Uhambo Lwetyala Ngenkqubo Yobulungisa Yezaphuli - mthetho

Inkqubo yomthetho yolwaphulo-mthetho ingumsebenzi ontsonkothileyo olungiselelwe ukunyanzelisa imithetho, ukugcina ucwangco lukawonke-wonke, nokudlulisela okusesikweni. Kubafundi, izifundiswa zomthetho, kunye nabafundisi, ukuqonda uhambo olupheleleyo lwetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho kubalulekile ukuyiqonda indlela iinkqubo ezisemthethweni ezisebenza ngayo ekuphengululeni ngokufaka isibheno. Isigaba ngasinye sibandakanya iinkqubo ezikhethekileyo, imigaqo engokwasemthethweni, kunye nabadlali abaphambili, ukusuka ekunyanzelweni komthetho nabatshutshisi ukuya kutsho kumagqwetha nabagwebi. Oku kuhamba ngokuhambela phambili kulo lonke icandelo, ukuchaza oko kwenzeka, isizathu sokuba kufuneke, nemiphumo elindelekileyo.

Abathathi - nxaxheba Abaphambili Kwinkqubo Yokusesikweni Yezaphuli - mthetho

Phambi kokuntywila kumanqanaba, kuluncedo ukuqonda abadlali abayintloko ababumba ibhokisi:

  • [[NT.:0] Amagosa omthetho asebenza ngokusemthethweni – amapolisa, abacuphi, kunye namaqumrhu karhulumente aphengulula ulwaphulo-mthetho aqokelele ubungqina.
  • Abacuphi – amagqwetha karhulumente agqibayo ukuba afake iingxelo zetyala kwaye amele urhulumente enkundleni.
  • [[UMTL:0] Igqwetha elikwindawo engaphambili – amagqwetha amela ummangalelwa, mhlawumbi ngasese okanye njengabakhuseli bakawonke-wonke.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Abagwebi - amagosa angondilele ajonge imicimbi, alawule kwiintshukumo, kwaye amise izigwebo.
  • I- Imivuzo [ – amaqela abemi abava ubungqina baze badlulisele izigwebo kwiimvavanyo ezithile.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ivact namangqina – abantu abanikela ubungqina okanye iingxelo zempembelelo.

Umthathi-nxaxheba ngamnye ulandela imithetho yemo-siseko eyahlukileyo ngokwemithetho, kodwa isakhiwo sisonke sihlala sihambelana ngaphaya kweenkqubo zomthetho eziqhelekileyo, kuquka ezo zaseUnited States kunye neUnited Kingdom. Amacandelo alandelayo abonisa indlela yoqobo yetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho.

Isicatshulwa 1: Uphando

Amaqumrhu omthetho — amapolisa asekuhlaleni, amapolisa, okanye amaqumrhu asekuhlaleni anjengeFBI — aphendula kwiingxelo zolwaphulo-mthetho okanye achaze amatyala asenokubakho. Injongo kukufumanisa ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho lukho okanye, ukuba, ubani olwenzileyo.

  • Ukuncokola namaxhoba, amangqina, nabameli
  • Ukuqokelela ubungqina obufana noomgca weminwe, iDNA, izixhobo okanye iingxelo zeminwe
  • Iphumeza imiyalelo yokukhangela ukufaka impahla yabucala
  • Ukujongana nokunika ingxelo
  • Ukuhlola iinyawo okanye uthungelwano lwe-elektroniki

Ngexesha lale nqanaba, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho-siseko kufuneka kusebenze kwimida yomgaqo-siseko. IsiHlaliso se-FON] soMqulu-ngaphandle we-FLT ukhusela ekuphengululweni okungekho ngqiqweni nokuxhuzula; ubungqina obufunyenwe ngokungekho mthethweni bungacinezelwa enkundleni phantsi komthetho [] we-explusions [ [bona [[FLT]] ubulungisa.: ukucinezelwa kobubungqina).

Ukuba abaphandi bafumanisa ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba kubangelwe — inkolelo esengqiqweni yokuba umntu othile wenze ulwaphulo - mthetho — banokuqhubeka besenza uphando olulandelayo.

Isicatshulwa 2: Ukubanjwa

Ukubanjwa kwenzeka xa uwiso-mthetho ebanjwa. Oku kunokwenzeka ngeendlela ezimbini:

  • [[UMTL: 0] nogunyaziso lokubanjwa – ijaji ikhupha isiqinisekiso esisekelwe kwi-affidavit efumbenekayo ebonisa unobangela onokwenzeka.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ngaphandle kogunyaziso - amagosa angabanjwa ukuba angqinela ulwaphulo-mthetho okanye aneemeko ezibi (umz., ukusukela ngobushushu).

