Ukuqonda Indlela Yokubanjwa

Uhambo olusemthethweni luqala xa umthetho uthatha umntu ebanjwa. Ukubanjwa akusosiganeko esingaqhelekanga, kusekelwe kunobangela ongenakugxekwa [, abaphathi-mikhosi banokukholelwa okusengqiqweni, okuxhaswa zizibakala neemeko, ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho luye lwenzekile. Lo mlinganiselo ukhuselwe kwiSindululo sesine kwaye usisikhuseli esisisiseko ekuvalweni okungekho ngqiqweni.

Ukubanjwa kunokwenzeka ngeendlela ezimbini: ngemvume ekhutshwa ngumgwebi, okanye ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso ukuba umphathi ungqinela ulwaphulo-mthetho okanye unobangela ofanelekileyo kwimeko engxamisekileyo. Xa ebanjwa, umntu kufuneka axelelwe ngamalungelo akhe, aziwa Amalungelo e-Manda, aquka ilungelo lokuhlala athulile kunye nelungelo kwigqwetha. Ukungaphumeleli ukufunda izilumkiso ze-Miranda kunokubangela ukucinezelwa kwamazwi awe ngexesha lokuncinwa kwetyala.

Ngokwe Imigaqo ye-ACLU, abantu kufuneka bahlale bezolile, baphephe ukubanjwa, kwaye bachaze ngokucacileyo injongo yabo yokusebenzisa ilungelo labo lokungathuli. Eli nyathelo lokuqala limisela iqonga lento yonke elandelayo.

Inkqubo Yokubhala

Emva kokuba ebanjiwe, ummangalelwa usiwa kwisikhululo samapolisa okanye kwisakhiwo sokuvalelwa ekubhalisweni . Le nkqubo yolawulo ibhala ukungena komntu kwinkqubo yobulungisa. Ukubhalisa kubandakanya:

  • Ukushicilela inkcazelo yakho (igama elipheleleyo, umhla wokuzalwa, idilesi)
  • Ukuthatha iminwe nemifanekiso (ii-mogshot)
  • Ukuphakamisa izinto zobuqu nokukhupha irisithi
  • Ukubhala izityholo ezichaziweyo kunye nengxelo yegosa elibambayo
  • Ukuqhuba uvavanyo olusisiseko lwempilo

Inkqubo yokubhala isebenza zombini ugcino-rekhodi kunye neenjongo zokwalatha. Kwakhona imisela ukuba umntu uza kubanjelwa eseleni okanye uyakhululwa ngokuzilungiselela kwakhona ukubonakala. Imithetho emininzi ifuna ukuba kubhalwe incwadi ngexesha elifanelekileyo, eliqheleke kwiyure ezingama-48, nangona oku kusenokuhluka ngokomthetho worhulumente.

Imbonakalo Yokuqala: Umdibanisi Wokuqala Wenkundla

Kwiiyure ezingama-48 ukuya ku-72 zokubanjwa, ummangalelwa kufuneka aziswe phambi komgwebi ukwenzela imbonakalo ekhoyo (ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-arragist kumazwe athile). Oku kuvakala kuqatha kuba kuqinisekisa ukuba umntu akagcinwanga ngokungenasiphelo ngaphandle kolawulo lwejaji. Ngexesha lembonakalo yokuqala, umgwebi uya kukuthi:

  • Ukubekwa ityala ngolwimi olucacileyo
  • Qinisekisa ukuba ngubani umtyholi
  • Chaza amalungelo omgaqo - siseko, kuquka ilungelo lokululekwa nokufumana ilungelo lokuvavanywa ngokukhawuleza
  • Cwangcisa ibheyile okanye misa iimeko zokukhululwa
  • Buza indlela ummangalelwa acela ngayo (ukuba igunya lidibanisa imbonakalo yokuqala nomthetho)

Ijaji izakukhangela ukuba ikhona [[FLT: 0] unobangela ogxekiweyo [[FLT: 1] ukuxhasa ukubanjwa. Ukuba ijaji ifumanise ukuba ukubanjwa akunasizathu esinokwenzeka, ummangalelwa angakhululwa. Oku kuva kusoloko kufutshane, kodwa kubeka isiseko setyala lonke.

