IShedyulidis Castes (SCs) kunye neShedynal Covols (ST) zimela amaqela amabini akwimbali eIndiya. Ukwazi kwawo umGaqo-siseko waseIndiya kwaphawula inyathelo eliguqulayo kwimithetho yentlalo, enenjongo yokulungisa iinkulungwane zocalucalulo kunye nokususwa. Namhlanje, intsingiselo yezopolitiko yeSCs kunye neSSTs iquka ngaphezu komelo nje; iyila imimiselo yemigaqo-nkqubo, impembelelo yeziphumo zonyulo, kunye nemingeni yamandla aqikelelekileyo. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa umongo wembali, imiqobo, iimpembelelo yezobupolitika, imingeni eqhubekayo, kunye namathuba engaphambili kolu luntu kwimimandla yezopolitiko yamaIndiya.

Imvelaphi Yembali: Ukusuka Ekugxothweni Ukusa Ekumgqaleni UmGaqo-siseko

Imigangatho yasekuhlaleni yolawulo lwamaBritane olulawulwa ngabantu abahlukeneyo kunye noluthathiweyo ngokwesizwe yangaphambi kolawulo lwamaBritane, kodwa kwakungexesha lamaqela ahlaliswayo apho la maqela amiselwa kunye nokusekwa. Ulawulo lwamaBritane lwasungula iinkqubo zokuba abantu abalungele ukulawulwa, ngokubhekele phaya ukuhla kolawulo lweDalit (ekwakusaziwa ngelo xesha njenge "Azichaphazelekayo" kunye neAdivasis (amaqela esizwe). Ubalo lwamathanga amaqela esizwe kunye nophando olwalandelayo lwazinziwa ngokulandelelana okubhaliweyo ngokweentlobo-calulo kunye nesizwe, lusenza isakhiwo esiza kuzisa imigaqo yokusebenza.

Imibutho engundoqo yotshintsho, njengaleyo yakhokelwa nguGqr. B. R. Ambedkar noMahatma Gandhi, yazisa ingxaki yeSCs ne-STS ngaphambili kwintetho yesizwe. Intlanganiso yeNkqutyana yeAmbedkar yokulawula kwezobupolitika namalungelo entlalo apheleliselwe kwiSivumelwano sePoona Pact sangowama-1932, eyaqinisekisa izihlalo ezigciniweyo kwiindlu zowiso-mthetho zamaphondo. IPost-intencencence, iNdibano yeNkqumrhu, iAddytar njengomphathi wemishinala yezomGatho, ifake inkxaso ebanzi yeSCS neSTES. Umgaqo-o-o-ongqu wezoMgaqo-onkethi, wasebenza ngoJanuwa ka-1950, kunye nowe-1950, kunye nowe-190, kunye neCandelo lwe-XX.

Esi sixhobo sembali samisela iqonga le-SC kunye nee-STS ukuguqula ukusuka kwizinto zohlaziyo loluntu ukuya kwinxaxheba esebenzayo kulawulo lwedemokhrasi. Ummiselo wezihlalo kwiPalamente kunye nezindlu zowiso-mthetho zamazwe wawungeyosenzo somfuziselo kodwa yayiyinkqubo yobuchule ukuqinisekisa ukuba aba bantu babenelizwi ekwenzeni umthetho kunye nokwenziwa kwenkqubo.

Isalathisi soMgaqo-siseko kunye noMgaqo-siseko

UmGaqo-siseko waseIndiya unika inkqubo eyomeleleyo yokuxhotyiswa kweeSC nee-ST.

  • Article 15 (4) kunye ne 16 (4): Vumela urhulumente enze amalungiselelo akhethekileyo okuqhubela phambili kweSC kunye nee-ST, kuquka amagumbi akwiziko lemfundo kunye nemisebenzi kawonke-wonke.
  • Article 17: ibolishes "ukungachukumi" kwaye ziyalela ukuqheliswa kwayo nangayiphi na indlela.
  • Article 46 : ikhokelela urhulumente ukukhuthaza ngenkathalo ekhethekileyo izilangazelelo zemfundo nezoqoqosho zamacandelo abuthathaka, ingakumbi amaSC kunye namaST, nokuwakhusela ekungekho sikweni kwentlalo kunye nazo zonke iintlobo zokuxhatshazwa.
  • Article 330 kunye no 332: Nikela ummiselo wezihlalo ze-SC kunye nee-STs kwiLok Sabha (Indlu Yabantu) kunye neendibano zemithetho, ngokulandelelanayo.
  • Article 334: ekuqaleni icwangcisiwe umda oneminyaka elishumi ukubekwa, kodwa oku kunyuselwe kwiinguqu ezininzi zomgaqo-siseko (umz., uPhinda-siseko wama-95 ngo-2009 wanwenwenwe de kwango-202020, kunye noMphetho-Mdalelo we-102 ngo-20202020 ukuya phambili de ngo-2030).
  • IPart IX nePart IXA: Indawo yokuhlala ye-SC kunye ne-STS kwi-Panchayats kunye neMasipala, iqinisekisa ukuba iingca ezikhulayo zithatha inxaxheba kwezobupolitika.

Ukongeza kumalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko, amaqumrhu asesikweni afana neKhomishini yesizwe yeCastes eziShedyuli kunye neKhomishini yesizwe yeShedynamed zizwe yokujonga ukuphunyezwa kwezikhuseli nokuphanda izikhalazo zocalulo. IShedyulid Castes neShedymed Committery (Izikhundla ze-Acrocations) Act, 1989, iqinisa ngakumbi ukhuseleko olusemthethweni ngokuchaza nokugweba nokugweba izenzo zogonyamelo nokuhluza abahlazi.

Ukuphinda kuqulunqwa kwiMithetho: Umatshini weLifa leMveli

Ummiselo wezihlalo kwiPalamente kunye neendibano zikarhulumente uthetha ngqo ngokusetyenziswa kweSCs kunye ne-STs. Umzekelo, kwiLok Sabha, izihlalo ezingama-84 (kusukela kuma-553) zigcinelwe i-SCs kunye no-47 kwi-STS, phantse ukulungelelanisa izabelo zabo zabemi (16.6% kunye ne 8.6% ngokulandelelana, njengexesha lonyaka lonyaka ka-2011). Kwindibano zombuso, umlinganiselo uyahluka ngorhulumente kodwa ulandela imigaqo efanayo. Lo mqathango uqinisekisa ukuba ubuncinane i-fifu enye yendlu esezantsi imiswe ngabameli abasuka kwezi ndawo, unika umjelo ngqo wezinto zabo.

Noko ke, abagxeki baphikisa ngelithi isigxina sodwa asiqinisekisi ukuba sisebenza. Uninzi olugcinelwe iiMPC kunye ne-ML njengezobuzwilakhe bamaqela ezobupolitika alawulayo kwaye lusenokungasoloko lucacisa imibandela yoluntu-engqalelo. Noko ke, uphando lubonise ukuba ii-constituences ezigciniweyo zisoloko zibona ukuchithwa koluntu kwimfundo, impilo, kunye nesiseko soncedo olunengenelo lwe-SC kunye nabemi be-ST. Umzekelo, uphando lwezenteli yezoqoqosho olufana .Pande (2003)[FFLT:1] lucebisa ukuba ulwahlulo lwezopolitiki lukhokelela ekufumaneni ingeniso ephezulu kwiSC kunye neenkqubo zoncedo lwe-ST.

Intsingiselo Yezobupolitika: Ayiphelelanga Kukufuzisela

Intsingiselo yezobupolitika yeSC kunye ne-STS yandisa imilinganiso emininzi: imilinganiso yonyulo, inkqubo, kunye nokuxhotyiswa kwentlalo. Amaqela ezobupolitika kulo lonke udidi ngezantsi. Ukusuka kwizizwe ezifana neBJP kunye neKhomishini yengingqi ukuya kwimikhosi yengingqi (inkundla yeSC/ST. Abemi abadityanisiweyo be-SCs kunye ne-STS (angaphezulu kwama-25% kabemi base-Indiya abapheleleyo) babenza babe ngumbango oncomfa kwimi emininzi ye-contitue, ingakumbi kumazwe anjengo-Utar Pradesh, Bihar, i-Srashtra, i-Odisha, kunye nommandla wasemntla mpumalanga.

Impembelelo Entle Neengcebiso Zeqela

Kunyulo, iSC kunye nabavoti idla ngokuyila iqela elichaphazelekayo. Amaqela asebenzisa iindlela ezifana ne-SC/ST abangenisi be-SC/APP kumaqela jikelele (kongeza kwizihlalo ezigciniweyo), athembisa imigaqo-nkqubo yokuvuma, kunye nokuqaqambisa imigangatho yezentlalo yobulungisa. Umzekelo, iBahujan Samaj Parti (BSP) eUtar Pradesh ikhula ekubeni lilungu leDalit-centricties kwiqela elikhulu, kodwa inkxaso yayo engundoqo ishiyeka isuka kumaqela eSC. Ngokufanayo, imimandla ehlala iphakathi nempuma Indiya isoloko ibona amaqela ekhuthaza amalungelo ehlathi, utshintsho lomhlaba, kunye neenzuzo zemiculo.

Ukunyuka kolawulo lweDalit kumgangatho wezwe. "njengeMayawati" e-Uttar Pradesh, Jignesh Mevani eGujarat, kunye neRadas Athawale eMaharashtra", kubonakalisa ukukhula kobugocigoci be-SC. Ngokufanayo, iinkokeli ze-ST e-Odisha, i-Jaharkand, kunye ne-Northernast zidlale indima ezingundoqo kwimibutho ye-IMPIFracture kunye neengxoxo zolawulo.

Isiphumo Sokwenziwa Komgaqo-nkqubo

Abameli beSC neemvelaphi ze-STT baye banegalelo ekubumbeni umthetho wentlalo, amalungelo entlalo, nemfundo.

  • Ilungelo kuMthetho wemfundo (2009): liqulathe amalungiselelo okuhlawula iihafu kunye nenkxaso ekhethekileyo yeSC kunye nabafundi abakwizikolo zabucala.
  • Umthetho wamalungelo eFestest (2006): Ubonakalisa amalungelo eSTS kunye nabanye abahlala ehlathini ngokwesithethe phezu komhlaba kunye nobuncwane bamahlathi, ukubuyisela ukushenxiswa kweenkulungwane.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukuthintela uTyelelo loMthetho we-Atrocties Act Izilungiso (2015 no-2018): izigwebo ezomelesiweyo zaza zandisa umlinganiselo wezono ezichasene nee-SC kunye nee-ST.
  • Isakhiwo senqanawa kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yokungahlali : Inkxaso-mali eqhubekayo, uphando lwasemva kwemfundo ephezulu, kunye nendawo yemfundo ephezulu iphucule isantya sobhaliso, nangona izithuba zisekhona.

Kwiingxoxo zepalamente, i-SC/ST MP idla ngokuphakamisa imibandela yokukhuthuza, ukusetyenziswa kwezandla, ugonyamelo lodidi oluthile, kunye nokushenxiswa kwezizwe ngenxa yemigodi okanye amadama. Ukusetyenziswa kwazo ngokwezikhundla zorhwebo kukhokelela ekuvelisweni kweenkundla ezikhethekileyo zamatyala anzima kunye nemali enikezelwayo kwiiplani ezisezantsi zeSC/ST.

Imimandla kunye noManyano

Kumaphondo anabemi abaninzi be-SC/ST, amaqela emimandla asoloko evela njengabaxhasi bale mibutho. Umzekelo, iJanata Dal (United) eBihar ibhekise kwiMahadalit encinci-cading, ngeli xesha amaqela afana ne BijuJanata Dal e-Odisha kunye ne Jarkand Morkcha e Jakhand yomxhasi wamalungelo esizwe. La maqela afumana urhulumente ukutyhala iimfuno zemithetho-omgaqo-siseko, njengemiqathango ephezulu (umz., Tamil Nadu's 69% yabelwanti) kunye neenkqubo ezibomvu zelizwe.

Ukudlala phakathi kwamaqela esizwe kunye nemikhosi yengingqi kwenza inkqubela apho i-SC ne-ST iqhutyelwana ngamanqanaba amaninzi olawulo. Oku kuphumele ekuhlawulweni koqingqo-mali olwandisiweyo lweSC/ST kumazwe amaninzi.

Iingxaki Zokuthabatha Inxaxheba Kwezobupolitika

Phezu kwazo nje imigaqo - siseko nenkqubela yezobupolitika, imiqobo ephawulekayo iyaqhubekeka. ucalucalulo ngokwentlalo, ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho nokuthotywa kwemiqathango kwezobupolitika kuyaqhubeka kuthintela ukuba nenxaxheba ngokupheleleyo kweeSC neeST kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi.

Ucalucalulo Nenkohlakalo

Ugonyamelo olusekelwe kwicandelwana kunye nezenzo zokungalawuleki zihlala zisekelwe ngokunzulu kwiindawo ezininzi zeIndiya. Ngokutsho kweNational Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), amatyala angaphezu kwama-40 000 olwaphulo-mthetho ngokuchasene ne-SCS kunye nama-8000 ngokuchasene nee-STS axelwa ngowama-2020 kuphela, nangona amanani enyani angaphezulu ngenxa yokungaxelelwa. Olo gonyamelo aluloyi kugrogrisa nje kuphela abantu kodwa lukwadimanisa ukuthatha inxaxheba kwezobupolitika. I-SC/STRAP zisoloko zisongelo, ukucinezela, kunye nokurhoxaba kweminkwe kumaphandle asemaphandleni.

Izenzo ezibi zisoloko zinxulunyaniswa neengxwabangxwaba zomhlaba, ukufikelela emanzini, okanye ukhuphiswano lonyuselo. Ingxelo yamaLungelo oluntu (2021) ibalaselisa ucalucalulo lwesixokelelwano kwizindlu, imfundo, nomsebenzi, okukhuthaza ubuhlwempu kunye nothintelo lweziko lezobupolitika.

Ukungalingani Kwezoqoqosho

Umva wezoqoqosho usoloko ungumqobo omkhulu. Izindlu zeSC neSST zinendawo ephantsi, ingeniso, kunye nokufumana imfundo xa zithelekiswa neendidi jikelele. Njengendlela yoHlolo lweSizwe (2011-12), 29% yeentsapho zeSC kunye nama- 43% eentsapho ze-STS zazingaphantsi komgca wobuhlwempu, xa kuthelekiswa ne-12% kwamanye amaqela. Ubumpofu bunciphisa amandla okuxhasa imali, imida yokufikelela kumajelo-ndaba, kwaye benza abameli be-SC/ST baxhomekeke kwiqela elinobugxanduva, elinokulalanisa ubuncuka babo.

Ngaphezu koko, ukubonelela ngesisa kwezoqoqosho kusoloko kugqitha aba bantu. Inkqubela-phambili ehamba ngesantya esiphezulu kwiindawo zesizwe ikhokelele ekushenxiseni ngaphandle kokubuyisela imo efanelekileyo, ibangela ingqumbo kunye nokuqhekeka kwezobupolitika.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwezobupolitika Phakathi Kwemibutho

Phakathi kwamaqela ezobupolitika, iSC kunye ne-ST inkokeli zisoloko zijongene nomqondiso oqingqiweyo. Zisoloko zabelwa kwizibuko ezigqalwa njenge "soft" (umz., intlalo-ntle, ukuphuhliswa kweeklasi zangasemva) kunokuba zibe negalelo lemali, ukhuselo okanye izibonelelo. Kubantu abatsha, ii-constituenics ezigcinelweyo zidla ngokuthathwa njenge "izihlalo ezikhuselekileyo" kulawulo oluphambili lweqela lamaqela amakhulu, kunokuba kuqaliswe ngamathuba okuxhobisa amaqela okwenyaniso. Idemokhrasi yezo melo langaphakathi leqela (okanye ukunqola i-SC/ST) okanye ukunqongophala kwamazwi amacala amacala eencwadi eentloko xa kwenziwa izigqibo.

Ngaphezu koko, isiganeko sobugqeba bezobupolitika siyaqhubeka apho abameli be-SC/ST benganikwa intlonelo elinganayo kwizindlu zowiso-mthetho okanye kwimibutho yeqela. Ukucalucalulana phakathi kwabaphathi kunye namagosa kungaphazamisa ukusebenza kwabo.

Amathuba Nemigaqo Yexesha Elizayo

Naphezu kwale miqobo, kukho amathuba aqinileyo okunyusa intsingiselo yezopolitiko yeSC kunye ne-ST. Ungenelelo olucwangcisiweyo kwiingca, kwiinguqu zolawulo, kunye nokutshintsha kwemiqathango yentlalo lungakhawulezisa amandla azo.

Izihluzi eziziingcambu zinika amandla ngoLawulo lwasekuhlaleni

IziHlaliso zoMgaqo-siseko we-773 kunye nowe-742 (1992), ziye zabaluleke kakhulu ekuziseni ii-SC nee-ST ekwenzeni izigqibo kwimigangatho yedolophana kunye nomgangatho kamasipala. Izihlalo ezigciniweyo kwiPanchayats kunye noMasipala ziqinisekisa ukuba inani elikhulu lamabhinqa eSC/ST kunye namadoda afumana amava okhokelo. Ngonyaka wama-2022, ngaphezu kwe-7% yamalungu ePanchayat zii-SC nee-ST (indawo ezingekho semthethweni), kwaye abaninzi baye baguqula imibutho yabo ngokwemisebenzi yezemizila, ngokwezempilo, nangemfundo.

Iinkqubo ezifana neMahatma Gandhi National Goulk Act Inglact Act (MGNREGA) zikwabonelele ukhuseleko lwezoqoqosho, zinika iintsapho zeSC/ST ukuba zibe nenxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo kwezobupolitika. Ukuqinisa amaqumrhu asekuhlaleni nokusebenzisa igunya elingakumbi lezemali kungayifaka phambili kwemibutho elawulayo.

Imfundo nokuhambelana kwamanani

Ukuphumelela kwemfundo kungumqhubi ongundoqo osebenzayo kwezobupolitika. Umlinganiselo ophezulu wokuTshenxa kwe-SCs ne-STS kwimfundo ephezulu uphucule ukusuka kwi 11.6% kunye ne 8.9% (2010-11) ukuya ku 21.8% kunye ne-17.6% (209-20), ngokulandelelana, ngokutsho kwe-All India Survey on Ecurence. Ukuqhubeka kujoliswe kwimfundo, izibonelelo ze-ofisi, kunye noqeqesho olunenkxaso-lulo lungaphuhlisa lo tyekelo.

Amanyathelo okufunda amanani akwabalulekile. Iinkonzo zezentlalo kunye nezixhobo zezemivo zincede abaxhasi be-SC/ST ukuba bangayikhuseli imiqobo ephambili yamajelo eendaba, baququzelele inkxaso, babalaselise izenzo zenkohlakalo. Iiplatforms ezifana neTwitter neYouTube zinyuse abalandeli beDalit kunye ne-Adivasi abaphembelela iingxoxo zenkqubo. Urhulumente urhulumente uyakwazi ukukhuthaza i-Gov[[FLT:] iqonga kunye neenkqubo ezivuselela amanani.

Udibano Nolwakhiwo Lwendawo

Amandla ezobupolitika e-SCs kunye ne-STS anganyuswa ngeminye imibutho ephantsi: Eminye imibutho yasemva (ii-OBC), amabhinqa, iinkonzo ezincinane, kunye nabahlwempu basedolophini. Izivumelwano ezithi ukucalucalucalucalulo kunye nezilangazelelo zeklasi zebhulorho kunye nezilangazelelo zeklasi-----"njengoko zibonwa kwiSibheno se-Delhi, iMahagathbanhan e-Bihar, okanye i-INDIAa i-ocesss joinia iphakamise i-SC/ST kwimiba yemibango yemibango.

Ngaphezu koko, ukuduma okukhulayo kwamabhinqa eSC/ST kwezobupolitika (umz., Meenakshi Lekhi, Kumari Selja, kunye ne-Auna Sahu) kongeza umlinganiselo we-screen okhulisa ukuma. IBhili yeReservation yamabhinqa (2023), egcina ama-33% ezihlalo kwiPalamente nakwiindibano zikarhulumente zamabhinqa, iquka i-SC/ST, isenokuba inyusa kwakhona umelo lwawo kwimiqathango egciniweyo.

Utshintsho Lwenkqubo

Ukusebenza kweKhomishini yesiZwe yeSCs neSST kufuneka komelezwe. Okwangoku, banamandla alinganiselweyo okuqinisekisa ukuba abasebenzi abangaphaya kokuphengululwa nokunconywa. Bawanika igunya lobucukubhede, beqinisekisa ukuba unyulo lwamalungu lufike ngexesha elifanelekileyo, kwaye badibanisa iingxelo zabo kwinyathelo lepalamente lungaqinisa ukuphendula. Ngaphezu koko, inkqubo yokubeka umda ifuna uhlolo lwexesha elithile ukuze ikwazi ukuhlaziywa kwidilesi encinci ye-SCs (ukuze kungenelele eyona nto ihlulweyo phakathi kwengingqi) kunye nokuphatha imiba yomaleko wesidibaniso kwi-Spoctres.

Isiphelo

ICastes neZizwe ezigotyiweyo zihlala kwindawo ekhethekileyo nebalulekileyo kwezobupolitika zamaIndiya. Ukuvunywa kwazo ngomgaqo-siseko, ummiselo wazo kwiindlu zowiso-mthetho, kunye nemicimbi yentlalo eqhubekayo iye yaziguqula ekubeni ngabamkeli abangasebenziyo boncedo zabasebenzi abanamandla bezopolitiko. Isangqa sembali ukusuka kwiPoona Pact ukuya kutsho kwiNtloko yobuntamo-ntle yale mihla yeDalit kunye neinkokeli ze-Adivasi zibonisa ukuzimisela kwala maqela asekuhlaleni phantsi kobunzima benkqubo.

Sekunjalo, uhambo aluphelelanga. Ucalucalulo lwentlalo luhlala luxhaphakile, ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho kusikelwe umda wokwenene, kwaye ukumelelwa kwezobupolitika kusoloko kungena nzulu. Ukuqonda ukuba i-SC kunye ne-ST, i-Indiya kufuneka ifake ingeniso kwidemokhrasi yengca, ukunyanzelisa, ukukhuthaza imfundo, kunye nezobupolitika ezimanyeneyo. Ukuphumelela kwedemokhrasi yaseIndiya ngokwayo kuxhomekeke kwindlela ekwanelisa ngayo abo bahlala phantsi kwilaphu lolawulo lwamandla. NjengoGqr. Ambedkar umbar waziwayo, igunya lezobupolitika lingundoqo wokuguqula intlalo-ntlelo-ntle (ne SCs ne-SCs, kunye ne-STSTS, oko akuyonjongo nje kodwa kuxhomekeke kwinkcalo eqhubekayo.