Ngexesha lokubanjwa, abaphathi-mikhosi kufuneka bazise abarhanelwayo ngamalungelo abo imaranda (kwi U.S.1]]: ilungelo lokuhlala buthule kunye nelungelo kwigqwetha. Ukungaphumeleli ukwenza njalo kunganikezela iingxelo ezilandelayo ezingacacanga. Okrokrelayo ubhaliwe: ucaphulwe iminwe, ushunqulwe, kwaye ubekwe kwiseli yokubamba. UBail angabekwa kweli nqaku okanye kwilixa lamva.

Kwimimandla emininzi, umntu akanakubanjelwa ngokungenasiphelo ngaphandle kokuba anikezelwe ngokusemthethweni. Umthetho weeyure eziyi48 (Indawo esecaleni koMfula v. McLaughlin, 1991) ufuna isizathu esinokwenzeka sokuva kwisithuba seyure ezingama-48 zokubanjwa okungenasiqinisekiso. Emva kokuba ubambekile, ityala lishenxa kwiqonga lokuchopha.

Isiqhoboshi 3: Ukungcena

Xa umntu erhanelwa ukuba ubanjwa, ityala liya kwiofisi yomtshutshisi. Umtshutshisi uhlola ubungqina aze agqibe ukuba afake izityholo ezisemthethweni kusini na. Esi sisigqibo esibalulekileyo kuba abatshutshisi banengqiqo ebanzi. Bacinga oku:

  • Amandla obungqina
  • Umlinganiselo wolwaphulo-mthetho olutyholwayo
  • Imbali yolwaphulo - mthetho lomntu orhanelwayo
  • Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo
  • Umbane okhoyo noxinzelelo lomthwalo

Utyholo lungahluka ukusuka ku [[FLT: 0] ukruthakruthwano (umz., amatikiti endlela) ukuya imida ye- (umz., ubusela obuncinci) [[FLT:]] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [5] [umz. g., ukubulala]. kuvela ulwaphulo-mthetho lwezwelonke [[FLT] [[FLT] [FFFF]] [FFFFT] [ect:] [12] [fT] [enye] [enye intebelo oluthe kralelwayo. "uthenti: "umthetho] [FLT]] [ithelela, xa emva kokuva umlomo womlomo womlomo womthetho]

Isiqhoboshi 4: Imbonakalo yokuqala kunye nokuva

Kungekudala emva kokuba ebanjiwe, ummangalelwa uvela phambi komgwebi ukuze kuvele imbonakalo yokuqala.

  • Shicilela ummangalelwa kwizityholo
  • Uqeqesho
  • Misela ibheyile okanye iimeko zokukhululwa

Bail sisiqinisekiso semali sokuba ummangalelwa uza kubuya kwimihla yenkundla yexesha elizayo. Ijaji ingamisela umlinganiselo othile, ikhuphe ummangalelwa ngokwawo (akukho mali ifunekayo), okanye ibheyile ukuba ummangalelwa uyingozi kwinqwelo-moya okanye uyingozi kuluntu. IsiHlaliso esithe ngqo sikwalela ibhetri egqithisileyo, kodwa iinkundla ziqwalasela oothunywashe abafana nengxelo yolwaphulo-mthetho, iqhina loluntu, kunye nohlobo lolwaphulo-mthetho.

Kwabo bangakwaziyo ukuhlawula, umbutho wotshintsho [[FLT: 0] ukhokelele kutshintsho kumazwe amaninzi, ukugxininisa uhlolo lomngcipheko kwiimeko zemali (bona Inkqubo yomgaqo-nkqubo: uTshintsho lweBail)).

Isicatshulwa 5: Ukuva kwangaphambili

Kwiimeko zokunganyani, ukuva kokuqala kusoloko kusenziwa ukufumanisa ukuba bukho ubungqina obaneleyo ( unobangela ogxekiweyo [[FLT: 1]]) ukuqhubekeka ukuvavanya. Oku akulotyala lokwenza ityala; kunoko, yinkqubo yokubonisa. Umtshutshisi unikela ubungqina namangqina, kwaye ingqwalaselo iyakwazi ukunqumla i-examine. Ijaji igqiba ukuba ngaba imeko ifanele idlulele phambili.

Ukuba umba olindelekileyo ufunyenwe, ityala liyaqhubeka. Ukuba akunjalo, izityholo ziyarhoxiswa, nangona abatshutshisi benokuyitshintsha into ukuba ubungqina obutsha buvele. Kwezinye iindawo, ukuva kokuqala kungakhutshwa ngokhuselo, ingakumbi ukuba injongo kukunxibelelana ngesibongozo.