Ibhayile kunye nokukhululwa kwangaphambili

Esinye sezigqibo ezibalulekileyo ezenziwa kwimbonakalo yokuqala kukuba ngaba ukunika ubail. I-Bail sisiqinisekiso semali sokuba ummangalelwa uza kubuyela kwimihla yexesha elizayo yenkundla. IsiHlanu soLawulo sithintela ibheyile egqithisileyo, kodwa abagwebi banengqiqo ebanzi. Iimeko eziqukiweyo ziquka:

  • Indalo nokuchanabeka kolwaphulo-mthetho
  • Ingxelo yolwaphulo-mthetho yangaphambili nembali yokusilela ukuvela
  • Ukunyanzelwa kweentsapho (ntsapho, umsebenzi,
  • Uhlolo lomngcipheko wenqwelo-moya
  • Ukhuseleko loluntu

Kukho iindlela ezininzi zokhupho lwangaphambili lovavanyo: ukhutshwa ekufumaneni (akukho mali efunekayo), ibheyile yebheyile, [[FLT]], [[FLT]]] umanyano oluqinisekisiweyo [ [iiiibhanti], [[FLT] ne ukhupho olungundoqo [[FLT] olukhoyo [[FLT]] (ukhululot: 7] [umk] [umz.g., ujongo lwe elektroniki, iin-ins). [[FLT:] BB] umlinganiselo wemithetho esesikweni [[FLC] [FLT]]] uchaza ukuba uvavanyo lwezingcingo ze-fam, kodwa abangakwazi ukukhupha iinyanga zeveki, ezinokuhlala iinyanga, ezinokusetyenziswa.

Imigudu yotshintsho kumazwe amaninzi iqhubela phambili kwiingxelo ezisekelwe kumngcipheko kunokuba ifikelele kwiimeko zemali, ngenjongo yokunciphisa ukungabi namali.

Ukuva Kwangaphambili: Ukuhlola Ubungqina

Izityholo ezijijekileyo, isimangalo sokuva [[FLT: 0] esinika ubungqina obuninzi sisoloko sibanjwa kwiiveki ezimbalwa zembonakalo yokuqala. Olu asilotyala elipheleleyo ```ityala'] elinokucinywa' kwaye livavanya ubungqina obungaphelelanga. Ukuba umgwebi ufumana ubungqina obunganelanga, ityala liyarhoxiswa. Ukuba kumele ukuba kuqinisekiswe ukuba ityala limiselwe, imeko iyaqhubeka ityala.

Ukuva kokuqala kungakhululwa yinkuselo, ingakumbi ukuba banethemba lokunxibelelana ngesibongozo. Kukwasebenza njengethuba lokufumana, ukuvumela ukhuseleko lubone ubungqina bangaphambili betyala.

ISifungo esiPhakamileyo

Kumatyala amaninzi karhulumente kunye namanye asekuhlaleni, ityala kufuneka lifumane ityala le-' eligwebayo eli-grand jaji phambi kokuba liqhubeke ukuya kuvavanywa. I-jaji enkulu liqela labemi (ngokuqhelekileyo 16-23) abahlola ubungqina obunikelwa ngumtshutshisi kwimicimbi yasemfihlekweni. Ngokungafaniyo nokuchotshelwa kwangaphambili, i-altation ayikho kwaye ayinako ukunqumla amangqina e-examine. Ukuba ubuncinane i-i-jaji enkulu eli-12 iyavuma ukuba ingunobangela okhoyo, banikezela ngetyala eliyinyaniso eliyinene ]

IsiHlaliso sesihlanu sifuna ukuba ityala elikhulu libekwe kumatyala asemthethweni. Noko ke, amanye amaphondo asebenzisa ukuchotshelwa kokuqala okanye "inkcazelo" ebekwe ngumtshutshisi njengenye indlela. Ukuqonda umahluko kubalulekile, njengoko kuchaphazela ixesha kunye necebo.

Ulungelelwaniso: Ukungena Kwiplanga Elincinane

Emva kokubekwa ityala okanye ukuchonga kokuqala kudibanisa ityala ukuze kugwetywe, ummangalelwa uvela [[FLT: 0] ulungelelaniso . Kulo tyala lisesikweni, ijaji ifunda izityholo kwaye icela ummangalelwa ukuba angene esicelweni. Iinketho zezo:

  • Guilty: iyavuma kulwaphulo-mthetho kwaye yamkela uqinisekiso
  • Ayinatyala: ikhupha izityholo kwaye icela ukuvavanywa
  • Akukho khuphiswano (nolo imantinere): Aluvumi umvandedwa kodwa lwamkela isohlwayo; lusetyenziswa kwezinye iindawo ukuphepha iimfanelo zasekuhlaleni

Kwezinye iinkqubo, inkangeleko yokuqala nomthetho ziyadityaniswa. Ukuba ummangalelwa ucela ngaphandle kwetyala, inkundla imisela ucwangciso lwemiqathango yangaphambili kunye nemihla yokuvavanywa kwetyala.

Intshukumo yangaphambili nokufunyanwa

Phakathi kokubekwa ityala nokuvavanywa, omabini amacala enza intelekelelo ].

  • Phendula ubungqina obufunyenwe ngokungekho mthethweni okanye ukuvuma izono
  • Ukurhoxa izityholo ngenxa yokungabi nasizathu esifanelekileyo okanye ukungalungi komtshutshisi
  • Ukutshintsha indawo (susa ityala ukuze uphephe ikhethe)
  • Nabani na omangalelwayo okanye omangalelwayo

Ezi zintshukumo zibumba imida yokuvavanya. Intshukumo ephumelelayo yokucinezela ingaphelisa ubungqina obubalulekileyo betyala, maxa wambi ikhokelela ekugxothweni okanye isibongozo esilungileyo.

Ukubetha ibhatyi: Ubunyani benkqubo

Ngaphezu kwama-90% amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho aphela ku- e-plea procence kunokuba kube lityala. I-Plea ibandakanya ukuphikisana phakathi komtshutshisi negqwetha elikhuselayo, apho ummangalelwa avuma ukumangalelwa ngetyala elinetyala (ngokufuthi kwityala elincinane) ukutshintshisana ngesigwebo esicuthiweyo okanye ukugxothwa kwezinye izixa-mali. Iimeko eziphembelelayo ziquka:

  • Ubungqina obunamandla
  • Ubungqina obufana nobufanayo bokuqiniseka xa uvavanywa
  • Ukuchanabeka kwesivakalisi
  • Iindleko nexesha lokuvavanywa
  • Impembelelo kwintsapho yommangalelwa nomsebenzi

Ijaji kufuneka ivume isicelo sokuqinisekisa ukuba sisenziwa ngokuzithandela kwaye ummangalelwa uyayiqonda imiphumo. Nangona kugxekwa ukuba isicelo singanyanzelisa abamangalelwa abamsulwa, bahlala belilitye lesiseko lenkqubo esemthethweni. Iwebhsayithi yeNkundla yase-U.S. iphawula ukuba ukucela izivumelwano kuyanceda ukusingatha ukuthwaliswa kwetyala. Ukuqonda isicelo kuyimfuneko kuye nawuphi na ofunda uhambo ngendlela esemthethweni.

Ityala: Ubulungisa Obungathandekiyo

Ukhetho

Ukuba akukho sibongozo sifikelelwayo, ityala liqhubekeka ukuvavanya. Inyathelo lokuqala elingundoqo liyi- lodamor . jury ukhetho. I-Attorney ukusuka kumacala omabini umbuzo onokuba ngabalawuli bomphicotho okanye abangakwaziyo ukuchonga ikhethe. Icala ngalinye lingenza uvavanyo lwengxaki [iiindawo] i-'i-'i-'i-'script] (isebenzisa irhobor-jur ngaphandle kokuchaza isizathu, ngokokuba nesizathu sokungalungisiyo) kunye [FLT:] necala lokwenza umbangono. [FLT]

Ukuvula iNgxelo

Emva kokuba abachopheli-tyala befunyaniswe, icala ngalinye likhupha ingxelo yokuvula. Ityala lihamba kuqala, lichaza ubungqina eliza kubunikela. Ukhuseleko lunganikela uvulo lwalo ngoko nangoko okanye lungalugcina de kube emva kwetyala lejaji. Iingxelo zokuvula aziyo impikiswano, zizinto eziboniswa kwangaphambili ngoko ubungqina buzakubonisa.

