunye neNkulawula ephakamileyo yeNkulawula umthetho wesizwe se-Ovesithi ye-Gergerrybiling.

Indlela IGerrymandering Esebenza Ngayo: IChebe Leecorniques Ezine

Kuwona mgangatho wayo usisiseko, ukubopha kusebenzisa iindlela ezimbini eziphambili `ukulungisa nokuqhekeza/ukurhoxisa/ukulolonga ngokunjalo nokujoliswe kuko okuninzi njengokuphanga nokuqweqwedisa. Ubuchule ngabunye bunceda ukuthoba amandla okuvota amaqela athile ngeli lixa unikel' ingqalelo kwimpembelelo yeqela eliseburhulumenteni.

1. Ukupakisha

Ukupakisha kuthetha ukuxinana kwabavoti abaninzi beqela eliphikisanayo kangangoko kunokwenzeka kwinani elincinane lesithili. Injongo kukudala “izihlalo ezikhuselekileyo” ezimbalwa ngokunamandla zenkcaso ngeli xesha lidlala iivoti zabo eziseleyo. Umzekelo, ukuba urhulumente une 40% yedemocratic covote kunye nama-60% eRiphabliki, umpakisheli angafaka zonke ii Democratic covote kwimimandla emithathu, nganye enezihlalo ezingama-80% Democratic. Ezo zifunda ezintathu ziza kuwinwa lula yiDemocrats, kodwa isithili ezisixhenxe eziseleyo ziza kuba negunya elikhulu. Isiphumo: amaRiphabliki awina ama-70% kwizihlalo ezingamashumi ama-60% kuphela ngevoti, ngoxa iDemotatracrathi yemibo e-30 kuphela kwezihlalo ezingamashumi amane ee%.

Ukujija

Ukujika kungumjikelo wokupakisha. Endaweni yokugxininisa inkcaso, iidrowa zemaphu zandisa abaxhasi bazo ngokunciphile kwisithili ezininzi ukuze bangakwazi ukwenza uninzi lwazo naphi na. Le ndlela isebenza ngokukhethekileyo xa abavoti bechasa besasazwa kwilizwe lonke. Umzekelo, ukuba ngaba abavoti bedemocratic basasazwa ngokulinganayo ngaphaya kwesizwe, ukuqinisekisa ukuba zonke izithili zingu- 51% kwiRiphabliki kunye no-49% iDemocratic, ukukhukulisela ngokucocekile zonke izihlalo zeqela eliphethe.

3. Ukujija nokuqweqwedisa

Ezi zizinto eziqhelekileyo kodwa ezilinganayo zobuchukunyisi. ibangela ukuba kubekho uvavanyo oluthe shwaka xa idilesi yasekhaya ekwindawo enzima idityaniswe kwenye indidi emelwa ngomnye umbutho omnye, inyanzelisa ababini abakwiqela elinye ukuba bakhuphisanane. Oku kwenza kube buthathaka ukumela kweqela lonke okanye ukuphelisa ilungu elikhathazayo. ukuxhoma [ kushukuma ikhaya lobutton kwisithili esithebeni esithenwa kakhulu yi-'droff', esenziwa nzima kakhulu kwi-'bbbreat'ex' ukuphumelela kwakhona. Zombini ezi zinto zisetyenziswa ngaphandle kokna ezopoliti zezobupolitika.

Isizathu Sokuba IGerrymandering Iyingxaki Enzulu Yolawulo - melo

I-Gerrymandering ayincedi nje ukuba iqela elinye lifumane izihlalo ezingakumbi, kodwa ilonakalisa ulwalamano phakathi kwabavoti norhulumente wabo. Iziphumo zigqugqisa kuwo onke amanqanaba enkqubo yezobupolitika.

Ukuphelisa ukhetho olukhuphisanayo

Xa izithili zingu “ezikhuselekileyo” kwiqela elinye, unyulo oluqhelekileyo luba nentsingiselo. Kwizithili ezininzi ezithe gqolo, ukhuphiswano lokwenene lwenzeka ekuqaleni, apho ujiko lusezantsi khona kwaye abaza kufumana ezona zinto zigaba zigaba zigaba zigabadeleyo zeqela labo. Oku kuqhubela phambili omabini kumacala angaphezulu, ukuqinisa uhlahlo-lwano lwezopolitiko. Ngokwe 20222 ohlalutyo lwe Brennan Center for Justice, ngaphantsi kwe 10% ye-U.S izihlalo zendlu zazithathwa njengokhuphiswano kwimimandla eyakhatywa emva kobalo lwama 20202020. Oko kukungabikho kokhuphiswano kuthetha ukuphendula okuncinane kobuso obuncinci, kwaye u-vhovtive akakhethi bokwenyaniso

