Ukuqonda Undoqo Wetyala Lezaphuli - mthetho

Uhambo olusuka kumsebenzi wolwaphulo-mthetho ukuya kwisigqibo sokugqibela enkundleni lumela enye yeenkqubo ezicwangcisiweyo nezihlolisisiweyo kwinkqubo yomthetho. Kubafundi bomthetho, imbali, kunye nezoluntu, ukuqonda indlela elityhilwa ngayo ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho ibalulekile kungekuphela nje ukuze kukhuselwe ulwazi lwemfundo kodwa kwanokuqonda imigaqo esisiseko yokusesikweni, inkqubo efanelekileyo, kunye nomthetho. Iqonga ngalinye (h) ukusuka ekuhlolweni kokuqala ngokunyanzeliswa ngumthetho ukuya kwisigqibo sokugqibela nesigwebo, kunye nemigaqo elungiselelwe ngokwesithethe, elungiselelwe ukukhusela amalungelo okubekwa eluntwini xa kuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke.

Eli nqaku linikela indlela enegunya yokuhamba ngokuhambela phambili kwetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho eUnited States. Nangona iinkqubo ezizizo zinokuhluka ngokwamacandelo (icala lokugqibela lombuso, ifelony v. predemeor), ulandelelwano olungundoqo luhlala lungaguquguquki. Ngokuhlolisisa icandelo ngalinye ngokweenkcukacha, sijolise ekupheliseni oomatshini abasemthethweni abalawula ulwaphulo-mthetho kwaye babalaselise iingqikelelo kunye nolungelelwano oluchaphazelekayo oluchaza inkqubo.

Uphando: Ukwakha Isiseko

Isigaba sophando sisiqalo setyala ngalinye lolwaphulo-mthetho. Iqala xa amagosa omthetho asebenza kwindawo ethile, amapolisa akwi-ofisi ye-ofisi e-’, okanye amasebe karhulumente anjenge-FBI/_ifumana ingxelo yezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezirhanelekayo. Eli candelo libaluleka kuba ukuphengulula kubumba amandla etyala eliza kunikelwa enkundleni.

Ukuphendula Kokuqala Nobungqina

Xa kuchazwa ulwaphulo-mthetho, amagosa agcina indawo ukuze agcine ubungqina.

  • [[UMTL: 0] Iziphumo zoluvo namangqina namaxhoba:[ amagosa athatha iinkcukacha ezinokusetyenziswa kamva enkundleni. Ukunyaniseka kwamaNgqina kunye nokungaguquguquki kudla ngokuvavanywa ngexesha lokuhlola ukunqamleza ekucinyweni.
  • Unyuso lobungqina obubonakalayo: Izinto ezinjengezixhobo, iminwe, iisampuli zeDNA, izixhobo zamanani, okanye amaxwebhu zibhalwe ngocoselelo, i- brick, kwaye zibhalwe ukugcina iqhina lokugcina ibanjwa.
  • Uhlalutyo lweFensic: Ubungqina buthunyelwa kwii-actom zolwaphulo-mthetho ukuze kuvavanywe. Oku kungaquka iDNA efulisiweyo, iingxelo zetyhefu, uhlalutyo lwebhola, okanye amanani e-actives. Iziphumo zidla ngokuba ziincangca ezingundoqo zobungqina.
  • [[NTL:0] Ukuhlola kombane nobezo-mbane: Amapolisa angasebenzisa iCCTV metage, iirekhodi zemfonomfono, iGPS yokufumana irekhodi, okanye imisebenzi engaphantsi kwe-crefu ukwakha ixesha elinokusetyenziswa okanye ukukrokrela.

Kulo lonke uphando, abaphathi-mikhosi kufuneka basebenze phakathi koMgaqo-nkqubo wesi-5, okhusela ukuphengululwa nokuxhuzula okungekho ngqiqweni. Ubungqina obufunyenwe ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso esisebenzayo okanye ngaphandle kokudibana kwemvume bungacinywa phantsi komthetho [[FLT: 0]] owe-exclubrariary. Lo mgaqo, omiswe kwiimeko ezifana [[[FLT:]] Mapp v. Ohio, usebenza njengovavanyo olunamandla kwihambo engekho mthethweni yamapolisa.

