Ukwazisa: Indlela Engenamkhethe Yotshintsho LomGaqo-siseko

Ukwenziwa komgaqo-siseko yenye yezona zenzo zibalulekileyo ezinokwenziwa luhlanga. Le nkqubo inzima ngabom, yenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba utshintsho kuxwebhu olusekelwe kumthetho lubonisa ububanzi noluhlalayo kunokuvumelana okufutshane kwezizathu zepolitiki. Ukusuka kwisicelo sokwandiswa, iqonga ngalinye licetyiswe ngobuchule ukulinganisela imfuneko yokuzinziswa kunye namandla endaleko eyimfuneko. Eli nqaku libonisa uhambo oluqhelekileyo lolungiso lwendlela, ukuhlolisisa imigaqo, iimfuno, kunye nocelomngeni oluyila lenkqubo ebalulekileyo.

Uxinzeleleko olungundoqo kumgaqo-siseko womyili luphakathi kokunyanzelisa nokutshintsha. Umgaqo-siseko ongqongqo kakhulu unokuba mdala, lo gama omnye engothambeka kakhulu angasilela ukukhusela amalungelo asisiseko kunye nezakhiwo. Ngoko ke, inkqubo yokulungisa imela ummandla ophakathi: uyafumaneka kodwa ayilula. Ukuqonda olu hambo kukhanyisa ukuzinikela kohlanga ekulawuleni umthetho, uphando lwedemokhrasi, kunye nolawulo oluqhelekileyo.

Umlinganiselo Ongummiselo: Ukumisela IsiHlomelo Ngentshukumo

Inkqubo yokulungisa iqala ngesicelo esisemthethweni. Igunya lokucebisa ukuba kwenziwe ukulungisa linikwa ubuchule, ngokuqhelekileyo liphumla nabameli abanyuliweyo okanye, kwezinye iindawo, nabantu ngokwabo ngokuthabatha amanyathelo asemthethweni. Iseti yesicelo simisela umlinganiselo kunye nolwalathiso lweenguqu ezinokwenzeka.

Imithombo YeziHlaliso

Kwinkoliso yeenkqubo zedemokhrasi, isindululo singavela kwindlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe. Ilungu lepalamente okanye iqela lemimiselo yemithetho lizisa imposiso yedrafti, ethi ngoko ibekwe phantsi kwevoti. UMqobo ofunekayo udla ngokuphakama: unyuko olukhulu lwezintlu ezimbini okanye ii-3-hi5 zamalungu akhoyo kunye nokuvota. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba izicelo ezithenjiweyo kuphela ngenkxaso eqinisekileyo enqamlezayo. Umzekelo, umGaqo-siseko wesizwe we-United States ufuna ivoti ezimbini-3 kwindlu yabameli zombini kunye nendlu ye-manyeneyo yokusebenza ecetyiweyo zithunyelwa kumazwe okusetyenziswa.

Amanye amazwe anika ezinye iindlela. Indiya, izilungisi zingaqaliswa kuphela kwindlu nganye yePalamente. Akukho nyathelo liqhelekileyo likhoyo kumgangatho wesizwe. Ngokuchaseneyo, Switzland kunye neerejistante ezininzi ze U.S. zivumela abami-intestents, apho inani elaneleyo lotyikityo lwesicelo linganyanzela i-endendum ye-groma. Ezi nkqubo zomthetho-democracy zinika abemi abahlala kuzo amandla okukhupha igridi ye-gnografti, nangona zinyusa inkxalabo ngomthetho omninzi kunye nokhuseleko lwamalungelo amancinane.

Indima yeeNdibano ZomGaqo-siseko

Indlela yesibini eqhelekileyo yindibano yomgaqo-siseko. Kwamanye amazwe, indibano ekhethekileyo ihlanganiselwa kuphela ngenjongo yokulungisa okanye yokwenza umgaqo-siseko omtsha. Inqaku V loMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. lilungiselela indibano ukuba ii-3 ezimbini zezindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente zisebenza enye, nangona le ndlela ingakhange isetyenziswe kumgangatho karhulumente. Iindibano ziqheleke kakhulu ngexesha lotshintsho lwezopolitiko olubalulekileyo, njengasemva kokwakhiwa okanye ukutshintshwa kolawulo. umGaqo-siseko waseAfrika waseAfrika ka 1996] wavela kwindibano yezizwe ezininzi eyayithetha ngeziququ zedemo zedemo-omati emva kolawulo lolawulo-melo.

Inkqubo yendibano isoloko ivumela ukucingisiswa okunzulu nokuphicothiweyo. Abameli banganyulwa ngokukhethekileyo kulo msebenzi, yaye inkqubo isenokuthatha iinyanga okanye iminyaka. Noko ke, iindibano zinokuba ziindawo zokuthelekisa iimeko ezinkulu zezobupolitika kwaye zisenokuvelisa imibhalo efuna amanyathelo angakumbi okuqulunqwa.

Iimfuno eziPhakamileyo kunye noMthetho

Imfuneko yento eninzi ekwinqanaba lesicelo ayinyanzelekanga. Isebenza iinjongo ezininzi: inyanzela isivumelwano esibanzi, idimaza ukuguqulwa okungenamsebenzi, kwaye ikhusela umgaqo-siseko ekutshintshweni lula lula ngubuninzi bokwexeshana. Umzekelo, iJamani ifuna isithathu esibini soninzi kuzo zombini iBoundamestag kunye ne Bundestrat ukwenzela ukupheliswa koMthetho wayo osisiseko. Lo mqobo uphezulu ubonisa ummiselo wasemva kwemfazwe kugcino lwedemokhrasi kunye nokhuseleko lwesidima somntu, esiqiniswe kwaye esingalungisekiyo. Ngokufanayo, umGaqo-siseko we-Australia [[[FLT.FLT:1] ufuna uninzi olupheleleyo kwizindlu zombini phambi kwezicelo.

Umnyango othe ngqo uyahluka. Amanye amazwe afuna uninzi olulula lwamalungu onke, ngexa amanye efuna ii-3 okanye ikota ezintathu eziphezulu. Unyanzeliso lwemfuno, okukhona kufuneka uvumelwano oluninzi, kodwa kwakhona kuya kuba nzima ngakumbi ukuhlaziya umgaqo-siseko ngokwempendulo kumaxabiso atshintshileyo okanye iimfuno zentlalo.

INkqubo Yogunyaziso: Inkululeko, iNkxaso, nokuLungiselelwa

Xa kucetyiwe ukuba kulungiswe umgaqo-siseko, ungena kwinqanaba lokuvunywa. Eli qonga lidla ngokuqhutywa yindlu yowiso-mthetho, ngokufuthi libandakanya ukufundwa okuninzi, ukuchotshelwa kweekomiti, nokubuzwa kukawonke-wonke. Injongo kukucombulula izicelo, ukuvavanya umanyano lwazo, nokuvavanya inkxaso yezopolitiko neyoluntu.

Isigqibo soMthetho kunye nophando lweKomiti

Iqumrhu lowiso-mthetho lidla ngokunika ikomiti ecetyiweyo ukulungiswa kwekomiti ekhethekileyo, njengekomiti yemicimbi yezomGaqo-siseko. Le komiti ihlola iimfuno zomthetho zokulungisa, iimpikiswano ezinokwenzeka namalungiselelo akhoyo, kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwayo namalungelo asisiseko. Iindlebe zingagcinwa apho iingcali, imibutho yentlalo-ntle yoluntu, namagosa karhulumente anikela ubungqina. Le nkqubo yongeza umaleko wobuchule kunye nohlalutyo lwenkqubo ukuze intetho ecacileyo kumgangatho ophantsi ingabikho.

Kwamanye amazwe, ibhunga elinikezelweyo okanye ugunyaziso lomgaqo-siseko linika iimbono zobuxoki. Umzekelo, iBhunga lomGaqo-siseko laseFransi [[FLT: 1] uhlolo olucetyiweyo lokulungisa ukuthobela imigaqo yesithethe ngaphambi kokuba zinikezelwe kwiBhunga okanye kwi-arhente. Iziqu zolo zinceda ekulondolozeni ingqibelelo yenkqubo kodwa zikwanokuzisa ukulibazisa.

