Inkqubo yonyulo engundoqo eUnited States asiyondlela enye elingana nayo yonke. Endaweni yoko, ngumsebenzi odityanisiweyo wemithetho ecacileyo kunye neefomati ezimisela indlela amaqela ezobupolitika akhetha ngayo abaza kukhetha unyulo jikelele. Kuvoti, ukuqonda le migaqo kubalulekile ekusebenziseni amalungelo abo ngokunempumelelo. Kubafundisi-lwazi kunye nabahlalutyi bezopolitiko, intlobo-ntlobo-ntlobo zezixhobo ezingundoqo zinika indawo etyebileyo yokufunda indlela ezizimo zokhetho, impembelelo, kwaye ekugqibeleni, umelo. Eli nqaku linika umgaqo-wongalwazi olubanzi lwezicwangciso-zintloko zonyulo, ukuvavanya iintlobo-ntlobo, iinzuzo, kunye nokurhola iziphumo zenkqubo nganye.

Imboniselo yeMimiselo yoKhetho oluBanzi

Unyulo oluphambili lusebenza njengenkqubo yangaphakathi yokukhetha amaqela ezobupolitika ukukhetha ii-amnes zawo. Ngexa ingcamango icacile, ukubulala kuyahluka ngokubanzi. Iindidi ezintathu ezinkulu zeze izigqumo ezivaliweyo, , [[FLT]] evula amagumbi [, [ovula amagumbi], [[2], kunye [[FLT]] ne-'okanye i-angaphakathi] i-ekhomptics, okanye i-criventictations. Impembelelo yevotimenti, ijika, ikna, kwaye i-'awudi yeqela lomthetho.[6]

Ii-Primetric eziValiweyo

evalelwe ngokuyintloko, kuphela abavoti abangamalungu abhalisiweyo eqela lezobupolitika abanokuvota kunyulo oluphambili lweqela. Le nkqubo yenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba bakhethwa ngabaxhasi abazinikeleyo, bathintele amalungu aphikisanayo ekuphembeleni inkqubo yokuthomalalisa. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba ivaliwe bakhusela ingqibelelo yeqela kwaye bakhuthaza ukuba bathathe inxaxheba enenjongo kumalungu athembisiweyo. Abagxeki baphikisa into yokuba bachasa abanyuli abazimele geqeleneyo kwaye bangakhokelela kubathathi beqela abagqithisileyo, ekubeni umvoti-phambili uthanda ukuqhutywa ngemvo.

Amazwe anee-Prinsivary ezivaliweyo

Ezi meko zilandelayo zisebenza ngokuvalwa kweprimies ubuncinane kwilungu elinye eliphambili (amanye amazwe avumela amaqela ukuba akhethe imithetho yawo):

  • [[FLT: 0] Alabama – Voters kufuneka zibhengeze ukuba zidibanise neqela elibhalisweyo ukuba zibe nenxaxheba kwinqanaba eliphambili lelo qela.
  • [[UMTL: 0] DARAURY – Vala i-Primries kuwo omabini amaqela amakhulu; akukho kuvota okuvumelekileyo.
  • Florida – Enye yezona meko zikhulu ezivaliweyo; ngamalungu abhalisiweyo kuphela angavota kwintloko yeqela lawo.
  • [[FLT: 0] – Vala- trirmaries; kwakhona urhulumente uvumela abavoti abangasetyenziswanga ukuba batshintshe ubhaliso luye kumaxesha agqityiweyo ukuze babe nenxaxheba.
  • [[FLT: 0] Louisiana – Ngelixesha iLouisiana isebenzisa “isiqalo se-"injini yombuso kunye ne-ofisi zasekuhlaleni (zonke abatshayeli bebhanti enye, umphezulu wesibini ngaphambili), amaprigrim omongameli ayavalwa ukuba amaqela akhetha loo fomati.
  • Mississippi – Voters kufuneka zikhethe iqela xa kubhaliswa; kuphela eyona iphambili yeloqela ifikeleleka.
  • i-New Hampshire - FOM [i-] i-"FOM] ukwenzela “yokuqala kuhlanga” ephambili; urhulumente uvumela abavoti abangaxelwanga ukuba bakhethe iklati yeqela ngosuku lonyulo, benza inkqubo yayo isondele ngokunempumelelo. Noko ke, amalungu eqela elibhalisiweyo kufuneka anamathele kwiqela labo.
  • North Carolina - Umbuso uvumela abavoti abangakhutshwanga ukuba bakhethe ibhola yokuvota yeqela, kodwa amalungu eqela abhalisiweyo angavota kuphela kwiqosha eliphambili leqela lawo. Oku kwenza ukuba ivele kancinane.
  • [[FLT: 0] Oklama – Phakathi kweyona miqathango ingqongqo; amabanga avaliweyo kuwo omabini amaqela amakhulu, neLibertarian Party ikwasebenzisa indlela evaliweyo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] uMzantsi Carolina – Vula primries (ivota zingakhetha nayiphina ibhola yokuvota), kodwa iqela lingakhetha ukuvala.
  • [[NTL: 0] Jonga [ – Valiwe kumongameli primilts; iprimrive yemeko azikho zivulekileyo (iivota zikhetha ibhola).
  • Utah – IRiphablikian Party isebenzisa isiqobo esivaliweyo, ngelixesha iiDemocrat zivumela abavoti abangabhaliswanga ukuba babe nenxaxheba.

Utshintsho phakathi “kuvalelwe” luchaza indlela yokucacisa umahluko kwimithetho engundoqo. Umzekelo, New Hampshire ivumela abavoti abangaxelwanga ukuba babe nenxaxheba, beyenza ibonakale izivalelwe kancinane nangona ivaliwe. Ii Voter kufuneka zijonge imithetho ethile yelizwe labo umjikelo ngamnye, njengoko imithetho yeqela ingatshintsha.

Vula Iindawo

[[FLT: 0] Ivula imincintiswano ekhoyo ivumela nabani na obhalisweyo ukuba abe nenxaxheba kunyulo lokuqala lwalo naliphi na iqela lezobupolitika, ngaphandle kokuba afune ukuba umvoti abe lilungu lelo qela. Abavoti bafumana ibhola enomvotelo oqulathe onke amaqela kwaye kufuneka bakhethe umphicotho omnye wokuvota (ukhetho lwangasese). Le nkqubo ikhuthaza ukurhoxanduva okuphezulu kwaye ivumela abavoti abazimeleyo ukuba babe nelizwi kwinkqubo yokungangeni. Noko ke, abagxeki balumkisa ukuba ingenza “iiii" – ubuchule apho uvotelela ukuba ivote umvoti omnye kwiqela elibuthathaka kwiqela elichasayo. Umzekelo, kwi 2020 Choccuny, bekukho izinto ezixhomekeke kukhetho lwe-Rhockiesmocrackian kukhetho lobutholksi.

Amazwe aneePrinsivary ezivulekileyo

La maphondo alandelayo asebenza kwizahlulo ezivulekileyo zikarhulumente nolo rhulumente (izikhululo zephondo zisenokuba nemithetho eyahlukeneyo):

  • [[FLT: 0] Alaska – Isebenzisa indlela engundoqo engundoqo- ezine (ingubo eyintloko engaphakathi) iqala ngo2022, kodwa ngaphambili ibingavulanga. Kwiiprimenti, amaqela asasebenzisa eyawo imithetho.
  • ICalifornia - i-Operate indlela engundoqo- emibini apho bonke abatshayeli bevela kwibhola enye, kungakhathaliseki ukuba liliphi iqela. Abavote bangavota nabani na umvoti; iziphumo eziphezulu ezimbini zovoti ziqhubela phambili kunyulo jikelele, kungakhathaliseki ukuba badibanisene neqela.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Colorado-Uvula okokuqala kunyulo lwezwe nolobulali; abavoti bakhetha ibhola yeqela kwivoti. Iiprimetria zomongameli azivalwanga kancinane (abavoti abafakelweyo bangathabatha inxaxheba).
  • Illinois – Voters zikhetha ibholaot yetheko; akukho sibhengezo samalungu eqela esifunekayo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Indiana - Vula isiqalo; abavoti kufuneka bakhethe ivoti yeqela kodwa akuyomfuneko ukuba babhaliswe neloqela.
  • [[FLT: 0] Iowa - Vula isiqobo; abavoti babhengeza iqela kwicaucus okanye kwisiseko (kwiPrimial Primeries, inkqubo yecaucus iyasebenza).
  • Maryland – Umbuso unendawo yokuqala evaliweyo yabavoti beqela ababhalisiweyo, kodwa abavoti abangabhaliswanga bangakhetha ivoti yeqela ngosuku lonyulo, beyenza ivuleke ngokunempumelelo. Noko ke, amalungu eqela abhalisiweyo akanakunqumla.
  • Ama-Massachusetts – Isebenza njengenkqubo evula kancinane: abavoti abangakhutshelwanga bangavota nakweliphi icala eliphambili, kodwa amalungu eqela abhalisiweyo kufuneka avote kwiqela lawo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Michigan – Vula isiqalo; abavoti bakhetha ivoti yeqela ngaphandle kokubhengeza idityaniswe.
  • [[UMKHL. 0] Missouri - Vula isiqalo; abavoti bachola ivoti yeqela kwindawo yokuvota.
  • New Jersey – Valwa ngokuyintloko amalungu eqela abhalisiweyo; abavoti abangabhaliswanga bangakhetha ibhola yokuvota ngomhla wonyulo, beyenza ibe yi-ofish.
  • [[FLT: 0] I-New Mexico – Semi-open: Abavoti abangakhutshelwanga bangakhetha ivoti yeqela; amalungu eqela abhalisiweyo akanakutshintsha.
  • North Dakota - Akukho bhalisa; kwindawo yokuvota, abavoti bayabuzwa ukuba yeyiphi intloko yeqela abanqwenela ukuvota kuyo, beyenza ivuleke.
  • Ohio – Voters zikhetha ibholati yeqela; akukho bhalisa yeqela elifunekayo, nangona amalungu eqela elibhalisiweyo ebophelelekile ukuba avote kwiqosha eliphambili leqela lawo kuphela.
  • [[FLT: 0] Isikhonkwane – Ivalwe ngokuyintloko kunyulo lomongameli (iqela elimiselwe imithetho), kodwa i-primrive yesizwe iyavuleka.
  • South Dakota - Vula okokuqala kurhulumente kunye nonyulo lwasekuhlaleni; umongameli primries uvalwa kancinci.
  • [[FLT: 0] ````[FLT'] - Vula isiqalo; ivoti ikhetha ukuba yeliphi icandelo eliphambili ukuvota kwindawo yokuvota. Umbuso awubhalisi abavoti ngeqela.
  • [[FLT: 0] Virginia - Vula isiqalo; akukho bhalisa yeqela elifunekayo.
  • [[FLT: 0] I-Yafington – Isebenzisa indlela eyintloko eneziqalelo ezimbini ezifana neKhalifoniya. Bonke abatshayeli bavela kwibhodi enye, kwaye umphezulu uphambili ubini uphambili nokuba liliphi iqela.

Iinkqubo eziphambili ezimbini eziphambili eKhalifoniya nase Washington ziye zaba zizifundo ezibalulekileyo. Ngokwengxelo ebekwe Brennan Center yeJaji, ezi nkqubo ziye zandisa ukhetho lomvoti kodwa ziphakamisa inkxalabo malunga nokumelelwa kwamaqela amancinane kunye nokunokwenzeka kokuba abathathi-nxaxheba asuka kwiqela elinye bajongene nonyulo jikelele.

Isalathisi esitsha

I-Semi-criptions ivumela abavoti abangaxhomekekanga ukuba babe nenxaxheba kwiqela lezobupolitika eliphambili, ngeli xesha amalungu abhalisiweyo ethintelwe kukhuphiswano lweqela lawo. Le nkqubo ilinganisela imfuneko yegalelo leqela nomnqweno wokuquka amazwi azimeleyo. [[FLT]] [iiiindawo yokuhlola] iyafana, kodwa umahluko ongundoqo kukuba abavoti abafuni ukuvakalisa ubudlelane babo kwisigaba nakweyiphi na indawo.]

Ilizwe eline-Semi- Evaliweyo

  • Arizona – Abavoti abangafakwanga kwimida bangakhetha ibhola yeqela; amalungu eqela abhalisiweyo angavota kuphela kwiqokobhe lawo eliphambili.
  • [[FLT: 0] Florida-Njengoko kuphawulwe, ivalelwe amalungu abhalisiweyo, kodwa amaqela angavumela abavoti abangabhaliswanga ukuba babe nenxaxheba; amaqela eRiphabliki kunye neDemocratic eFlorida zombini zikhethe ukugcina iPrimeries ivaliwe.
  • [[FLT: 0] New Hampshire – Unafilfified (“ungaxeli") abavoti bangakhetha ibhola yeqela; amalungu eqela abhalisiweyo akanakucima amaqela ngosuku lonyulo.
  • New York – Valwa ngokuyintloko amalungu eqela elibhalisiweyo; abavoti abangabhaliswanga bangatshintsha ubhaliso kwiqela phambi kommiselo wonyaka ukuba bathathe inxaxheba.
  • South Carolina - Vula kumsebenzi (amavota akhetha ibholaot), kodwa urhulumente akabhalisi abavoti ngeqela, ngoko ayikho indlela yokunyanzelisa inkqubo evaliweyo.

IMithetho ene-Semi-Open Primitary

  • [[UMTL: 0] Idaho – Voters zingakhetha ibholati yeqela kwindawo yokuvota ngaphandle kokubhengeza idityaniswe.
  • iAuschwitz - Abavoti abangafaki mdla bangakhetha ibhola yeqela; amalungu eqela abhalisiweyo akanakunqumla.
  • South Dakota[[FLT]-1] – kwi-statistraries, abavoti bakhetha ibhola yokukhetha iqela; kwi-primerives yomongameli, inkqubo ivalwa kancinane.

Ezi nkqubo zidla ngokudida abavoti, ingakumbi xa iimeko ezifana ne New Hampshire zikhe zahlulwa njengezivaliweyo nangona zingavunyelwanga ukuba zivote. U-opartastan [[FLT: 0] udweliso lweballotia lunikezela ngokweenkcukacha zohlobo oluyintloko lwezwe ngalinye, olusisibonelelo esilungileyo kwabo bafuna ukucaca.

Impembelelo Yezicwangciso ezisisiseko ekubandakanyeni

Ifomathi yonyulo olusisiseko ineziphumo ezinokufumaneka kuvoti--jiko kunye nokuganana. Uphando oluvela kumajelo enzululwazi lubonisa ukuba ukuvula amaziko enzululwazi kukhokelela kujiko oluphezulu kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa neeprimeringi ezivaliweyo, ingakumbi phakathi kwevoti abazizimeleyo. Umzekelo, uhlalutyo olungu 2020 oluvelayo I-ET Comption Lab[ lufumene ukuba ngovulelo lwezintlawulo lwe-Primmarys [5] i-77] ithambeka iincam eziphezulu kwimijikelo eziphakathi kunamathematilo avaleyo. Noko ke, ii-Primmary ezivaliweyo zidla ngokuveza ukuba akukho mntu ulungeleneno olulungeleneyo olulungeleneyo nesiseko, olunokukhokelela kukhetho oluqhelekileyo lwendawo esuntlund.

Enye into ebalulekileyo yimfundo yabavoti. Kumaphondo avalayo, abavoti kufuneka bayazi imiqathango yokubhaliswa kwexesha kunye nemithetho yeqela lokunxulumana. Lo mqobo wolawulo ungachaphazela ngokungenakulinganiswa abavoti abaselula, abavoti abafumana imali ephantsi, nabantu abanombala. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, amaphondo avulekileyo ayenza lula inkqubo yokuvota, avumela ukuba inxaxheba ngokuceba okuncinane. Kodwa abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi ukuvula amaqela anciphisa ixabiso lamalungu eqela kwaye bangakhokelela kukhetho oluncinane, ekubeni abavoti abavoti bengenalwazi kangako bangangeniswa kwiqela labo abavotayo.

Unyuko lwezintsontela ezingekho kwicala lepartistiki (umz., California, Washington, Alaska) lutyekelo oluye lwatshitsha olujolise ekunyuseni ukhuphiswano kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba abalungeleleneyo. Phantsi kwezi nkqubo, bonke abatshatisi babaleka ngesixhobo esinye, kunye nezibini eziphezulu (okanye ezine, eAlaska) ngaphambili. Le ndlela inciphisa impembelelo yokugcina amasango eqela kwaye ikhuthaza abaza kubandakanyekileyo ukuba babhenele kunyulo olubanzi. Noko ke, kwakhona iye yagxekwa ngokuvala icandelo lesithathu kunye nababequququzeleli abazimeleyo kunyulo jikelele.

Iinguqulelo Nemikhwa Yakutshanje

Iziguqulo zokuqala zonyulo zingummandla osebenzayo womsebenzi wowiso-mthetho kulo lonke ilizwe. Ngo-2020, abavoti be-Alaska baluvumile umlinganiselo we-Ballot, eyathatha indawo yeqela lesithethe elikwi-primistraries ephezulu-4 ephambili nenomgangatho ophezulu ekuvotelweni kwecala kunyulo jikelele. Ngokufanayo, iNevada uvoti wagqithisa umlinganiselo wama-20222 wokufumana i-5-osigqeba, nangona ijongene neengxaki ezisemthethweni. Amanye amazwe, anjengeMissouri neSouth Dakota, aye aqwalasela imilinganiselo yokuhamba ukusuka ekuvaleni ukuya ekuvuleni i-Priqurity, kodwa loo mizamo iye yahamba kwiminyaka yakutshanje.

Ezi nguqu zibonisa umnqweno okhulayo kawonke-wonke wonyulo oluquka okuninzi nokhuphiswano. Ngokutsho kohlolo oluvela kwiZiko lophando , uninzi lwabavoti abakhethayo luza kuvumela ukuzimela ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kwi-primeric. Kodwa imiba yoorholo idla ngokuchasa utshintsho, ukoyika ukuphulukana nolawulo kwinkqubo yokungaqhami. Njengoko ummandla wezobupolitika uqhubeka uguqula, iifomati ezingundoqo ziza kuhlala zingumxholo obalulekileyo kuvoti kunye nabenzi benkqubo ngokufanayo.

Isiphelo

Umahluko wendlela yonyulo ephambili kwifomati yesizwe saseUnited States ubonakalisa isithethe sorhulumente welizwe kunye nengxoxo eqhubekayo yendlela engcono yokukhetha i-interinees. Nokuba urhulumente usebenzisa imithetho evaliweyo, evulekileyo, okanye evaliweyo, okanye ephezulu, okanye ineziphumo zokwenene zokuthabatha inxaxheba, amandla eqetsheni, kunye nokuhombisa kwengqiqo yabachongi abavela kunyulo jikelele. UVoters kufuneka azinike ixesha lokuqonda imithetho yesizwe sabo siqu, okanye ukuvala, okanye ukuvala izithuba kunye nokuba bangawusebenzisa njani umbutho wabo ekuvoti, ukuze basebenzise ngokupheleleyo umsebenzi wabo wokukhetha. Umfundisi kunye nemibutho yoluntu ingenza indima ephambili ekuxeleleni abantu abahlukeneyo, ukukhuthaza ukuthengiselwa nokusetyenziswa koomatshini abanolwazi. Njengoko iinguqu-nkqubo eziphambili ziqhubeka ziqhubeka nokumiswa kwemithetho ephambili, ziqinisekisa ukuba zibonelele kwimiqatha ye-demo-democracratic.