Amalungelo eMiranda kunye nokuphendulana

Ukuba ukrokreleko lufunyanisiwe luze lubekwe ekhomishini, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kufuneka kunikezele isilumkiso Miranda phambi kokuqhuba umbuzo wemvume. Imfuneko, ukususwa [ku- imanda v., iqinisekisa ukuba abarhanelayo bayayazi iSilungiso sabo seFind Resombululo ngokuchasene nohlanga lwabo lweSithandathu kunye noMmiselo wabo wasekunene kwesahlulo. Ukungaphumeleli kokukhupha izibhengezo kubungqina.

[[UMTL:0] “ unelungelo lokuthula. Nantoni na oyithethayo inokwenzeka kwaye iza kusetyenziswa kuwe kwinkundla yomthetho. Unelungelo lokuya kwigqwetha. Ukuba awunalo ilungelo lokuhlawula igqwetha, elinye liza kunikelwa kuwe. ̵[[FL:1]

Uphengululo luqukumbela xa umthetho ukholelwa ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba kubambe umntu orhanelwayo.

Ukubanjwa: Ukufumana Ityala Egumbini Lontolongo

Ukubanjwa kuphawula ukuguquka kophando olusuka kwinkqubo yomthetho yokwaphula umthetho.

  • Enesiqinisekiso sokubanjwa: Ijaji ikhupha isiqinisekiso esisekelwe kwi-affidavit ebonakala unobangela olindelekileyo. Isiqinisekiso sikhankanya ukrokrelo kunye netyala elibekiweyo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso: Abaphathi bangabanjwa ngaphandle komnye ukuba babone ulwaphulo-mthetho lusenziwa okanye benesizathu esilindelekileyo sokukholelwa ukuba ityala lenzekile kwaye inyathelo elikhawulezileyo liyimfuneko.

Xa ubanjwa, ukrokrelwa usiwa kwisikhululo samapolisa ukubhalisa. Le nkqubo yolawulo ibandakanya ukushicilela ulwazi lobuqu, ukuthatha iifoto neminwe, nokuqhuba i-exakeko lokungasemva. Isikrokreli sibekwa kwiseli ebambe inyathelo elilandelayo kwinkqubo.

Kweli nqaku, ikrokrela i’ inelungelo lokucebisa ngezandi. Ukuba umntu akanamali yegqwetha, umkhuseli kawonke-wonke okanye igqwetha elimiselwe yinkundla lizakwabelwa kwimbonakalo yenkundla yokuqala.

Ukunika ingcebiso: Umtshutshisi ’ Isigqibo

Xa irhanelwa ibanjiwe, ilulwane lidlula ukusuka ekunyanzelweni komthetho liye kumtshutshisi i̱ iofisi. Umtshutshisi ’ indima yayo kukuvavanya ubungqina obuqokelelweyo ngexesha lophengululo nokugqiba ukuba kungenziwa na iifayile zetyala eliqhelekileyo. Esi sigqibo sibandakanya iqhinga elithe kratya.

Izinto Eziqwalaselwayo Ekungcungcuthekeni

  • Uqikelelo lobungqina: Ingaba bukhona ubungqina obaneleyo bokungqina ukuba unetyala ngaphandle kobuthandabuza obusengqiqweni xa kuvavanywa?
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ububi betyala: Ingaba ulwaphulo-mthetho yayiyimpazamo encinane (umz., ubusela obuncinane) okanye ubuqhetseba obunzulu (umz., ukubulala)?
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ingxelo yolwaphulo-mthetho ephindayo: Umoni angajongana netyala eliqatha okanye izigwebo ezigqithisiweyo phantsi kwemithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho.
  • I-Victim ’ igalelo nomdla kawonke-wonke:[ Kwezinye iimeko, ixhoba i’s inqwenela okanye imfuno yempembelelo yokunqanda izigqibo.