Isicatshulwa 6: Ulungelelwaniso

Umthetho kukufundwa okusemthethweni kwezityholo enkundleni evulekileyo. Ummangalelwa uyavela aze angene esibongozweni:

  • Guilty-evuma ulwaphulo-mthetho, oludla ngokukhokelela ngqo ekugwebeni.
  • [[UMTL:0] ungabi natyala – ukukhanyela izityholo, ukumisela iqonga lokuvavanywa.
  • Akukho khuphiswano (nolo imantinere) – ungavumi ukuba netyala kodwa wamkela isohlwayo, esoloko isetyenziselwa ukuphepha iimfanelo zoluntu.

Ijaji iqinisekisa ummangalelwa ukuba unomelo olusemthethweni. Ukuba abanako ukufikelela kwigqwetha, umkhuseli umisiwe. Iimeko ze-bail zingalungiswa kweliqonga. Emva kokubekwa iliso, ityala lingena kwisigaba sangaphambi koshicilelo.

Isiqhoboshi 7: Iintshukumo zangaphambili kunye nokufunyanwa

Phakathi kokubekwa kwetyala nokuvavanywa, omabini amacala angena kwiziphumo ezibonisayo . . Ukuzikhusela kufuneka kutyhile izinto ezithile (umz., amangqina e-alibi), kwaye ingtshutshiso kufuneka iguqulele ubungqina bokuphengulula phantsi Brady v. Maryland [1963]

  • Ukukhupha ubungqina – cela ijaji ukuba ingabufaki ubungqina obufunyenwe ngokungekho mthethweni.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukukhupha – uphikisa ngelithi izityholo azanelanga okanye amalungelo omgaqo-siseko aphulwa.
  • [[UMTL: 0] i-Motion yotshintsho lwendawo – ukudluliswa kwesicelo kwenye indawo ngenxa yosasazo lwangaphambi kwezo ngxelo.
  • Ukufumana – unyanzela elinye icala ukwabelana ngobungqina.

Amatyala amaninzi aphelela apha nge ukuthelekisa . Ngaphezu kwamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho angama- 90% e-U.S. agqitywa ngokufaka isicelo socango, apho ummangalelwa avuma ukumangalela ngetyala ngokutshintshisana ngetyala elincitshisiweyo okanye isivakalisi esilula. Uthethwano lwetyala lubandakanya umtshutshisi, igqwetha elikhuselayo, kwaye ngokufuthi umgwebi, kodwa ummangalelwa kufuneka avume ngokuzithandela.

Ukuba akukho sibongozo sifikelelweyo, elo tyala lisiya ekuvavanyweni.

Isicatshulwa 8: Ukuvavanywa

Ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho lelona qondo libonakalayo nelibalulekileyo. Ummangalelwa unelungelo elisemthethweni kwityala kunye netyala likawonke-wonke ligwetywa ngabachobi abangakhethiyo (Umphetho-mthetho weSixweso-mthetho). Noko ke, ummangalelwa angalichasa ityala labachopheli-tyala aze akhethe ityala le-'' eliyibhekileyo apho ijaji igqiba khona izibakala nomthetho. Inkqubo yokuchophela ibandakanya amacandelo aliqela:

Ukhetho

Ityala kunye namagqwetha akhuselayo abuza amagqwetha anokuba ngabagwebi abanokukwazi ukuchonga iimbono zocalucalulo. Icala ngalinye lingabetha inani elisikelwe umda leejaji ngenxa yesizathu (umz., ukuchana kwemiba) okanye ukusebenzisa iingxaki zokukhulula (akukho sizathu sifunekayo, kodwa alinakusekelwa kuhlanga okanye kubufana). Injongo yiqela elisesikweni nelingakhethi.

Ukuvula iNgxelo

Ityala liqala ngokulandelwa yinkundla.

Ukunikelwa Kobungqina

Ityala lichaza amatyala alo ngentloko, libiza amangqina kunye nokwazisa imiboniso. Amangqina okukhusela ukunqamleza i-examines. Emva kokuba ityala liphumile, ukhuseleko lunganikela ubungqina balo namangqina. Ummangalelwa akafuneki ukuba angqine; isiHlomelo sesihlanu sikhusela ukungazichasi.

Imithetho yobungqina ilawula oko kunokuvunywa. Ukuva umlomo (ngaphandle kwenkundla enikelwe inyaniso) ngokuqhelekileyo akunakwenzeka, ngaphandle koninzi. Amangqina angoovimba angangqina ngenzululwazi yezobunzululwazi, yengqondo, okanye eminye imibandela ekhethekileyo.