Umelo oluguquguqukayo

Gerrymandering uvumela iqela ukuba liphumelele izihlalo ezininzi naxa liphulukana novoti ethandwayo. Ngonyulo lwendlu ka-2018, uDemocrates waphumelela kwivoti yoluntu ethandwayo nge 8.6% yeepesenti kodwa kuphela likhusele isihlalo esingu 235-1999 kuphela luncedo olungaphaya kokuba belufanele, ngenxa yomtsalane wempumlo weRiphabliki yeemaphu kumazwe anjenge Ohio, umNtla Carolina, kunye ne-Wisconsin. Kwimeko ezigqithisileyo, iqela elizuza kuphela i-45% yevoti yereji yesizwe linokufumana 60-70% yezihlalo zomthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho. Oku kuphula umgaqo wedemo-othotho-mthetho ongundoqo kwaye kuphelisa ukuthembana kukawonke kwinkqubo.

Ukuhlahlela Uluntu

Ngeli xesha iVoing Rights Act ka-1965 ifuna ukuba izithili zingathambisi amandla okuvota abantu abambalwa okanye abathetha ulwimi oluncinane, ukuqokelela iinguqu kungakonakalisa uluntu oluncinane. Ukupakisha amanani amakhulu abavoti abambalwa kwisithili esinye kungadala “imfuno-mfono-mfono” yesithili, kodwa kwakhona kunciphisa impembelelo yabo kwimimandla engqongileyo. Kwezinye iimeko, imephu yedrowa yeqela “icutheba” abantu abambalwa kunqamleza imimandla emininzi ukudambisa amandla abo ezobupolitika. Lo msebenzi, owaziwa ngokuba ngumbutho wesizwe, udla ngokuphinda-phinda-phinda ubethwe ziinkundla, kodwa ungqine iinjongo zobuhlanga (ngokuchasene neenjongo zokulwa kwe-RGrendering) uhlala ulucelomngeni.

Abangaqinisekiyo nabanciphisi- mali

Xa abamisi-mthetho benokuzibekela izithuba zabo zesithili rhoqo emva kweminyaka elishumi, banesikhuthazo esinamandla sokuzikhusela. Abameli abakwimimandla ekhuselekileyo bajongene nomngcipheko omncinane wokoyiswa, okunokukhokelela ekungakhathalini, ukuthotywa kwentsabelo, nokujolisa ingqalelo kwiinjongo ezijongene neemfuno zobugqeba kunokuba zibe ziimfuno. Uhlolisiso lwama-2019 lweYunivesithi yaseKhalifoniya, i-Irvine yafumanisa ukuba ingili ekhuselweyo iphondo lifumana ithuba lokuba abenzi bemithetho bavote kwimigca yeqela baze batyeshele uluvo lukawonke kwimibandela enjengeenkcitho, irhafu, kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu.

Imizekelo Yembali Neyanamhlanje

USalamander Woqobo: Massachusetts 1812

IGarrymander yokuqala yadalwa nguRhuluneli Elbridge Gerry ukuze ancede iqela lakhe liphumelele kwizihlalo zephondo. Umfanekiso ohlekisayo odumileyo obonisa isithili eside, esijijekileyo njengesamander ebonakala kwiBoston Gazette. Nangona uGerry ngokwakhe kamva wazisola ngemaphu, iqhinga elifumanekileyo waza waba sisixhobo esiqhelekileyo semfazwe yezobupolitika.

Iimaphu Ezimbi ZaseMntla Carolina

Ngowama-2010, uMntla weRiphabliki yeNtshona Koloni wazoba ezinye zeemaphu ezinamandla eziqeqeshiweyo kweli lizwe. Ngo-2012, phezu kokuba kufumene i-49% yevoti karhulumente e-U.S. abachophele kwiRiphabliki, baphumelela izihlalo ezi-9 kwezili-13 zikarhulumente (69%). Emva kokuba inkundla emininzi ifumene iingxaki, inkundla yenkundla yorhulumente yabetha izithuba ezimbini zephondo njengemibutho engekho mgaqo-siseko yohlanga phakathi kwe-grands germanders ngo-201717. Kodwa imaphu elandelayo eyazotywa ngo-2021 yacelwa imbambano, ikhokelela kwinkundla ephakamileyo engu-2022 ekwinkundla yombuso eyafumana ukuba iimaphu zingqungquthelane nonyulo lwenkululeko. Ityala elibonisa ukuqhubeka kwemfazwe phakathi kwe-mapu ye-Rhoversasterster neen.

UWisconsin: “8-6” Trick

EWisconsin, imaphu yeRiphabliki ngo-2011 yenza isicwangciso sendibano yengingqi eyabavumela ukuba bawine ama-60 kwizihlalo ezingama-99 (61%) nge- 48.6% yevoti ezimbini kuphela. Inkundla yesithili yasibetha phantsi esicwangciso njengesixhobo esingekhoyo se-gerryder ngo-2016 (Gill v. Whitford), kodwa iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaziphepha ii-paratian gerryder ukubuza ngokuthi abalawuli abasebenzi baswele ukuma. Umzekelo weWisconsin uhlala ukho kwityala lencwadi lokusebenza lokwenza iinzuzo ezigqithisileyo.

Maryland: Umzekelo Wedemocratic

Isiphumo: UDemocrates uphumelele izihlalo ezisi-7 kwezi-8 ze-U.S. eMaryland, eDemocrates wazoba imaphu yequmrhu ngo-2011 ukuba ivoti yeRepublic ifakelwe kwisithili esinye ngexesha lokusasaza i Democrates ngaphaya kwezinye. Isiphumo: UDemocrat waphumelela izihlalo zendlu ezingamashumi amathandathu ekhulwini nge-ovoti, nangona iiRiphabliki zazino 35% wevoti yovoti yombuso. Ngo-2018, inkundla yorhulumente yalawula imephu engathanga mgangameli-ngameli-ngameli, kodwa iNkunkulu inkundla i-Gerigerryder, kodwa yajika kwisibheno, kwakhona ayifuni ngxelo engundoqo.

Imigudu Engokwasemthethweni Neyokuguqula Izinto

Ukufikelela Kwezandla ZeNkundla Ephakamileyo

Kwisigqibo sophawu 2019, Rucho v. Isizathu esiqhelekileyo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. yathi ingxengxezo yokuba i-gerrymanidering “ayinabulungisa” — ithetha ukuba akukho migaqo-mthetho yequmrhu elifanelekileyo" yokuzifihla. Esi sigqibo sivala ngokuphumelelayo ucango kumthetho osekelwe kwinzuzo ye-oventility, ukukhulula umthwalo kwiinkundla zikarhulumente, kwizindlu zowiso-mthetho, nakwivoti. Ukusukela [[FLT:], inkundla yelizwe ithetha ukuba akukho “indawo ekhoyo.

IiKhomishini zokuLungisa ezizimeleyo

Ulawulo oluninzi luye lwashukunyiselwa ukuthatha amandla okulungisa umgangatho kude kumaqela alawulayo kwaye lunike ikomishini ezimeleyo okanye ebizwa ngokuba yi-bipartisan. Imizekelo eyaziwayo yi-Arizona neKhalifoniya, esebenzisa iikhomishini zabemi ukuzoba iimaphu zombutho kunye nezomthetho wesizwe. Ngo-2018, Michigan, Colorado, kunye ne-Utah edlulisiweyo imilinganiselo yokumisela ii-ofinishowe ngokwayo. Ufundo lubonisa ukuba i-othunywa-mephu ye-mephu ziveza imimandla ekhuphisanayo kwaye imela kangcono ukuqhotyo kwe-ukrustance yesizwe. Ingqungquthela yesizwe ye-Gegislatures igcina uluhlu oluneenkcukacha lwezimodeli ye-gripiding. ([FLL:]])

Ulungiso lwemithetho Yomthetho kunye noHlaziyo lweMatematika

Abaguquli abahambela phambili baye bacebisa ukusebenzisa iikhompyutha ukuzoba izithili ezisekelwe kwimilinganiselo yobundilele efana nokudibana, ukudibana, nokulondolozwa koluntu olunomdla, ngeli xesha bengayihoyi i-data e-volution. Izixhobo ezifana ne- i-“Bipartisan Gerrymering Algalimolic". eziphuhliswa ngabaphandi kwiYunivesithi yaseDuke i-Duke iimaphu, zingavelisa amawaka eemaphu, zivumele abavoti ukuba bazithelekise necebo elisemthethweni. Amanye amazwe, njengoVirginia, ngoku afuna ukuba iidrowa zisebenzise ugcino-data zivuleke kwaye zithethelele ekuphambukeni kwemigaqo yobundilele. Noko ke, abagxeki bephikisa ukuba “nabaculi-almoted systrudentials" zinokukhetha ukuba ii-meterfantstion zikhethwe ngokwendlela.

Ityala Lenkundla Elichasene Ne-Gerrymander

Imingeni esemthethweni iyaqhubeka kwiinkundla zikarhulumente. Ngo-2023, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseOhio yawisa phantsi iiseti ezine zemaphu ezilandelelanayo zeRiphabliki njengeemaphu ezingamiselwanga, ikhokelela ekubeni kungasebenzi okunyanzelisayo ukusetyenziswa kweemaphu ezilungelelanisiweyo zenkundla kunyulo lwama-2022. Ngokufanayo, iPennsylvania Court ikhuphe imaphu karhulumente ngo-201818, icaphula uncedo lwe-Riphabliki. Ezi ngxelo zolo mgangatho-mthetho zibonisa ukuba ngoxa iinkundla zikarhulumente zinokuvalwa, inkundla zelizwe zisenokunika unyango phantsi komgaqo-siseko wesizwe. ([[[FLT.0]]] Bnan] uhlalulo lweziko lweziko yecala lesizwe [[FLT.FLD]]]]]

Impembelelo Ephangaleleyo Kulawulo - melo LwaseMerika

Ngaphezu kweziphumo ezikhawulezileyo zomelo, i-gerrymander iphembelela ukurhoxiswa kovota, ihla iqondo lobuhlanga, isenza urhulumente angabi nantsabelo eninzi. Xa abavoti bevakalelwa kukuba ilizwi labo alibalulekanga ngenxa yokuba isithili sabo sisiphelo selinye, ukurhoxa kwehla. Uhlolisiso lwama-2020 kwi- Journal yezopolitis[ Ijoverst] ifumanise ukuba abavoti kwimimandla enzima ephenjelelweyo ayifane ikholelwe impembelelo karhulumente wabo wevoti. Ukurhoxiswa kwemali kusenokuba neziphumo ezincinci, kuquka nokuthatha inxaxheba kukhetho olusezantsi, ukuququkwa kwezenteko yoluntu, kunye nokuzimdlamkelo olukhulu lokuxhasa abathathi-demo-democrac.

Umthetho ophambili unika igalelo kuvavanyo lokuqala kunokuba bavotele nje ngokubanzi, ubakhuthaza ukuba bamkele iindawo ezigqithisileyo. Oku kunegalelo elinamandla kwiqhina elisisibetho seBhunga nendlu yowiso-mthetho karhulumente. Ukungakwazi ukudlulisela imigaqo edumileyo efana nokuxilonga okungasemva okanye inkxaso-mali yesiseko kusoloko kungumphumo othe ngqo wabameli abaxhalabe kakhulu ngocelomngeni oluphambili olusuka ekunene okanye kwicala elisekhohlo kunokuphulukana nonyulo jikelele kwisithili esikhuselekileyo.

Kukwakho umlinganiso wobuhlanga ongenakuhoywa. Umthetho wamaLungelo oMgaqo-siseko wokwalela ukucalucalucalulwa kobuhlanga, kodwa umgca phakathi kocalulo kunye nobuhlanga ungafiphaza. Shelby County v. Homer [202013], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yagatya indlela efuna imikhosi yobuhlanga nembali yocalulo ukuze ifumane ulwamkelo olusemthethweni phambi kokutshintsha iinkqubo zokuvota. Leso sigqibo savula ucango lwesizwe esitsha igerrydering, ingakumbi kumazwe asemazantsi. A222 yiNgqungquthela ye-Lungu neyonke lamalungelo abantu yafunyanwa ukuba iimephulo ezininzi ezininzi ze-Blalder transtedy ne-Latin.

Ngaphezu koko, ukuphembelela kungawuthoba phantsi umgaqo othi “mnye umntu, ivoti enye” ngokudala isithili esinabemi abahlukeneyo. Nangona iNkundla ePhakamileyo ifuna ukuba isithili silingana ngokulinganayo nabemi, iinguqu ezincinci ziyavunyelwa, kwaye iidrowa zemaphu zinokusebenzisa ezo ziphambuko ukutshintsha umlinganiselo wamandla. Kwezinye iimeko, imimandla iye yatsalwa kuphela ngabantu abangamakhulu ambalwa abahlukeneyo, kodwa uncedo lwe-Rhulumente lukhulu.

Ikamva: Ngaba IGerrymandering Ingabhukuqwa?

Umlo nxamnye ne-gerrymanirling ukude kakhulu. Ngelixesha iNkundla ePhakamileyo ivale ucango kwiisuti zomaqumrhu, umgangatho wolawulo kunye nemigudu yokulungisa ifumene uvuselelo. Amanyathelo eBallot angomnye wezixhobo ezinamandla ```ivoters' eMichigan, Colorado, neVirginia zidlulise zonke iimilinganiselo ukwenza ii-odolati ezizimeleyo. Noko ke, ezi zikhonziswano azifezekanga: zisenako ukubanjwa ngabaqulunqi, kwaye imigaqo eziyisebenzisayo ingavelisa iimaphu ezisamkela iqela elinye.

Ubugcisa bunika zombini izisombululo kunye nobungozi. Ii-algorithri zokufunda ngomatshini zingazoba iimaphu zobundilele, kodwa zisenokusetyenziswa ukuchaza ezona zilungileyo igerrymanders ngokukhawuleza kunanini na ngaphambili. Isitshixo kukuqinisekisa ukuba ukuphinda kubonakale, nokuvakala kwasesidlangalaleni kunye nogcino-lwazi oluvulekileyo. Abanye abaxhasi baye babizela umthetho ochasene nomthetho wengingqi, ofana nenkululeko ukuya kuMgaqo-siseko weVote, oya kufuna ukuba kulandele iimfuno ezithile, kodwa loo mthetho ujongene neengxaki ezinokuphakama kwiBhunga elahluleleneyo.

Esinye isicelo kukusebenzisa izithili ezinamalungu amaninzi ngokumelana, ezinokuthi zisuse izikhuthazo ezininzi zokuqhuba. Phantsi kwenkqubo yolwahlulo, ukuba iqela lifumana ama-40% evoti, lifumana malunga nama-40% ezihlalo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba zitsalwa njani na. Amazwe afana noMaine noNebraska azama ukuvota okucetyiswa ngokweziqu kunye nezinye iinguqu, kodwa ukutshintsha ngokupheleleyo kumelo lolwahlulo kuya kufuna utshintsho olukhulu lwemithetho.

Imfundiso yokulungisa ekugqibeleni ixhomekeke ekuqapheleni uluntu kunye nokudityaniswa kwezobupolitika. Njengoko abemi abangakumbi beqonda ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zesithili, uxinzelelo lotshintsho lukhula. Iintlangano ezifana neChome Cange, uManyano lwaMabhinqa Voters, kunye ne Brennan Center for Justice Iment iyaqhubeka isenza i-litigate, i-arhente, kunye nokufundisa. Kumjikelo wonyulo, iindlu zolawulo ezininzi zelizwe zicinga ngokuzimeleyo ukuthatha ityala lokuhlaziya iimali, kwaye ubuncinane ishumi elinesibini lamazwe asebenzayo aneemeko ezicel ’ umngeni iimaphu ezikhoyo. ([[[FLT.0]] ICommond german german iphepha[FLT]]])

Isiphelo

I-Gerrymandering asiyonto isetyenziswayo kwinkulungwane ye-19.Isebenza ngendlela ephilayo, eyingozi kwidemokhrasi yale mihla. Igqwetha umelo, amazwi athothayo, ikonakalisa ukholo, kwaye inika amandla agqithisayo. Ngoxa lo msebenzi uqikelelo uqiniswe kakhulu, izixhobo zokulwa nawo omeleleyo: ulawulo oluzimeleyo, izenzo zenkundla yelizwe, ukwenziwa kwe-algalthimethili, kunye noluntu oluvunyiweyo. Ucelomngeni lukuguqula ukuqonda utshintsho. Ngaphandle kotshintsho lwenkqubo, unyulo lwaseMelika luza kuqhubeka luxhonywa ngabantu abafanele bakhonze abavoti. Ishumi leminyaka elilandelayo liya kuba libalulekileyo ekuboneni enoba i-reddiation i-algamenti iba sisixhobo sedemokhrasi.