Ukumangalelwa kungenziwa kusuka kwimpazamo (isigwebo ukuya kunyaka omnye entolongweni) ukuya kwityala (eligwetywa ngaphezu konyaka omnye entolongweni, okanye kwanakufa kumatyala amatyala amatyala angamatyala). Kwimeko ezinzulu, i-grand counts [ isenokusetyenziswa ukukhupha ityala /a lityala elisemthethweni elivunyiweyo. Kwimeko ezingephi, umtshutshisi angafaka isikhalazo esiqhelekileyo]

Ulungelelwaniso: Imbonakalo Yenkundla Yokuqala

Ulungelelwaniso yi-’ ebekwe ngokusesikweni phambi komgwebi. Yinkqubela emfutshane kodwa egxekayo. Ngexesha lokubekwa iliso, ijaji:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Ifunda izityholo ngokuvakalayo ukuqinisekisa ummangalelwa ukuba uyayiqonda into ayimangalelwayo.
  • icela ummangalelwa ukuba angene esibongozweni: enetyala, engenatyala, okanye ungenamncintiswano (nolo imattere). Akukho sibongozo sokhuphiswano asikokuvuma ukuba netyala kodwa asikokwamkela isohlwayo ngaphandle kokukhuphisana nezityholo; ayinakusetyenziswa njengobungqina kwisuti yoluntu.
  • Idilesi okanye iimeko zokukhululwa: Ijaji igqiba ukuba ummangalelwa uza kukhululwa ngokwayo, kufuneka afumane ibheyile yeposi, okanye avalelwe kwityala elisemnyango. Izinto ziquka umngcipheko wenqwelo-moya, ingozi kuluntu, kunye nohlobo lolwaphulo-mthetho.

Ukuba ummangalelwa ucela ukuba angabi natyala, njengoko kunjalo uninzi lwabagwebi, ubeka ixesha lokulungisa ityala langaphambi kwetyala aze alinike ityala kwikhondo lokuvavanya. Ukuze aqonde ngokunzulu utshintsho lwebheyile kunye nesiphumo sayo, abafundi bangajonga uhlaziyo olusuka ku [[FLT: 0]] ACLU kwibheyile yotshintsho [.

Inkqubela-phambili: Ukurhwebelana ngetyala

Isigaba sangaphambi kovavanyo silapho inkqubo yokulungisa isalathisi iqala ukumila ngokwenene. Omabini amacala abandakanyeka ekulungiseleleni ngokunzulu, atshintshisa ulwazi kunye novavanyo lwendlela zomthetho. Eli qonga liquka:

Umbuzo

Ukufunyaniswa kungumsebenzi onyanzelekileyo wokutshintshisana ngobungqina phakathi kwentshumayelo nokhuseleko. Phantsi kwemithetho yenkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho, ingtshutshiso kufuneka ityhile nabuphi na ubungqina (oluncedo kumntu okhonjiweyo) phantsi Brady v. Maryland[. Ukungaphumeleli ukwenza oko kungaphumela ekugxothweni okanye ekuguqukeni ekubhexweni. Uvavanyo luquka:

  • Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo
  • Ubungqina obuphathekayo neengxelo
  • Ingxelo yamangqina engaphambili
  • Naziphi na izithembiso okanye izinto ezikhuthazayo ezenziwayo ukuze kunikelwe ubungqina

Kwanabo, ukuzithethelela, kufuneka kunike isaziso ngezikhuselo ezithile, ezinjengelibi okanye impambano, yaye kusenokufuneka ukuze kutyhilwe amangqina angoongcaphephe.

Intshukumo zangaphambili

Zombini iintshukumo zefayile zamaqela ukubumba umlinganiselo wetyala. Intshukumo eqhelekileyo iquka:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukufumana uphakamiso-kucinezela ubungqina: I-Argues ezithi ubungqina bufunyenwe ngokungekho mthethweni (umz., ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso) kwaye kufuneka zikhutshwe.
  • Ukurhoxa ukukhupha: ixela ukuba izityholo aziphumeleli ukuchaza ulwaphulo-mthetho okanye akukho bungqina boneleyo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukujongwa kotshintsho lwendawo: lufuna ukushukumisa ukuvavanywa ngenxa yosasazo lwangaphambi koshicilelo olunekhethe.
  • [[UMTL:0] Umqukumbelo kwi-limine: icela umthetho ekungabonwani kobungqina obuthile phambi kokuba ukuvavanywa kuqalise.

Ukwandiswa kwebhari yeplanga

Uninzi olugqwesileyo lwamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho `malunga nama-95%'' luqulunqwe ngesicelo sokucel'iilogo kunokuba agwetywe. Kwisibongozo, ummangalelwa uyavuma ukumangalela ngetyala (ngokufuthi kwityala elincinane) ukuze afumane isigwebo esincitshisiweyo okanye agxothwe ezinye izityholo. Umtshutshisi ungenelwa ngokugcina ityala ngaphandle kwexesha nangendleko yetyala. Ummangalelwa uphepha umngcipheko wesigwebo esiqatha. Abagwebi kufuneka bavume ukucel ’ izivumelwano baze baqinisekise ukuba bangene ngokuzithandela nangokuqonda iziphumo.