Inkqubo ye-Unicameral

Inani lamagumbi owiso-mthetho abandakanyekileyo ngokuphawulekayo achaphazela inkqubo yovumo. Kwinkqubo ye-bimaral, zombini izindlu kufuneka zivumelane, ngokufuthi ngobunzima obufanayo. Le mfuneko idityanisiweyo yongeza kubunzima, njengoko izilungisi kufuneka zihambele phambili ukwenziwa kobupolitika kunye nezinto eziphambili zegumbi ngalinye. I-U.S. ifuna ulwimi olufanayo oludluliswe ngee-3 ezimbini kwindlu ne-Stelene. Kumazwe afana Canada, ii-antemps zingafuna ukuvunywa yipaleji yephondo kunye nenani elichaziweyo leendibano zephondo, kuxhomekeke kumbandela.

Iinkqubo ezingasetyenziswayo, ezifana nezikwe iNew Zealand okanye [[FTL:2] Demark, zilandela iqonga lemvume. Noko ke, imiqobo yeprocedtura ihlala iphezulu: ivunywa kwintlanganiso ezimbini zepalamente ezilandelelanayo kunye nonyulo oluphakathi iyafuneka ukuqinisekisa uvuselelwa komphambili. Oku kutshintsha ngokukhawuleza ngexa kusavumela ukwamkela ekugqibeleni.

Ukuzinziswa Komgaqo-nkqubo Nokulalanisa

Ngexesha lenkqubo yovumo, ulungiso olucetyiswayo luphantsi kokuzihlaziya. Abaququzeleli-mthetho bangacebisa ukuba kulungiswe idrafti, kukhokelele kwingxoxo kunye nolalaniso. Eli qonga libalulekile ekwakheni imidibaniso ebanzi. Noko ke, likwayingozi ukuncitshiswa kwenjongo yokuqala okanye ukuvelisa abakhweli abangadibaniyo nomva. Imithetho emininzi ifuna ukuba utshintsho lube lwe-ibhetane kumbandela wokulungisa, nangona umgaqo wokwenza izinto umahluko.

Kwezinye iindawo, iqumrhu elifaka izithuba lingavumela uhlobo oluthunyelwa kwiqumrhu lesibini ukuze livume. Ukuba kuvela ukungavisisani, ikomiti yenkomfa ingazixolelanisa. Umbhalo wokugqibela ophumayo kufuneka uzuze intsingiselo efunekayo kumacala omabini amagumbi phambi kokuba uqhubeke ukuya kuqulunqwa.

Ukugcinwa kwemijuxuzo: Ukuqinisekisa iNkqutyana

Ukhuthuzo linyathelo elifikelela kwincopho eliguqula izicelo zowiso-mthetho zibe lilungiselelo elisi sesibophelelo somGaqo-siseko. Eli qonga libandakanya ukhetho oluthe ngqo lukawonke-wonke (ulawulo) okanye ivoti evwelwa ziindlu zowiso-mthetho okanye iindibano zezizwe ngezizwe. Indlela ekhethweyo ibonisa indlela yelizwe elijongene nolawulo lorhulumente nolawulo oluqhelekileyo.

Referenda kunye nolawulo-lawulo-lawulo oluthe Tyaba

Amazwe amaninzi afuna isalathisi somnxeba somhlaba wonke ukuze afumane i-ratection. Le yindlela engqalileyo yokulinganisa inkxaso kawonke-wonke. I-texantem ingafuna uninzi olulula okanye uninzi oluphindiweyo, njengaku Australia, apho intengiso ecetyiweyo mayiwise uninzi lwevoti kuzweni lonke kunye noninzi lwevoti kuninzi lwamazwe (o-o-4 kumazwe amathandathu). Le mfuneko yorhulumente iqinisekisa ukuba ukupheliswa akubekwanganiswangangomiqikelelo ngokuchasene nokuthanda kwabangenazintlungela.

IReferenda ingabiza imali eninzi kwaye ifuna ingqwalaselo eninzi. I-voter yokubhaka-bhatala, inkxaso-mali, nomgangatho wengxoxo kawonke-wonke uphembelela yonke iziphumo. Abachasi basenokuphikisa ngelithi imibuzo entsonkothileyo yesiseko ayifunwanga ukuba ivotelwe lula, njengokuba uluntu lungalufumani ulwazi olwaneleyo. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba ekugqibeleni umgaqo-siseko ufanele ufumane igunya lawo ebantwini, kunye ne-arhentendium yinkqubo esulungekileyo yaloo mgaqo.

Ngokomzekelo, I-Ireland iqulathe ii-arhente ezininzi ekulungisweni komGaqo-siseko, ukusuka kulingana komtshato ukuya kumalungelo okuqhomfa. Ezivota zisoloko zibonakalisa imilinganiselo etshintshayo yentlalo kwaye zibangele ukuganana okugqithisileyo kuwonke-wonke. Imfuno yabaninzi, idityaniswe nombuzo ocacileyo, yenza inkqubo yokulungisa i-Irish ifikeleleke ngokuthelekisa.

Ulawulo okanye ukhuthuzo lwePhondo

Kwinkqubo zikarhulumente, ukuhlawuliswa kusoloko kwenzeka ngezindlu zowiso-mthetho zesizwe okanye ngeendibano ezikhethiweyo. UmGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. uchaza ukuba izindululo kufuneka zivunywe ziindlu zowiso-mthetho ezintathu (38 kwezingama-50) zikarhulumente okanye ngeendibano ezikhutshwayo zephondo. Indlela yendlu yowiso-mthetho isetyenziswa ngokugqeba. Indlu yowiso-mthetho nganye ivota ekulungisweni kwesivumelwano; ukuba idlula, urhulumente ubalelwa njenge-racenting.

Le ndlela iqhekeza inkqubo yokwahlula amabala amaninzi ezobupolitika, yenza kube nzima ukubeka inqaku elinye loxinzelelo ekukhutshweni komqobo. Noko ke, ingalibazisa ukudityaniswa komqobo iminyaka okanye amashumi eminyaka, njengokuba kubonwa ngoMgqibo wamalungelo eeNtla [ERA], eyacetywa ngo19727 kodwa kutsha nje idibene nomda wamazwe angama-38, nangona iphelelwe lixesha.

Ezinye iinkqubo zikarhulumente zifuna uvumo ngomlinganiselo othile woorhulumente bamaphondo okanye bamazwe. India, iinguqu ezichaphazela isakhiwo sorhulumente mazivunywe ubuncinane ngesiqingatha seendlu zowiso-mthetho. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba kukho ilizwi elichazayo kwiinguqulelo ezichaphazela amagunya abo.

Ixesha Elilinganiselweyo Nexesha Elifileyo

Ukukhusela utshintsho ekungahlalini ixesha, imigaqo emininzi ibeka imida yexesha lokusetyenziswa kwemida. IKhomyutha yase-U.S. idla ngokumisela ixesha elithatha iminyaka esixhenxe phakathi kwesigqibo sokufaka isicelo. Ixesha lokugqiba iERA lalineminyaka esixhenxe ekuqaleni, kamva layandiswe ukuya kwishumi, kodwa ukubuyiselwa kwayo kwakungagunyaziswanga ngexesha. Izicelo ezininzi zakutshanje, ezifana neD.C. Voting Rights Amendment, iphelelwe lixesha emva kweminyaka esixhenxe.

Imida yexesha yenza ungxamiseko kodwa isenokuphikisana. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi banyanzela ucwangciso lwedemokhrasi olungeyoyamvelo kwaye bangatshintshwa ngokutsha (njenge-ERA). Abanye baphikisa ngelithi ngaphandle kwemiqathango, inkqubo yokunika ixesha ingalahlekelwa lugxininiso kwaye iintambo zingahlala zihleli.

Ucelomngeni Nexesha Elilibazileyo: Ukuhlaziywa Kwezopolitiko

Uhambo lokusuka kwizicelo zokuqhatha lunqabile. Ukuthatyathwa kwezobupolitika, ukungenelela kwezomthetho, nokutshintsha kweembono zikawonke wonke kunokuyithintela inkqubela. Ukuqonda ezi ngxaki kubalulekile ukuze siqonde isizathu sokuba ezinye iziphendu ziphumelele yaye ezinye zingaphumeleli.

Ukwenziwa Kwenkcazelo Yezobupolitika Nokuxinana

Kwimeko-bume eqhekeke kakhulu, ukufikelela izakhiwo eziphezulu ezifunekayo kwizicelo kunye nokuhlaziywa komjelo kuba nzima kakhulu. Izindululo ezichaphazela imicimbi yentlalo ephikisanayo ````````ngokunjalo ukungcoliswa kweflegi, imali yephulo'''' okanye umtshato. I-U.S. ayikhange idlulise ulungiso lomgaqo-siseko ukususela ngonyaka ka-1992 (uHlaziyo lwezi-27 malunga nomvuzo wombutho womanyano), ubukhulu becala ngenxa yolwahlulo lwe-Riphabliki.

Ulungiso lwemijelo luchaphazela ulwandiso kumgangatho wesizwe. Ulungiso olunandiphe inkxaso yesizwe ebanzi lusenokusilela ukufikelela kumda oyimfuneko wesithathu-sine ukuba awukho inkxaso ye-bipartaan kumaphondo angundoqo. IsiHlaliso seMisebenzi yabantwana [ ecetyiswe ngo1924, umzekelo, ekugqibeleni sagunyaziswa kuphela ngamazwe angama-28, ukufinyela inkcaso efunekayo ka- 36. Inkcaso kwimfuno yeshishini namalungelo amazwe athintela ukumkeleka kwayo.

Ingxubusho Yogwebo

Kumazwe amaninzi, iinkundla zinegunya lokuhlola isiseko okanye inkqubo yokulungisa umGaqo-siseko. Eli gunya libizwa ngokuba yi-"basethics mfundiso" eIndiya, apho iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yagqiba kwelokuba iimpawu ezithile zomGaqo-siseko (ezifana nenkqubo yokungathomalali mkhosi wehlabathi, idemokhrasi, kunye nomthetho) azinakulungiswa kwanakanye nenkcaso ephezulu. Imfundiso ezifanayo zikho eJamani, eBrazil, naseMzantsi Afrika.

Uhlolo lwezomthetho lungaphelelwa lutshintsho olusele lugqithe yonke imiqobo yowiso-mthetho noludityanisiweyo. Umzekelo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ye-Indian ibethe iinxenye zeSindululo se-99 sokumisela iZigqibo ze-National Judication Commission, ibambe ukuba yaphula isiseko esisisiseko sokuzimela ngokwasemthethweni. Oku kubonisa ukuba inkqubo yokulungisa ayibhekiseli kuphela kwisivumelwano sezobupolitika kodwa ikwakuthembeka komgaqo-siseko.

Ukubandakanyeka Kuwonke - wonke Nokudinwa Ngezixhobo Zokubamba Igesi

Ii-Referendendum zixhomekeke kulwazi nonyulo oluthenjiweyo. Xa abavoti bedidekile okanye bengenamdla, ukujika kusezantsi, kwaye amaqela abantu abanomdla abakhethekileyo angasebenzisa impembelelo engalinganiyo. Ngaphezu koko, ukubamba izalathisi ezininzi kwixesha elifutshane kungakhokelela ekudinweni ngumvoti, ukucutha ubunjani bengcinga. Amazwe afana California [osebenzisa inyathelo eliqhelekileyo lokugxeka i-computerss ajongene nokugxekwa ukuba umgaqo-siseko ulungiswa lula ngokulula yimikhankani eqhutyelwe kakuhle.

Imizekelo Engokwembali: Ukuphumelela Nokusilela

Ukuhlolisisa uhambo olungqalileyo kutyhila ukudibana kwezi zinto zichazwe ngasentla.

IBhili yaMalungelo yase-U.S. (1791)

Izilungiso zokuqala ezilishumi zacetyiswa yiNgqungquthela yokuqala njengomqulu ngo1789 kwaye zagunyaziswa zii-3-sine zamazwe ngo1791. Isantya sabonisa uphandle lwesivumelwano kwimfuneko yokukhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Le nkqubo yaqukunjelwa kuba ukubuyiselwa kwaso kwabonwa njengokugqiba intengiso yomthetho-siseko wantlandlolo.

UMthetho-nkqubo we-73 we-1992

Le nguqu yazisa inkqubo ezihambelayo yengingqi yorhulumente wengingqi (Panchayati Raj). Kwafuneka ikhutshwe ngesiqingatha sendlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe ngenxa yokuba yachaphazela ulwalamano lwezwe norhulumente. Le nkqubo yathatha iminyaka yengxoxo, kodwa ekugqibeleni uvumelwano lwabonisa amandla omatshini wokulungisa. Namhlanje, isebenza njengemodeli yedemokhrasi yengca.

ISindululo Samalungelo Alinganayo Esingaphumelelanga (USA)

Ithe yamiselwa ngowe - 1972, iERA yayiya kulwalela ucalucalulo olusekelwe kwisini. Yakhawuleza yafumana amaphondo angama-35, inkcaso emithathu efunekayo, kwaye isantya sokusebenza kwemiqathango esifunekayo sesi-38 sagqitywa. Le meko ibalaselisa indlela inkqubela yezopolitiko enokuthintela okanye iguqule inkqubela, nendlela imida yexesha enokuthi ibe yiyo imiqobo engalawulekiyo.

UMgaqo-siseko omtsha waseMzantsi Afrika (1996)

Emva kocalucalulo, uMzantsi Afrika wathatha indawo epheleleyo yezomGaqo-siseko kunokulungisa imibandela edibeneyo. INdibano yezomGaqo-siseko eneenxalenye ezininzi yalenza umbhalo emva kokuxinanana okunzulu noluntu. Yandula ke yangqinwa yiNkundla yezomGaqo-siseko yaza yavunywa ngabaninzi abalishumi elinesithathu ePalamente. Le nkqubo ibonisa indlela ebanzi yokuthabatha inxaxheba nokuvelela kwezomthetho nokulawula okungawuyila ngayo umgaqo-siseko osemthethweni nowomeleleyo.

Isiphelo: Ukulungelelanisa Ukuma kakuhle Notshintsho

Uhambo olusuka kwisicelo sokuhlulwa luyinkqubo elungiselelwe ngabom, eneqonga elininzi eyenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko luyimveliso yemvume enzulu nesasasazayo. Inyathelo ngalinye, elimiswa ngemiqathango ephezulu, imvume ngengcebiso yemithetho, kunye nokwenziwa kwamaqela abantu okanye abameli babo. //ifake umaleko wovavanyo kunye nokufaneleka. Ngelixesha inkqubo ingabaphazamisa abaguquli, ikwakhusela kwiinguquko ezingxamisekileyo okanye ezicinezelayo.

Iinkqubo zokulungisa eziphumelelayo zifuna uluvo lwezopolitiko, ukuthembeka kombutho, nokuganana kwabantu ngokubanzi. Imizekelo yeBhili yamaLungelo yase-U.S., utshintsho lolawulo lwasekuhlaleni lwe-Indiya, kunye nomgaqo-siseko wasemva kwe-partiid waseMzantsi Afrika ubonisa ukuba xa uvumelana, umgaqo-siseko ungakhula ukuze uhlangabezane neemfuno zebutho elitshintshayo. Ngokuchaseneyo, ukungaphumeleli okufana neERA kusikhumbuza ukuba kwaneengcinga ezixhaswa kakuhle zingaqalisa kwezobupolitika, iprocession, okanye imiqobo yexesha elifutshane.

Ekugqibeleni, ukulungiswa komatshini kubonisa ukuzinikela kwesizwe kumgaqo-siseko. Sisixhobo sokuqhubeka nokuhambelana notshintsho. Abo bafuna ukutshintsha umthetho osisiseko mabathabathe izixhobisi zohambo, kuba amandla omgaqo-siseko alele kungekuphela nje kwimveliso yawo kodwa nakugunyaziso lokudalwa nokutshintshwa kwawo.

izibonelelo ezingundoqo: ukwenzela ukufunda okubhekele phaya, jonga U.S. Ugcino-lwazi olukwinkqubo yokuLandliswa komgaqo-siseko ; [[[FLT:]]; [[FLT]] IChonograin. uhlalutyo lwenqaku leQumrhu V; [[FLT]]] nenkcazo yenkcazo ye-mGwara-mtheliso ye-Indice ye-me-me-me-mgaqo-siseko wama--intshi ye-Indiya--intshi. Ezi zinto zinikezela ngolwazi lwe-proccolorvetics kunye neemboniselo zothelekiso.