Impikiswano Zokuvala

Icala ngalinye lishwankathela ubungqina lize liphikisane nesizathu sokuba abachopheli-tyala bafikelele kwisigqibo esithile. Ityala linomthwalo wobungqina: ngaphandle kobuthandabuza obusengqiqweni[ — owona mgangatho uphakamileyo kumthetho. Ukuzikhusela akufuneki ukungqina ukuba akukho tyala kodwa kudala amathandabuzo asengqiqweni.

Imiyalelo yengoma kunye nonikezelo

Ijaji iyalela abachopheli-tyala ngomthetho onxulumeneyo. Ijaji ngoko ibom ngasese, ijolise kwisigqibo esimanyeneyo kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho. Ukuba abavumi, lilungu lejaji eliququzelelayo , kwaye ijaji ingavakalisa ityala eliphosakeleyo. Ijaji ingenza isigqibo ukuba ingalilungisa na elo tyala.

Isichazi-magama seseva

Ukuba ngaba abachopheli-tyala bafumana ummangalelwa engenatyala, bakhululekile kwaye abanakubekwa tyala elifanayo ( ubungozi obuphindwe kabini uyayithintela le). Ukuba unetyala, elityala liyaqhubeka ligwetywa.

9: Isigwebo

Isigwebo sinokwenzeka ngokukhawuleza emva kwesigqibo esinetyala okanye kucwangciselwe umhla wamva. Ijaji iqwalasela iinkalo ezahlukahlukeneyo:

  • Isalathisi somgaqo-nkqubo wesikhokelo okanye ubuncinane obufunekayo
  • Imeko nobungozi bolwaphulo-mthetho
  • Imbali yolwaphulo-mthetho lommangalelwa
  • zincwadi
  • Iimeko ezinyukayo

Izivakalisi ezinokubakho quka:

  • Imali Entle Nendlela Yokubuyisela
  • Iprojekthi (ikhutshwe ngokukhutshwa
  • Inkonzo yoLuntu okanye iinkqubo zonyango
  • Ukusulelwa (ijail yempazamo, intolongo yetyala)
  • Isohlwayo sokufa (kwimithetho evumela oko)

[[FLT: 0] IsiHlalisi-Mpanzi soMphetho-moya sithintela isohlwayo esikhohlakeleyo nesingaqhelekanga, kodwa iinkundla zixhasi izigwebo ezinde kulwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu. Umzekelo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.Umthetho oPhakamileyo kwi Graham v. Florida [2010]) uluvalela ubomi ngaphandle kweparaseko kulutsha kumatyala angengalawulekiyo (bona [[FLT:]] Oyez: Graham v.[FLD [FLD:5]]).

Isicatshulwa 10: Ukhupho-mali lwePost-Conviation kunye nezibheno

Emva kogwebo, ummangalelwa angasukela i- app. Isibheno asilotyala elitsha; kukuphinda kuphando lwempazamo ezisemthethweni ezisenokuba zichaphazelele isiphumo.

  • Ukuvunywa kobungqina obungafanelekanga
  • Imiyalelo engalunganga yabachopheli-mthetho
  • Uncedo olungenasiphumo lwesiluleko
  • Ukuziphatha okubi kommangaleli

Inkundla yetyala ihlola ingxelo yamatyala kunye nemifutshane yamacala omabini. Inokuxhasa ukuma kwetyala, iphinde ilibuyisele (ngamanye amaxesha ifuna ukuvavanywa okutsha), okanye ilungise isigwebo. E-U.S., abamangalelwa banelungelo lokubhenela ngqo; ukubhenela okubhekele phaya kwiinkundla eziphezulu kuyayilwa.

Ngapha koko kubhena ngqo, abamangalelwa bangafaka uhlaselo lwe- olufana nezicelo ze-habeas corpus, bephikisa ukuba ukuvalelwa kwabo emkhosini kuphula amalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Ezi zinzima kwaye zisoloko zibandakanya iinkundla zolawulo eziqwalasela ukuchana kwemeko.

Ezinye iinzuzo: Ukupheliswa nokukhutshwa

Asiyomeko nganye elandela uhambo olupheleleyo. Ulawulo oluninzi lunika iinkqubo zokuguqula ngexesha lokuqala okanye kumgangatho ophantsi. Ezi nkqubo zivumela abakhohliswa ukuba bagqibe inkonzo yoluntu, ukuphathwa kweziyobisi, okanye imfundo etshintshiselana ngokutsha ityala. Ukugqibezela okunempumelelo kukhokelela ku ukugqunywa , apho ukubanjwa nezityholo zitywinwa kwingxelo kawonke-wonke. Oku kunokuthintela iziphumo ezinde zexesha lokuqeshwa nokuqeshwa nokunikwa kwezithuba (bona [[FLTL:]]]NCSL: intempla yolwandle [[FLT]]]

Iinkalo ezizodwa zeFederal vs. Inkqubo zikaRhulumente

Inkqubo yomthetho yolwaphulo-mthetho iyahluka phakathi kwemigangatho karhulumente neyaseluntwini. Amatyala omanyano abandakanya ukwaphulwa koMthetho we-U.S. (umz., ukuthuthwa kweziyobisi kunqamleza iintambo zikarhulumente, ukuphangwa kwebhanki, ulwaphulo-mthetho lwe-intanethi) kwaye amangalelwa ngamatyala karhulumente abandakanya ukwaphulwa kwemithetho karhulumente kwaye agwetywa ngamagqwetha esithili. Isigwebo somanyano sidla ngokubande ngenxa yomlinganiselo onyanzelekileyo kunye nemigaqo yokugwetywa kwemithetho. Iinkundla kunye neenkqubo zalenqe ziyahluka kancinci, kodwa uhambo oluqhelekileyo luyafana.

Amalungelo Okutyholwa Kuyo Yonke Le nkqubo

Isigaba ngasinye senkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho sibunjwa yimigaqo-siseko yokukhusela. Amalungelo angundoqo aquka:

  • [[UMTL:0] IsiHlaliso seNkqutyana – ukhuseleko ekuphandeni okungaqikeleliyo nasekuxhuzuleni.
  • [[UMTL:0] Uhlaziyo lweFith Amendment - ekunene ukuhlala uthulile, ukhuseleko kwingozi ephindwe kabini, kunye nenkqubo efunekayo.
  • IsiHlalisi-mda se-xxt – kulungile kwityala elikhawulezileyo nelinowonke, abachopheli-mthetho abangakhethi khethe, isaziso setyala, ungquzulwano lwamangqina, kunye noncedo lwesiluleko.
  • [[UMTL:0] UHlaliso lweNkqutyana – ukhuseleko kwibheyile egqithisileyo kunye nesohlwayo esikhohlakeleyo/esingekhoyo.

La malungelo aqinisekisa ukuba kwanabo batyholwa ngezenzo ezinzulu zolwaphulo-mthetho baphathwa ngokufanelekileyo. Xa bephulwa, iziphumo ziquka ukucinywa kobungqina, ukugxothwa kwezityholo, okanye ukubuyiselwa kwesibheno.

Iingcamango Eziqhelekileyo Ngezo Kukhenketho Lwezobulungisa Olwesaphula Umthetho

Abantu abaninzi bacinga ukuba amatyala amaninzi aya kuvavanywa, kodwa eneneni, uninzi lwabaninzi luye lwagqitywa ngokucetyiswa. Enye into ephosakeleyo kukuba ukubanjwa kukhokelela kwisiqinisekiso; enyanisweni, amatyala amaninzi ancitshiswa ngenxa yobungqina obunganele. Ngaphezu koko, indima yexhoba idla ngokuqondwa kakubi: amaxhoba akangeni kwityala, kodwa anokunikela igalelo ngeziphumo zexhoba kwaye anokuba namalungelo okufumana nokulungisa phantsi komthetho karhulumente.

Isiphelo

Uhambo lwetyala ngenkqubo yomthetho yolwaphulo-mthetho luyinkqubo elungele ukulungelelanisa ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke kunye namalungelo omntu ngamnye. Ukusukela ekuhlolweni nasekubanjweni ngamalungelo, ekugwetyweni, kunye nesibheno esinokwenzeka, isigaba ngasinye sibandakanya iinkqubo zomthetho zononophelo kunye nokwenza izigqibo ngabadlali abaninzi. Ukuqonda la maqondo abalulekile nabani na ofunda umthetho, esebenza kwinkqubo, okanye ngokulula ukufuna ukuba ngummi onolwazi. Ngoxa inkqubo ikude nolulwazi olugqibeleleyo — imiba yokwahlukana kwebala, ukugqithisa okugqithisileyo, kunye novimba bobuchule obungaphi na obuqhubekekiyo — isiseko sayo sixhomekeke kwimigaqo efanelekileyo kunye nokunganyaniseki kobumsulwa. Ukuhlola okunzulu, ubuncwane obusuka kuMasaltimenti[FLD [FLD:0]