Ukunikelwa Kobungqina

Ityala lichaza amatyala alo ngentloko, ukubiza amangqina kunye nokwazisa imiboniso. Ingqina ngalinye lifumana uvavanyo oluthe ngqo ngengtshutshiso, ngoko uvavanyo lokwahlula [ ngokhuselo. Ukhuseleko lungabhenela kwimibuzo okanye ubungqina kwimiba esemthethweni (uluvo, ilungelo). Emva kokuba ingxubeso isohlwayo iso, ingashukuma kugwebo lwe-valegi ukuba ubungqina abunelanga.

Ukuba inyathelo lokuzithethelela alivunywa, ubungqina balo bubonisa. Ummangalelwa unelungelo lomgaqo-siseko lokungangqinisi, yaye abachopheli-cholacholi-tyala abanakufumana isiqinisekiso esiphosakeleyo ngokuthula. Ubungqina bokuphendula bungalandela.

Impikiswano Zokuvala

Emva kokuba kunikelwe bonke ubungqina, kwicala ngalinye likhupha impikiswano yokuqukumbela. Ityala liqala liphinde libekwe emva kokuzithethelela. Ngokungafaniyo neentetho zokuqala, iingxoxo zokuvala ziyayeyisela, zibongoza abachopheli ukuba babhale intetho ethile baze bafikelele kwisigqibo esithile.

Isigqibo soMququzelelo kunye neSigwebo

Ijaji iyalela abachopheli-tyala ngomthetho osebenzayo, kuquka umthwalo wobungqina . .Ngapha koko ijaji ithandabuza amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho. Kwimimandla emininzi, isigqibo kufuneka sihlangane kwityala okanye singabi natyala. Ukuba abachopheli-mthetho abanakuvuma (a i-angngng ), ijaji ingavakalisa ukuquluphala, kwaye ijaji ingalizisa kwakhona.

Ukuba isigqibo asinatyala, ummangalelwa ukhululwe yaye akanakubekwa mvalo wetyala elifanayo (ingozi ephindwe kabini). Ukuba unetyala, inkundla iyaqhubeka igweba.

Ukugweba

Isigwebo sisenokuvela ngokukhawuleza emva kwesigqibo okanye kwiiveki ezihlukeneyo emva kokuchotshelwa kwetyala.

  • Umlinganiselo onzima wolwaphulo-mthetho nomphumela walo kumaxhoba
  • Imbali yolwaphulo-mthetho lommangalelwa
  • Iimeko zobuqu (ngeminyaka, ngengqondo, neembopheleleko zentsapho)
  • Ingxelo yophando oluvela kwityala, ukukhusela nokuvavanya
  • zincwadi

Imposiso yonyuso lwendawo igqithiselweyo iinqanaba ngokubanzi: [ Imposiso [i-FLT] [i-act:2] ikhutshwa ngemisebenzi, [[FLT:] ifomati, [[FLT: 3], [[[FLT:]] [[FLT]] i-'umiselo[[[FLT:]]] [iiiiiiindawo ekhethekileyo], [[FLT], [iiiindlela], [iiiiindlela] [iiiindlela] yokwahlulwa, [iiiiiizinto ezimfutshane, iintolongo ze fellon, [FLD:] .[FLD] kunye neengcebiso zezonyango zonyango oluthe kratyalwayo.[12]

IKhomishini ye-United States egwebayo ipapasha ugcino-lwazi kwizigwebo zikarhulumente, ibonisa ukuba ukurhwebelana ngeziyobisi, ubuqhetseba, kunye nemipu kutyala icandelo elikhulu lesigwebo sentolongo karhulumente.

Izibheno: Funa Impinda

Ummangalelwa ogwetyiweyo unelungelo lokubhenela kwityala eliphezulu. Izibheno aziyotyala kwakhona. Zijolise ingqalelo kwiimpazamo ze-[[FLT: 1] ezisenokuba zichaphazele iziphumo. Izizathu eziqhelekileyo zokubhenela ziquka:

  • Ukuvuma okanye ukulahla ubungqina obungafanelekanga
  • Imiyalelo engalunganga yabachopheli-mthetho
  • Ukuziphatha okubi kommangaleli
  • Uncedo olungenasiphumo lwesiluleko
  • Akukho bungqina buneleyo bokuxhasa esi sigqibo

Umqwalaseli (umntu onomtsalane) kufuneka afake isaziso sesibheno ngexesha elingqongqo, ngokuqhelekileyo iintsuku ezingama-30. Inkundla ethatha izithuba ihlola ingxelo yetyala kwaye ibhale imifutshane, kwaye isenokuva impikiswano zomlomo. Ingathi:

  • Isiqinisekiso ulweyiseko
  • [[UMTL:0] buyisela umva ukuqiniseka (kwaye maxa wambi kuyalela ukugxothwa okanye ukuvavanywa okutsha)
  • [[UMTL:0] Remand ngenxa yokucaphukisa okanye ukuqhubekeka kwemicimbi

Ukuba isibheno sikarhulumente okanye inkqubo karhulumente ibandakanyekile, ityala lingaya kwinkundla ephakamileyo okanye kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S., nangona uhlolo olucacileyo lunqabile. [i-Habeas corpus izibongozo zinika isicombululo seposi sokwaphulwa komgaqo-siseko.

Inkqubo yezibheno kukuvavanya okubalulekileyo kubulungisa betyala. Ngokutsho kwe Brennan Center yeJaji , ukucela kunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba iimpazamo ziyalungiswa nokuba ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kunye nabatshutshisi balandela iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo.

Amalungelo Angundoqo Kuzo Zonke Iziphumo

Kulo lonke uhambo ukusuka ekubanjweni ukuya enkundleni, ummangalelwa unelungelo lokufumana imigaqo emininzi ephambili:

  • [[UMTL:0] ekunene ukungathuli (Umphetho- Amendo we-F5th)
  • ekunene kwisiluleko (Uguqulo lwezijungqu)(---"I-indigent")"ukuba igqwetha lizakutyunjwa, igqwetha liza kumiselwa
  • [[UMTL:0] Ekunene ukuya kuvavanyo olukhawulezayo nolukawonke-wonke
  • [[UMTL:0] ekunene ukujongwa kumangqina (uvavanyo lomnqamlezo)
  • [[UMTL:0] Ekunene ukukhululeka ekuphengululeni okungaqondakaliyo nasekuxhuzuleni (Umphetho-mda wesine)
  • [[UMTL:0] Ekunene ukuba ukhululwe kwingozi ephindwe kabini (Umphetho-Mva wesi-5)
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] ekunene kwinkqubo efunekayo (IziHlayilelo zeNtsibelo zeNtloko ne Zeshumi elinesine)

Ukuqonda la malungelo kubalulekile kuye nawuphi na umfundi okanye umfundisi - ntsapho ohlolisisa inkqubo yezomthetho.

Indima Yesiluleko Sokhuselo

Igqwetha elifanelekileyo elingummeli elifanelekileyo libalulekile kwinqanaba ngalinye. Ukusuka ekucengeni umxhasi ukuba athethe na namapolisa, ukucebisana nocwethetho, ukuvavanya uxanduva lobugcirha, igqwetha liqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo ommangalelwa akhuselwe. Abakhuseli boluntu banceda abo bangakwaziyo ukunikela isiluleko sabucala, nangona ukuthwala imithwalo kunzima. I-Melikan Bar Association [[FLT: 1] ibonelela izinto ezisemgangathweni wokuzikhusela.

Isiphelo: Ukuyikhupha Imfundiso

Uhambo oludlula kwinkqubo engokwasemthethweni, ukusukela ekubotshweni ukuya enkundleni yenkundla, yinkqubo elungelelanisiweyo elawulwa ngumthetho kunye nenkqubo. Inyathelo ngalinye lisebenza injongo: ukukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye, ukuqinisekisa isizathu esilindelekileyo, ukuvavanya, nokuhambisa isiqinisekiso esifanelekileyo. Kubafundi nabafundisi, ukuqonda olu hambo kucacisa indlela okusebenza ngayo okusesikweni. Kukwabalaselisa iindawo ezilungele ukuhlaziywa, njengokufakwa kwebheyile, ukucetyiswa kwengcelele, nokufikelela kwisiluleko.

Ngokufunda la maqondo anzulu, ubani akafumani nje ulwazi ngeenkqubo zomthetho kuphela kodwa kwakhona ufumana uxabiso olunzulu ngemigaqo-siseko echaza inkqubo yokusesikweni yaseMerika. Enoba ulungiselela umsebenzi womthetho, ukufundisa amaqumrhu oluntu, okanye ukufuna nje ukuba ngummi onolwazi, esi siseko sixabiseke kakhulu.