Ukuze ufumane iinkcukacha ezichaza indlela isibongozo esithelekisa ngayo imisebenzi kwinkqubo yokusesikweni, bona le imboniso evela kwiiNkundla zase-U.S..

Ityala: Umlawuli Wokusesikweni

Ukuba akukho sivumelwano sifikelelweyo, ityala liqhubekela kwityala. Ityala lelona nyathelo lisemthethweni neliqhelekileyo lenkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho. Ummangalelwa ucingelwa ukuba umsulwa, yaye umtshutshisi uthwele umthwalo wokungqina ukuba unetyala ngokungenakuphikiswa.

Ukhetho

Kumatyala apho ityala lejaji licelwa (ilungelo eliqinisekiswe yiSithandathu IsiHlaliso seMithetho-siseko), inkundla ikhetha iqela labemi abangakhethi buso. Le nkqubo, eyaziwa njenge itshayisa kakhulu[, ivumela omabini amacala ukuba athandabuze abagwebi abangaphambili nabajongeka begqwethekile. Icala ngalinye lingaqhelisela [[FLT:]] imingeni enzima [ (iiiiiii-jursssss jurs ngaphandle kokuchaza isiphelo, ukunyuka) kunye [FLT:] ne[FLT] i-allss zoms zombangela [FLD:5] (iiiiiingxaki yokugweba engenakukhetha).

Ukuvula iNgxelo

Ityala liqala ngokuvula. Ityala liqala ngokuchaza kuqala, lichaza ubungqina abafuna ukubunikela. Ukuzithethelela kunganikela ingxelo yokuvula ngokukhawuleza emva okanye ukuyigcina de kube emva kwetyala lejaji i’. Iingxelo zokuvula zichaza ibali elichukumisayo nendlela abachopheli bejaji abafanele babujonge ngayo ubungqina.

Ukunikelwa Kobungqina

Ityala lichaza ityala lalo ngokunikela ubungqina kunye nemifanekiso. Ingqina ngalinye liqwalaselwa ngqo ngumtshutshisi, emva koko lixilongwe ngummeli. Injongo yokunqamleza ikukungathenjwa, ukubhenca ukungangqinelani, okanye ukukhupha izibakala ezilungileyo. Ingqwalaselo inethuba lokubiza amangqina ayo nokuchaza ubungqina emva kokuba ityala liphumile.

Impikiswano Zokuvala

Emva kokuba bonke ubungqina bunikelwe, icala ngalinye likhupha impikiswano yokuqukumbela. Eli lithuba lokugqibela lokucenga abachopheli betyala. Ingxengxezo igxininisa indlela obubungqina obudibana ngayo nomgangatho ongaphaya kobungcathu, ngeli lixa ukhuseleko lubalaselisa ubuthathaka nokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni. Ingtshutshiso ithetha kuqala nangokugqibela, njengoko ithwala ubunzima bobungqina.

Imiyalelo yengoma kunye nonikezelo

Phambi kokuba abachopheli-tyala baqalise ukukhulula, ijaji ifunda imiyalelo yezobuxoki. Le miyalelo icacisa umthetho osebenza kwityala, izijungqe, nomgangatho wokungqina. Abagwebi baphinde babuyele kwigumbi labucala kwiqumrhu labo. Izabelo zinokuthatha iiyure, iintsuku, okanye kwaneeveki.

Isigwebo: Umgwebo Ufikelela

Isigqibo sisiphelo setyala. Umphathi wabachopheli-tyala ufunda isigwebo enkundleni evulekileyo. Iziphumo ezinokwenzeka zezi:

  • [[FLT: 0] I-Guilty: Abachopheli-tyala bafumanise ukuba ityala lingqina zonke izinto zetyala ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni.
  • Ayinatyala: Abachopheli-mthetho bagqiba kwelokuba ityala aliphumelelanga ukuhlangabezana nomthwalo walo. Ukugwetywa kugqibelelw.] Ummangalelwa akanakuphinda abekwe ecaleni ngenxa yetyala elifanayo phantsi kokhuseleko kwingozi ephindwe kabini (Umphetho-mezo wesi-5).
  • Ityala liphela ngaphandle kwesigqibo ngenxa yejaji exhotyisiweyo (engenakufikelela kwimposiso) okanye impazamo ezenzekelayo. Ityala elitsha lingabanjwa.

Ukuba ummangalelwa ufunyanwe engenatyala, bayakhululwa ngoko nangoko. Ukuba unetyala, ityala lihamba ukuya kugweba. Ukuqondisisa inkqubela-phambili yembali yenkqubo yokuchophela abachopheli, i-[FLT: 0] National Paralegal College inika uncedo lwecebo.

Ukugwetywa: Imiphumo Ebangela Ukuphelelwa

Ukugwetywa kukwinqanaba lokugqibela lenkqubo yokuvavanya. (okanye ngamanye amaxesha ijaji, kwiimeko ezinkulu `````i-PSI)' isohlwayo. Ukugwetywa kwetyala kunokwenzeka ngokukhawuleza emva kwesigqibo okanye kucwangciswe iiveki kamva ukuvumela ingxelo yophando olukhoyo (PSI). I-PSI, elungiselelwe ligosa-mikhosi elilungisa ityala, iquka ummangalelwa i-̱ imvelaphi, imbali yolwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nazo naziphina izinto ezibangela ukuvala ityala.

Ngexesha lokuchonga, iingxelo zempembelelo ye- zingafundwa, zichaza umonakalo owenziwe lulwaphulo-mthetho. Ukhuseleko lungazisa amangqina ophawu okanye iimpikiswano zobunyani. Inkundla ngoko ibeka isigwebo phakathi koluhlu olumiselwe ngumthetho. Iinketho ziquka:

  • [[UMTL:0] Iziphoso kunye nobuyezo: izigwebo ze-emonethi ezihlawulwayo kwimo okanye kumaxhoba.
  • Iprojekthi: [[FLT:] Ukhupho olukhulu kuluntu oluneemeko (umz., uvavanyo lweziyobisi, ixesha lokubuya kwexesha).
  • [[Uquko:0] Uqukuqelo: Jail (ngokusuka kunyaka omnye) okanye intolongo (ngaphezu konyaka omnye).
  • Isigwebo esi-' esi-'acteneritive': inkonzo yoLuntu, ukubanjwa kwasekhaya, okanye iinkqubo zokubuyisela umva.

Kwezinye iindawo, izivakalisi ezinyanzelekileyo eziphantsi ziyasebenza, zithintela ukugwetywa kwetyala. Isigaba sokugweba sikwabangela ukuba ummangalelwa ’ unelungelo lokubhena. Ukuze ufumane inkcazelo emfutshane yezikhokelo zesahlulelo sesizwe, tyelela iKhomishini ye-U.S.Sevenisensing[.

Isiphelo: Intsingiselo Ehlala Ikho

Uhambo lwetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho ekuphengululweni ukuya kwisigqibo lungaphezulu kakhulu koluhlu lovavanyo lwabaphathi bebureaucrates. Luphawu oluphilayo lwemigaqo echaza ibutho labantu elinobulungisa: ukujongwa ngokungekho tyala, ilungelo lokuvavanywa ngokusesikweni, ukhuseleko nxamnye namandla karhulumente angenangqiqo, nokusukela inyaniso ngovavanyo oluqhelekileyo. Isigaba ngasinye siye sahlola `Ikhstanton, ukubanjwa, ukumangalelwa, ukuvavanywa kwangaphambili, ukuvavanywa, ukugwetywa, ukugwetywa, kunye nokugwetywa (htries), ukulungelelanisa inkqubo ecelelwe ukulungelelanisa ukukhuseleka kwabantu ngamalungelo abantu.

Kubafundi nabafundisi, ukuqonda la macandelo kunikela ubuchule kungekuphela nje ekuhlalutyeni imicimbi engokwembali kodwa ekuhlaseleni ngokungqongqo iingxoxo zolwaphulo-mthetho eziguqula imicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho zanamhlanje. Njengoko inkqubo iguquka, uhambo olungundoqo luhlala lusisixhobo esinamandla sokubona ukungqubana komthetho, imbali namalungelo abantu.