Table of Contents

Ukuqonda UJim Crow Story: Uhlalutyo Olunembali

Imithetho kaJim Crow yayingurhulumente kunye nemithetho yasekuhlaleni eyaveliswa emazantsi e-United States ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinethoba kunye nasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesibini ukuya kutsho kwi-20 eyanyanzelisa ucalulo lohlanga. Le mithetho yocalulo yamela esinye sezahluko ezimnyama kwimbali yaseMelika, idala inkqubo ebanzi yengcinezelo eyachaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi bemihla ngemihla kuMnyama-Melika. Ngaphezu koko imiqathango elula esemthethweni, uJim Crow wamisela ulungelelwano olupheleleyo lwentlalo olwakhelwe kwisiseko sobukhulu obumhlophe kunye nemigangatho yeqela yeentlanga.

Impembelelo yale mithetho yadlulela ngaphaya koMzantsi Merika, iphembelela isimo sengqondo sobuhlanga nezenzo kulo lonke ilizwe. Ukuqonda imvelaphi, ukuzalisekisa, kunye nokuqhekeka komthetho kaJim Crow ekugqibeleni kubalulekile ekuqondeni umzabalazo oqhubekayo wokulingana kwezizwe eUnited States. Oku kuhlolisisa okunzulu indlela le mithetho eyavela ngayo, indlela urhulumente wesizwe owasilela ngayo ekuqaleni ukukhusela abemi abaNsundu, nendlela ukuxhathisa koburhulumente ekugqibeleni okukhokelela ngayo ekungeneleni okunentsingiselo.

Imeko Yembali: Ukusuka Kubukhoboka Ukuya Kucalucalulo

Ukupheliswa Kobukhoboka Nesithembiso Sokuphinda Kuhlaziywe

Isiphelo semfazwe yamakhaya ngo1865 saphelisa ubukhoboka ngokusemthethweni eUnited States. Urhulumente worhulumente wanika uthotho lweenkqubo zokwandiswa komgaqo-siseko ngenjongo yokwandisa amalungelo nobumi kubakhonzi abakhululwayo. UMthetho-siseko we-1865 (1865) owenziwe wabekelwa umthetho ongekho mthethweni, uMphengululo we-14 (1868) wanika bonke abantu abazalwe eUnited States umzi wabo kwaye waqinisekisa ukuba bakhuselwa ngokulinganayo imithetho kubo bonke abemi, kunye nowe15 weSimezo se-Druzi-Exmendement (1870) wakhusela abemi ukuba babe ngamakhoboka angekho mthethweni, i-14) nokuba ngu-188).

Ngexesha lokuphinda kuvuselelwe, urhulumente wesizwe wagqithisa iBhili yamaLungelo angokwabantu boMhlanga ka-1866, eyayingumthetho wokuqala karhulumente owachaza nowakhusela ubumi babo bonke abantu baseMerika kungakhathaliseki ukuba baluphi uhlanga. Eli xesha lalimela ithuba elifutshane lethemba nenkqubela-phambili kuMnyama waseMerika osandul' ukukhululwa. IRiphabliki yeRiphabliki yeRwanda, ngenkxaso evela kuMkhosi waseUnited States kunye ne-Freedmen's Bureauor, yakhokelela kumzamo wokukhupha nokumisa imithetho eyaqinisekisa ukuba abemi bokuqala abamnyama bakwisigaba sokuqala.

Ukususela ekupheleni kwemfazwe, amadabi emfazwe aye abekwa kulo lonke elaseMzantsi ukuze kusasazwe uncedo, kugcinwe ucwangco, kwaye kuqinisekiswe ukuba abemi babambelele kuhlaziyo olutsha oluhlaziyiweyo. La majoni alo rhulumente aphumeza indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuseleni amalungelo abemi abaNsundu nokuqinisekisa ukuba amazwe aseMazantsi ayehambisana neemfuno ezintsha zomgaqo-siseko.

Ukudityaniswa Kwesakhiwo Nokunyuka Kokukhululwa

Isithembiso sokuvuselelwa kwakhona sangqina ngokulusizi ukuba sihlala ixeshana elifutshane. Noko ke, ixesha lokuvuselelwa kwezakhiwo zamazwe aliphumelelanga ukufikelela usukelo lwalo lokwenza nokukhusela amalungelo abantu baseAfrika. Njengoko uqoqosho luye lwancipha kwaye iingxwabangxwaba zezobupolitika emazantsi zinyusa, uMzantsi Democrat wathatha igunya kumaphondo asemazantsi norhulumente worhulumente. Basebenzisa amandla abo ukucinezela nokubuyisela impumelelo yamalungelo abantu abakhululekileyo nababebukhoboka.

Noko ke, emva konyaka ka-1877, kunye nonyulo lukaRiphabliki uRutherford B. Hayes, umzantsi kunye nemida yaqalisa ukumisela inkululeko yabantu abantsundu. Ukurhoxa kwemikhosi yorhulumente eMzantsi kwaphawula iqondo lokutshintsha. Ngeminyaka yee1870, ooDemocrat baphinda bafumana amandla kwiindlu zowiso-mthetho zaseMazantsi njengamaqela alwano olunogonyamelo lwamajoni, njenge Ku Klux Klan, League, neRed Shirts zaphazamisa ucwangciso lweRepublican Republican, abalawuli be-Riphabliki abasebenzi abamnyama, kunye nookntsholo olumnyama njengobuchule bokuhlasela uvoti mnyama.

Imithetho yasemazantsi yamiselwa ziindlu zowiso-mthetho ezimhlophe ezilawulwayo (Ii-Redenters) ukudibanisa nokususa impumelelo yezobupolitika nezoqoqosho ezenziwa ngabantu base-Afrika ngexesha lovuselelwa kwakhona. Le mithetho ibizwa ngokuba yi-"Repeemer" oorhulumente babefuna ukubuyisela ubukhulu obumhlophe kunye nokuvelisa ulungelelwano lwentlalo-ntle ngokwendlela esemthethweni.

Imvelaphi nentsingiselo ye "Jim Crow"

Uphawu Lwentsimbi

UJim Crow wayeligama lodweliso lwemingcipheko (enyanisweni uJuk Jim Crow) wayenza ekuqaleni ngo1828 ngumbhali wayo, uThomas Dartmouth ("Tatata") Rice, kunye nabalandeli abaninzi, kuquka uJoseph Jefferson ongumdlali weqosha. Lo mlinganiselo wamela enye yezona ndlela zithe ngxileyo zobuBlalamlam kwizonwabo ezithandwayo.

"Jim Crow Laws" fumana igama labo kumsebenzi owenziweyo kwaye wenziwe ngu-"bawo we-miststresy" Thomas D. Rice kwiwaka lonyaka wama-1830. Rice wathi "Jim Crow" wayefuziselwe emva kwekhoboka elimnyama elikhubazekileyo elalicula lize lingqungqa. Ukufumana ingoma nokuhlekisa, wathenga iimpahla kumkhonzi ukuze abe "unyani" kumfanekiso wakhe kwaye wamkela ingoma eqhelekileyo "Jump Jim Crow" eyayiculwa ngamakhoboka, ukwenzela isenzo sakhe. URice wayesenza kwibala elimnyama, efaka isiqhumiso kwisikhumba sakhe kubantu abamnyama.

Eli gama lajika laba ligama elinyelisayo kumaMerika aseAfrika negama lobomi bawo obungahlawulwanga. Ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, eli binzana lavela kwezolonwabo laza lafana nezixhobo ezisemthethweni zokucinezela abantu ngokohlanga.

Ukusuka Kwizinto Zokuzonwabisa Ukusa Kwingcinezelo Esemthethweni

Ukuguquka kweli gama ukusuka kwiqonga leqonga ukuya kutsho kumgaqo omiselwe ngokusemthethweni wocalucalulo olusemthethweni kubonisa indlela obuntlu - buhlanga obabuphenjelelwa ngayo yimeko yaseMerika.

UJim Crow wayeligama lenkqubo yohlanga olunobuhlanga eyayisebenza kakhulu, kodwa ingeyoyasezantsi neyomda kuphela, phakathi konyaka ka-1877 kunye nophakathi konyaka ka1960. UJim Crow wayengaphezulu kunothotho lwemithetho eqinileyo elwa nobumnyama. Yayiyindlela yobomi. Phantsi kweJim Crow, amaMelika aseAfrika abekwa kwimeko yabemi beklasi yesibini.

Ukubaluleka Okukhulu Kukudibana Kwama - Jim Crow

Ukucalucalulo Kwiimeko zikawonke - wonke

Iipaki zikawonke-wonke zazingavumelekanga ukuba amaMelika aseAfrika angene, yaye amaholo emidlalo kunye neevenkile zokutyela ahlulahlulwe. Amagumbi okulinda abekwe ngokweendidi kuduladula nakwizikhululo zikaloliwe ayefuneka, kwakunye nemithombo yamanzi, izindlu zangasese, amasango okwakha, izinyusi, amangcwaba kwaneefestile ezinika imali kwipaki zokuzonwabisa. Ukusasazeka kwale miqathango kwakuthetha ukuba amaBlack America angakwazi ukuhamba kwizithuba zikawonke wonke ngaphandle kwezikhumbuzo zesikhundla sawo.

Intsebenziswano yanyanzeleka ukuba isetyenziswe kwimida, iifom, izibhedlele, izibhedlele, iintolongo namakhaya okuhlala abantu abakhulileyo nabaneziphene. Akukho nxalenye yobomi bemihla ngemihla engazange ikhutshwe yimithetho yokwahlukana kwabantu. Kwaneyona misebenzi iqhelekileyo efuna ukuba abantu base-Mlandleni basebenzise imiqathango entsonkothileyo elungiselelwe ukunyanzela iinkokeli zeentlanga.

KuMzantsi Carolina, abasebenzi bempahla emnyama nemhlophe babengenakusebenza kwigumbi elinye, bangene ngapha kwesango elinye, okanye bajonge ngaphandle kwefestile enye. Le miqathango ingenangqiqo ityhila ubunjani bengcamango yobuhlanga obugqithisileyo kunye nobude abamhlophe abanokuhamba ngabo ukukhusela naluphi na uthelekiso lobuhlanga.

Imiqathango Ebangela Ukungabikho Kobuntu

Eminye imithetho kaJim Crow yafikelela kumgangatho wobungcali obubonakala bungaqondakali namhlanje. Umzekelo, ngo-1935, iOklahoma yalela abantu abantsundu nabamhlophe ukuba bahambe kunye ngesikhephe. Ukuhamba ngesikhephe kwakubonisa ukulingana kwebutho labantu. Ngo-1930, iBirmingham, i-Alabama, kwakwenza ukuba kube nzima ngabantu abantsundu kunye nabamhlophe ukudlala kunye.

Le mithetho ifikelele phantse kuyo yonke intlalo. Akukho mchebi-mvane uza kuba ngumchebi (ku) amantombazana amhlophe okanye amabhinqa (eGeorgia). Igosa eliphetheyo aliyi kungcwaba, okanye livumele ukuba lingcwatywe, nayiphi na imibala ebekwe emhlabeni okanye isetyenziswe ekungcwabeni abamhlophe (iGeorgia). Kwanaxa kufile, i-cataf.

Ucalucalulo Lwemfundo Nokungalingani Kwabantu

Mhlawumbi akukho ndawo apho ukungalingani kukaJim Crow kwakubonakala khona ngakumbi kunemfundo. Ngoxa izikolo zikawonke-wonke zazimiselwe okokuqala zindlu yowiso-mthetho ehlaziyiweyo kumaphondo aseMazantsi, ezo zabantwana abantsundu zazisoloko zincitshiswa xa kuthelekiswa nezikolo zabantwana abamhlophe, kwanaxa ziqwalaselwa kwimali ehluphayo yaseMzantsi wemfazwe apho ixabiso locotha lwezolimo lagcina uqoqosho lusezantsi.

Njengezikolo, amathala eencwadi kawonke-wonke abantu abantsundu ayengenandawo yaneleyo, ukuba ayekho, kwaye ayesoloko egcwele iincwadi ezisetyenzisiweyo kunye nezinye izinto eziluncedo. La masebe awaziswanga kuma-Afrika akwimpuma de kube lixesha lokuqala lenkulungwane yama-20. Ukutyhubela isizukulwana sikaJim Crow, amathala eencwadi ayefumaneka ngamathuba angaqhelekanga. Oku kukhankanywa kwemiba yemfundo kwaba neziphumo ezingokwesizukulwana, oku kubeka amathuba abaNtlangalamla eMerika ukuhambela phambili kwezoqoqosho nangokwentlalo.

Ukunganeliseki Nokucinywa Kwezobupolitika

UJim Crow waphumelela kakhulu ekususeni amaMelika amnyama kwigunya lawo lezobupolitika. Abantu abamnyama bakhatywa ilungelo lokuvota ngerhafu yovotho (ityala elibekwa abantu abanxhuzulayo), i-primpariers emhlophe (kuphela amaDemocrat ayenokuvota, kuphela abantu abamhlophe abanokuba ngabaGqibi), kunye novavanyo lokufunda ("Ngenxa yokuba bonke ooMongameli abaPhakathi kunye nabaPhakathi beNkundla yeNkundla yeNkundla yaseMelika).

Ukusebenza kwala maqhinga okudibanisa kwakumangalisa. Ngo1896, iLouisiana yaba nabavoti abamnyama abali-1,334 ababhalisiweyo. Kwiminyaka esibhozo kamva, kuphela ngu 1.342, 1 ekhulwini, eyayinokugqitha imithetho emitsha karhulumente. Ukusukela ngo1896-1904, kwakungekho mvoti mnyama obhalisiweyo eMntla Carolina.

Abo babengenakuvota babengakufanelekeli ukukhonza kumaqumrhu ejaji yaye babengakwazi ukubalekela iiofisi zasekuhlaleni. Banyamalala ngokunempumelelo kubomi bezobupolitika, njengoko babengenakuziphembelela iindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente, kwaye izilangazelelo zabo zatyeshelwa. Oku kucalucalulwa kwezobupolitika kwabangela umjikelo okhohlakeleyo apho amaBlack America ayengenalizwi koorhulumente ababewacinezela.

Ukungaphumeleli kokuqala kukaRhulumente woManyano

Inkundla Ephakamileyo Ivumela Ukuba Kubekho Ucalucalulo

Urhulumente wephondo, ingakumbi iNkundla Ephakamileyo, wenza indima ebalulekileyo ekugunyaziseni uJim Crow Convention. IBhunga lawisa umthetho owiswe ngokwesiCunja wamaLungelo ngo1875 owakhusela ukufikelela ngokulinganayo kwizakhiwo zikarhulumente, kodwa iNkundla ePhakamileyo yavakalisa ukuba ayinyanzelekanga kwi-Civil Rights Cases (18883), iphikisa ngelithi nangona amazwe engenako ukubandakanyeka kwizenzo zokukhupha umthetho, umthetho ngokuphosakeleyo wazama ukulawula izenzo zabucala.

Esona sibetho sitshabalalisayo seza ngo1896. Umgaqo wokwahlukanisa wabekwa kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni nowaseburhulumenteni kwaye wadume kakhulu ngesigqibo 'sokwahlukene kodwa esilinganayo' kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo kwiPlesty v. Ferguson (1896). KwiPlesty, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yachaza ukuba logama oorhulumente benika abantu abamnyama inkqubo esemthethweni nenkululeko esemthethweni, elingana neyabamhlophe, babenokugcina amaziko ahlukeneyo ukuze baxhase la malungelo. Inkundla, nge 7-2 vhoti, ixhasa umthetho waseLouisiana, ivakalisa ukuba ukwahlukana kobuhlanga kwakungathethi ukuba abantu abamhlophe balinganayo ngoko kumele ukuba balingana.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, uPasley wayemela ukuhlaziywa kwabantu ababini: omnye umhlophe, omnye ungenelwe; omnye, umnyama, uswele yaye udeliwe.

Intsomi ye "Iyahlula Kodwa Iyalingana"

"Imfundiso eyahlukeneyo kodwa elingana" iyakuvumela, ngokwengcamango, izixhobo ezicalucalulweyo, kodwa ziqinisekisa ezo zakhiwo ukuba zazilingana. Noko ke, oku kulingana kucingelwa ukuba akukhange kuvele ngendlela esebenzayo. Noko ke, ukusetyenziswa, izibonelelo neenkonzo zamaMelika amnyama zazingalingani, kwaye zazingaphantsi rhoqo kwaye zingaphantsi kwemiqathango engapheliyo, ukuba zazikho konke konke.

Nangona ngokwengcamango imfundiso "yokwahlula" imfundiso yokwahlula eyayilawula iindawo zoluntu nezothutho, amaziko aseAfrika ayesoloko ephantsi kwaye ephantsi kwemiqathango xa kuthelekiswa nezixhobo zabamhlophe baseMelika; maxa wambi, kwakungekho zibonelelo zoluntu lwabantsundu konke konke. Le mfundiso "yahlukeneyo kodwa iyalingana" yayiyintsomi esemthethweni enika ukhupho lwesiseko sokungalingani.

Umanyano Olunzima Nokungasabeli

Ukusilela kukarhulumente karhulumente ukukhusela abemi abantsundu ngaphaya kwejaji. Woodrow Wilson woodrow Wilson wokwahlukaniswa ngokwesizwe kwinkonzo karhulumente. Ekupheleni kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I, iSithili saseColumbia sacalulwa ngokupheleleyo. Kwanekomkhulu lohlanga, phantsi kolawulo oluthe ngqo, laba sisixeko sikaJim Crow.

Ilizwana ngalinye elisemazantsi nezixeko ezininzi zasemntla zazinemithetho eyahlula abantu abantsundu baseMerika. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, uJim Crow waba ngumgaqo omiselweyo kulo lonke elo lizwe, urhulumente karhulumente engazange axhase yaye ngokufuthi wayexhasa ucalucalulo.

Ugonyamelo Noloyiko Njengokunyanzelwa Koomatshini

Ugonyamelo Nobugrogrisi Bobuhlanga

UJim Crow wanyanzeliswa kungekuphela nje ngenkqubo esemthethweni kodwa kwanangogonyamelo noloyiko olucwangcisiweyo. Abo babezama ukungathobeli imithetho kaJim Crow babesoloko bejamelene nokubanjwa, ukuhlawuliswa kwemali, izigwebo zasentolongweni, ugonyamelo nokufa.

Ubuncinane abantu abantsundu abali-161 babulawa ngo-1892, mhlawumbi elona nani liphezulu ngonyaka omnye. Oku kubulawa kwabantu basekuhlaleni kwaba zizilumkiso ezikhohlakeleyo kumaMelika amnyama awayenokucel ’ umngeni ulungelelwano lobuhlanga. Ugonyamelo lweKlux Klan kunye namahlokondiba angama-lynch athintela abantsundu abaninzi ekuqhankqalazeni okanye ekuchaseni imithetho ka-Jim Crow.

IKu Klux Klan yafumana ukubuya kwakhona okungundoqo ngexesha lika Jim Crow. IKu Klux Klan yayinamalungu azizigidi ezithathu ngexesha lomhla wayo wobungangamsha ekuqaleni koo1920. Iphantse isiqingatha samalungu ayo ayehlala kwimimandla yesixeko, kwaye nangona ayenenkxaso eninzi eMzantsi, iKlan yayinamandla kakhulu kwi Midwest nase Southwest. Le nkxaso yobelungu be- supremacist yabonisa indlela eyayiphembelela ngayo ingcamango yobuhlanga kulo lonke ibutho laseMerika.

Ulawulo lwezengqondo nolokulawulwa kwentlalo

UJim Crow wayemela ukubekwa kobuhlanga obuchasene nobumnyama. Abalungiseleli abaninzi abangamaKristu kunye nabefundisi bafundisa ukuba abamhlophe ngabantu abakhethiweyo, abantu abantsundu babeqalekiswa ukuba babe zinkonzo, kwaye uThixo waxhasa ucalucalulo lobuhlanga. Amaziko onqulo athethelela ucalucalulo lokuziphatha, enza ukuba ibonakale imiselwe nguThixo kunenkqubo yengcinezelo eyadalwa ngumntu.

Iingcali ngenzululwazi, iingcali ngezifo zamathambo, iingcali zezifo zamathambo, kunye neemfundiso zeNtlalo kaDarwin, kuwo onke amanqanaba emfundo, zayikhuthaza inkolelo yokuba abantu abantsundu ngokwemvelo babenengqondo nenkcubeko ephantsi kunabamhlophe. Uhlanga lwenzululwazi yecawa lwanikela imbonakalo enzulu yokuba abamhlophe baphezulu, yaye kuthiwa baneengcali ezizimiseleyo ezixhasa iingcamango zobuhlanga.

Ukuxhathisa kobumnyama nokwakha koluntu

Abaqheliseli Neenkokeli Zamandulo

Njengokuba yayicinezela njengokuba ixesha likaJim Crow lalinjalo, kwakhona lalilixesha apho amaMelika amaninzi aseAfrika kulo lonke elo lizwe ahambela phambili kwindima zokhokelo ukuchasa imithetho ngamandla. Nangona ayejongene nemiqobo eyoyikekayo, amaBlack America akazange amkele isikhundla sawo esingaphantsi kwaye aqhubeke elwela amalungelo awo.

Intatheli yeMemphis kunye nomfundisi-ndaba uIda B. Wells waba ngumxhasi ophambili nxamnye nomthetho kaJim Crow emva kokuba engavumi ukushiya imoto kaloliwe yodidi lokuqala elungiselelwe abamhlophe kuphela. Umqhubi wamsusa ngenkani, kwaye waphumelela ekumangaleleni uloliwe, nangona esi sigqibo kamva satshintshwa yinkundla ephakamileyo. Ida B. Wells waqalisa ukubhala amanqaku kunye nokukhuphisana nokuchasa. Ijenali yakhe enenkalipho yabhenca amashwa ogonyamelo lobuhlanga yaza yacela isiqinisekiso sokuzithethelela.

ISouls of Black Folk ngu W.B. uDu Bois wapapashwa. Ngokutsho kukaManing Mable, umbhali wengxelo yembali ye-Du Bois, The Souls of Black Folk "incede ekuveliseni ingxubusho engobulumko yokulwa kwenkululeko emnyama kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Umsebenzi ka-Du Bois wanika isiseko sobuchule obunamandla sokuqonda kunye nengcinezelo yobuhlanga evavanyayo.

Ukuxhathisa Intlangano

INgqungquthela yeSizwe yeNegro yahlanganisana kwisiXeko saseNew York yaza yaseka iNgqungquthela yesiZwe yeNkqubelano yabantu Abanombala Omfutho (NAACP). Intlangano yesizwe yeNkqubela yokuqhubela phambili kubantu abanombala, eyaziwa bhetele njengeNAACP, yasekwa ngo-1909 kwaye iGreat Extration yamisela iqonga leNguquko yeHarlem – umbutho onempembelelo enzulu yenkcubeko, yentlalo, kunye nobugcisa.

INAACP iza kuba yeyona ntlangano ibalulekileyo yamalungelo abantu kwinkulungwane yama-20, isebenzisa imingeni engokwasemthethweni kunye nokusetyenziswa komthetho kawonke-wonke ukuphelisa iziseko ezisemthethweni zikaJim Crow. Ubuchule bayo bokuhlasela ityala ngokunqumla ucalulo lwamalungelo abantu ekugqibeleni buza kuthwala iziqhamo ngeminyaka yee-1950 kunye nee-1960.

Ukufuduka Okukhulu Neenguquko Zenkcubeko

KwiGreat Hugration, abantu abantsundu abasemaphandleni basemazantsi bafudukela kwizixeko ezisemantla, eNtshona nakwizixeko ezisemazantsi. Phakathi ko1915 no1920, izigidi ezingama-500 000 ukuya kwisigidi esinye safudukela eMntla naseNtshona ngonyaka we1920. