Indlela Esuka Kwingcinga Iya Esigqityweni

Inkqubo esemthethweni ilungiselela ukucwangciswa kokucombulula iingxwabangxwaba, ukukhusela amalungelo, nokugcina ucwangco kwibutho labantu. Enoba le mbambano ibandakanya ukwaphulwa kwesivumelwano, ukwenzakala kobuqu, umcimbi wentsapho, okanye ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, uhambo olusuka kwisikhalazo sokuqala ukuya kwisigqibo sokugqibela lulandela ulandelelwano olucacileyo. Ukuqonda isigaba ngasinye (ukusuka ekuncedweni ngokufunyanwa, ukuvavanywa, kunye nesibheno esinokwenzeka //onke amaqela ukwenza izigqibo zolwazi, ukusingatha oko kulindelwe, nokusebenza ngokunempumelelo kwinkqubo esemthethweni. Esi sikhokelo saphula amacandelo angundoqo asebenza ngokulandelelana kwemigaqo yolwaphulo-mthetho (nakusetyenziswa kwimigaqo emininzi), ukunikela ukuqonda okusebenzisekayo kubafundi, abaqeqeshi, nabani nabani nabani nabani na oqhuba iinkundla.

Isiseko senkqubo yomthetho

Inkqubo yomthetho isekelwe kwintsika ezintathu ezingundoqo: iinkundla ezitolika zize zisebenzise umthetho, amagqwetha axhasa amaqela, kunye namaqumrhu okuqinisekisa ukuthobela imithetho yenkundla nokugcina ucwangco lukawonke-wonke. Ilungu ngalinye lisebenza kwiseti yemithetho yemimiselo .Njengokuba iMimiselo yeSizwe yePhondo yaMasipala eUnited States.

  • IiNkundla eziPhakathi: I-Vnues apho iimpikiswano zomthetho zigwetyelwa khona. Kwi-U.S., inkqubo iquka iinkundla zamatyala (iinkundla zesithili okanye iinkundla zelizwe eziphezulu), iinkundla eziphakathi, kunye neNkundla ePhakamileyo. Inkundla nganye iphethe igunya le-62.umz., urhulumente wezwe loluntu v.
  • Ii-Attorney:[ iingcali zelayisense ezimele abaxhasi, zinika icebiso elingokwasemthethweni, kwaye zilungiselela amaxwebhu afunekayo. Kufuneka zinamathele kwimithetho yendlela yokuziphatha kwaye zingenza uthethwano lokwahlukana.
  • Unyanzeliso lwasemthethweni: Amaziko anjenge-polisa, amasebe omphathi-mikhosi, kunye namasebe karhulumente (FBI, uMatshi wase-U.S.) anyanzelisa imiyalelo yenkundla, asebenze inkqubo, kwaye aphengulule ihambo engekho mthethweni.

Ngaphaya kwezi ntsika, enye indlela yokulungisa impikiswano (ADR) indlela yokulungisa kunye nokukhupha indledlana ezingakumbi (ukukhupha) iindlela zokusombulula iingxabano ngaphandle kwelixa eliqhelekileyo. Iinkundla ezininzi ngoku zifuna amaqela ukuba azame uhlobo oluthile lwe-ADR phambi kokuvavanywa kwetyala.

Isahluko 1: Ukuphelisa Isikhalazo

Uhambo luqala ngokusesikweni xa ummangalelwa (umntu okanye isiko elifuna isicombululo) efaka isikhalazo kwinkundla efanelekileyo. Isikhalazo sixwebhu esingokwasemthethweni esichaza isiseko esiyinyaniso seli tyala, sichaza ingcamango esemthethweni (umz., ukungakhathali, ukwaphula isivumelwano, ityala lemveliso), kwaye sicela unyango olukhethekileyo lwemali okanye umyalelo.

Ukukhetha Inkundla Echanileyo

Phambi kokugqiba isikhalazo, ummangaleli kufuneka amisele ukuba yiyiphi inkundla elawulayo. isikhulu esiphantsi sokulawula sibhekiselele kwigunya lenkundla lokuva uhlobo oluthile lwetyala (umz., irejista yamalungelo asemthethweni angena kugunyaziso lwasemthethweni; uqhawulo-qhawulo-mtshato luye kwiinkundla zesizwe). ulawulo lwe-MPUMALATHILE [[ lufuna ukuba ummangalelwa abe nonxulumano oluncinci olwaneleyo nemeko ye-FUM. I-Filing kwinkundla engalunganga inokuba neziphumo zokungagunyaziswanga, ibangele ukuba yonke inkqubo.

Ukuphelisa Isikhalazo

Isikhalazo esinempumelelo kufuneka siquke (1) intetho ecacileyo yezibakala eziphakamisa intelekelelo, (2) izizathu ezisemthethweni zokukhululeka, (3) imfuneko yomgwebo. Umgangatho wenkcukacha ofunekayo uyahluka-hluka ngokolawulo; ezinye zifuna “ukubongoza” (ingxelo emfutshane necacileyo) ngexa abanye befuna“ ukubongoza ngesenzo” (iinkcukacha ezicacileyo). Imizekelo yeziqalelo ezingundoqo:

  • Amagama abo bonke abantu kunye needilesi zabo.
  • Ingxelo ebonisa isiqalelo ngasinye sonobangela wesenzo.
  • Isicelo esingqalileyo sokuhlangulwa (umz., R180 000 seendleko zonyango).

Emva kokuba ibhalisiwe, isimangalo sibekwa kumphathi wenkundla, yaye kuhlawulwa umrhumo wefamfa (nangona abahlawuli bemali bafumaneka kumaqela aphantsi). Inkundla yandula ke inike izicelo, ezinikelwa kummangalelwa kunye nekopi yesikhalazo.

Isicatshulwa 2: Indlela Ummeli Asabela Ngayo

Emva kwenkonzo, ummangalelwa unexesha elilinganiselweyo (umzekelo 21-30 kwinkundla yesizwe) ukuyila impendulo. Ukungaphumeleli ukuphendula kungakhokelela kumgwebo ongagqibekanga nxamnye nommangalelwa.

Iindlela Zokusabela

  • Impendulo: Eyona mpendulo iqhelekileyo. Ummangalelwa uyavuma okanye ukhanyela ityala ngalinye kwaye angaphakamisa ukhuseleko (umz., ummiselo wesithintelo, uqikelelo lomngcipheko, ukungakhathali).
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukukhupha: Ummangalelwa uthi nokuba zonke izityholo zomcuphi ziyinyaniso, umthetho awuniki nyango, okanye inkundla ayinagunya. Intshukumo ephumelelayo igqiba ityala kwangoko.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ibalauclaim: Ummangalelwa angazibophelela ngokuzibanga kwakhe nxamnye nomphathi. Umlahli wenqanawa kufuneka aphendule ibala.

Ukuba ummangalelwa ufakela impendulo, ityala lidlulela kwinqanaba lokufumana. Ukuba inyathelo lokugxotha liqulunqwa, inkundla iza kucwangcisa ukuchotshelwa kwetyala ukuze kugqitywe.

Isiqwenga 3: Ukufumanisa – Ukuqokelela Ubungqina

Uphando lusoloko lulolona qondo lide nelinzulu lokufumana. Amacala omabini atshintshisana ngolwazi namaxwebhu ukuze atyhile izibakala, acuthe iimbambano, aze avavanye amandla eendawo zawo. Umlinganiselo wokufumana izinto ubanzi: nawuphi na umba ongengomgunyathi onxulumene nento okanye ingqwalaselo ufunyaniswe.

Izixhobo Zokufumanisa Eziqhelekileyo

  • Imibuzo ebhaliweyo emele iphendulwe phantsi kwesifungo. Idili lingabuza ngolwazi olungasemva, i-ICS, kunye neembono zolwazi. Ngokuqhelekileyo ipheleliselwe kwi 25 yemibuzo kwinkundla yequmrhu.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Uqikelelo: ubungqina obuphilayo obuthatyathwe phambi komcholacholi-ndaba wenkundla (futhi busoloko bufakwe ividiyo). I-Attorney yamangqina abuzwa phantsi kwesifungo, kwaye iikhowudi zingasetyenziswa xa kuvavanywa ukuphenduliswa okanye ukuba ingqina alifumaneki.
  • [[UMTL:0] Izicelo zemveliso: Iimfuno zamaxwebhu, iifoto, ii-imeyili, okanye obunye ubungqina obubonakalayo. Ukufunyanwa kwe-elektroniki (e_proficiety) ngoku kuyinxalenye engundoqo yokhuphiso, kufuna amaqela ukuvelisa ii-metadata kunye nothungelwano lwamanani.
  • [[UMTL:0] Izicelo zogunyaziso: omnye ucela omnye ukuba avume okanye akhanye izibakala ezithile. Imvume incinanisa imingeni yokuvavanywa.

Ukufunyaniswa kwale ngxelo kufuneka kwenziwe ngentsebenziswano. Iinkundla zimisela izigwebo zokukhutshwa (ukutshatyalaliswa kobungqina) okanye ukusilela ukuphendula. Amatyala amaninzi ahlala ngexesha okanye emva kokufunyanwa ngenxa yokuba amaqela afumana imbono yokwenene yamathuba awo ekuchongeni.

ISitishi 4: Iintshukumo neNgqungquthela

Phambi kokuvavanywa, iqela ngalinye lingalungisa intshukumo ukubumba umlinganiselo wetyala okanye ukuphelisa ityala ngaphandle kokuvavanywa. Iingqungquthela zephondo kunye nomgwebi woncedo zingena ncam kwinkqubo.

Intshukumo Engundoqo Yangaphambili

  • [[UMTL:0] Umbutho womgwebo wesishwankathelo:[[FT:1] Impikiswano yokuba akukho mpikiswano yokwenene yento ephathekayo nokuba iqela elihambayo linelungelo lomgwebo njengomcimbi womthetho. Ukuba livunyiwe, ityala liyasombululwa ngaphandle kokuvavanywa.
  • [[UMTL:0] Umvo okhoyo kwi Limine: ifuna ukungabufaki ubungqina obungacokiyo obungachananga, obucalucalulayo, okanye obungasetyenziswayo ekukhankanyweni ekucinyweni. Umzekelo, ukukhupha ubungqina bokholo lwangaphambili okanye unikezelo lwendawo.
  • I-Motion kwi Compel: ifayile xa omnye umntu engaphumeleli ukuphendula kwizicelo ezifunyenweyo. Inkundla ingayalela ukuthobela nokubeka imvume.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukuququzelela ukunyuswa: kwezenzo zokufumana ukrwada okanye izibongozo ezingeyomfuneko.

IiNkomfa zangaphambi

Ijaji ingaphatha iingqungquthela eziphambili enye okanye ezininzi ukuxubusha ngamathemba okuhlaliswa, imisele amaxesha okucwangcisa, imisele imithetho yesiseko yokuvavanya. Isiphumo [[FLT: 0] somyalelo wovavanyo [[FLT: 1] silawula ihambo yokuvavanywa kwaye sithintele imimangaliso.

Isicatshulwa 5: Ityala

Ukuba ityala liyasinda kumgwebo wesishwankathelo kwaye alilungiswanga, liqhubekelwa kwityala. Ityala lungquzulwano lukawonke-wonke lobungqina kunye neempikiswano phambi kwejaji (ukuchotshelwa kwetyala) okanye phambi kwejaji. Umthwalo wobungqina kumatyala amaninzi asekuhlaleni “kukuqwalaselwa kobungqina” (okunokwenzeka ukuba akunjalo). Kwimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, umgangatho “ungaphaya kwamathandabuzo asengqiqweni.”

Iziqinisekiso Zetyala

  • [[NTL: 0] Ukukhetha (Indawo yeVoir): IAttorney zibuza ukuba abalawuli abanokuba ngabathathi-nxaxheba abashiya ikhethe. I-jurs ingabethwa ngenxa yesizathu okanye ukudlula kwimingeni (inani elilinganiselweyo).
  • IiNgxelo eziVulayo: Icala ngalinye lichaza ubungqina abalindele ukubunikela. Ezi asizozibonelelo kodwa yimapu yendlela yabachopheli-tyala.
  • Unikezelo lobuBonakaliso: I-Placttiff ichaza imeko yabo kuqala, ibiza amangqina kunye nokwazisa imiboniso. Ummangalelwa anganqamleza i-prexlamani. Emva kokuba ummangalelwa ephumlile, ummangalelwa uveza ityala lakhe. I-Rebustal kunye ne- suŕprotratal angalandela.
  • [[FLT: 0] Impikiswano ezichazayo: Icala ngalinye lishwankathela ubungqina kwaye liphikisa isizathu sokuba abachopheli-tyala balawule bebaxhasa. Ijaji ngoko iyalela abachopheli-mthetho abasebenzayo (imiyalelo).
  • [[FLT: 0] Jury Delibration kunye neSigwebo: Abachopheli betyala ngasese kwaye babuyisela isigqibo. Kwityala lebheri, ijaji ikhupha iziphumo zento nefuphelo lomthetho.

Xa kuthethwa ityala, abantu basenokungabuvumi ubungqina okanye imibuzo.

ISihlomelo 6: Intshukumo nezibheno zasemva

Emva kwesigqibo okanye umgwebo, iqela eliphulukana nesiphumo lingayicel ’ umngeni iziphumo ngomngxuma wasemva kovavanyo okanye isibheno. Ukuqonda ezi ndlela kubalulekileyo kuba iimpazamo ezininzi ezingokwasemthethweni zingalungiswa kuphela xa kubhena.

Intshukumo yasemva (Kwinkundla yetyala)

  • [[NTLA:0] Ukuqulunqwa komgwebo njengomcimbi woMthetho (JMOL):[ I-Argues ukuba i-avalenti elungileyo ayinakufikelela kwisigqibo esisekelwe kubungqina obunikiweyo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Umbutho wovavanyo olutsha: osekelwe kwiimpazamo ezisemthethweni (umz., ukuvunywa okungafanelekanga kobungqina, ukuziphatha okubi ngesiluleko) okanye ogqithisileyo (okanye onganelanga) wonakalisa umvuzo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukuququzelela kuMgwebo oGciniweyo: Izicelo zokuba inkundla ilungise ugwebo ngezizathu ezithile.

Inkqubo Yesibheno

Ukuba inyathelo lomthetho alivunywayo, iqela eliphulukana nesaziso sesibheno ngenkundla efanelekileyo. Isibheno asilotyala elitsha; lihlola ingxelo yokuvavanywa kwetyala ngenxa yeempazamo ezingokwasemthethweni. Amaqela anikezela iingxelo ezibhaliweyo ezifutshane, yaye maxa wambi iimpikiswano zomlomo ziyavakala. Inkundla ye-appellate ingaqinisekisa, ibuyisela umva, okanye ibuyisela (emva) ityala ukwenzela ityala elithe kratya.

Kunothatha iinyanga okanye iminyaka. Kwinkqubo karhulumente wase-United States, ababhexeshi bangabhenela kwiNkundla yezibheno yase-United States yaye, ukuba basalelwe, bacela iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-United States ukuba ifumane i-cretiorari (enikwa malunga ne-1% yamatyala).

IsiSekelo 7: Isisombululo

Nanini na kuhambo olusemthethweni, -- nokuba sekufakwe isibheno) amaqela angakhetha ukuhlala. Ukuhlala kuphepha ixesha, iindleko, nokungaqiniseki ngetyala kunye nesibheno. Amatyala angaphezulu kwama-95% ahlala phambi kokuvavanywa kwetyala.

Iingenelo Zokuhlalisana

  • [[UMTL:0] Isiphumo:[[[FT:1] Izivumelwano zigcina iindleko ezibalulekileyo zomthetho kwaye ziphephe iindleko zenkundla.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ixesha lokubeka: Ubeko lungafikelelwa kwiiveki okanye iinyanga, hayi iminyaka.
  • Izakhelo zokuzinza zigcinwa ziyimfihlo; ukuvavanywa kunguwonke-wonke.
  • [[UMTL:0]Control: Izahlulo zisebenza ngokwazo isigqibo, ngokufuthi ezidala kakhulu kunomyalelo wenkundla (umz., intlawulo ecwangcisiweyo, ukucela uxolo, izibophelelo).

Ubuchule Bokuphelisa Ingxaki

Ukuzinziswa kungalungiselelwa

  • [[UMTL:0] Uhlomelo lwengxoxo [[Umthetho:1] phakathi kwamagqwetha.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Intsingiselo [ ````'''''''''.'engathathi cala inceda iqela lifumane ulwamkelo oluqhelekileyo.
  • Arbitation]
  • Intlanganiso zokuhlalisa ezisusiweyo apho ijaji okanye imaji iqhubela phambili isigqibo.

Xa kufikelelwe isisombululo, iqela lenza isivumelwano sokwamkelwa kweso sivumelwano esikhulula ummangalelwa kwenye indawo. I-poletiff ithumela intshukumo yokukhupha ityala (ngokufuthi ngekhethe, oko kuthetha ukuba alinakubuyiselwa).

Uqwalaselo Olukhethekileyo Lodidi Lomzekelo

Ngoxa inkqubo yokukhanyisa kwemizi ilandela amaqondo achazwe ngasentla, eminye imimandla yomthetho inemijikelezo engaqhelekanga:

  • UMthetho woLusalo: uquka ukunyanzeliswa kwemiba yelungelo lokugcina umntwana, yaye iinkundla zisoloko “zinomsebenzi wokuxolelana” phambi kokunika uqhawulo-mtshato.
  • [[UMTL:0] I-Injijiye yeyakho buqu: Ukufunyaniswa kusenokubandakanya kakhulu iirekhodi zezamayeza kunye nobungqina obungoogcisa bomonakalo. Iimilinganiselo zokwahlula ingqongqo.
  • Impikiswano: isoloko iquka imfuneko yokuchophela ityala, kwaye isikhalazo kufuneka siqhoboshe isivumelwano.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ikhethe: Iimeko ezininzi zifuna ukubekwa uxanduva (ukubekwa kwetyala ne-EOC) phambi kokumangalelwa enkundleni.

Amacebiso Asebenzisekayo Ekuhambiseni Inkqubo

Kubafundi nabafundisi-mfundo abafunda inkqubo yomthetho (* kwaye nabani na obandakanyekileyo) ukukhumbula ezi zilumkiso kunokuludambisa uhambo:

  • Uxwebhu Lonke: Lugcine imibhalo yazo zonke izibongozo, uthungelwano, kunye nobungqina. Sebenzisa ubalo-maxesha ukwenzela ukuba ulandele ixesha.
  • Buza malunga nemigca efileyo: Imiqathango ephosiweyo ithetha ukugxothwa okanye ukungagqibeki. Ngamaxesha onke uqinisekisa imihla yokubhala nonobhala wenkundla.
  • [[UMTL:0] Qwalasela ADR kwangoko:[[FLT 1] Iinkundla ezininzi zifuna yona, kwaye ingagcina imali nokuba ayiyisombululi ngokupheleleyo ityala.
  • Isivumelwano neAttorney yakho: Ulwalamano olukwigqwetha ngqa olusebenza kakuhle xa umxhasi exelelwe kwaye ebandakanyekile.
  • [[UMTL:0] Lungela ixesha: Iqonga elibekwe kwidokisi elisedokisini kunye nokufumana iimpikiswano kusoloko kubangela ulibaziseko. Umonde uyimfuneko.

Isiphelo

Uhambo olusuka kwisikhalazo ukuya kwisisombululo alufane lube lulungelelaniswa. Luyajika-jika ngokufaka iinguqu, iimpendulo, ukufumanisa izinto, ukuthatha inyathelo, ukuvavanya, kwaye mhlawumbi lungasikelwe mfutshane ngokuhlalwa kwemeko. Iqonga ngalinye lifuna ingqalelo yeenkcukacha, ulwazi ngemithetho ebekwe phantsi, kunye nokucinga okulungeleleneyo. Abafundi, aba bafunda la macandelo, banika isiseko esifanelekileyo sokuqonda indlela umthetho osebenza ngayo. Kuwo onke amaqela abandakanyekeneyo, ukuqhelaniswa nenkqubo kunciphisa ixhala kwaye akuncede usebenze ngokunempumelelo neqela lakho elisemthethweni. Nokuba ngaba iziphumo zingumyalelo womgwebi, umphula-gosa, okanye uluvo oluphezulu, inkqubo yeNkulungisa inika inkqubo yomthetho ekugqibeleni elungiselelweyo kodwa efuna ukuphucula inkqubela.

Ukuze uhlolisise ngakumbi le mibandela ixutyushwayo, jonga ezi mithombo idumileyo: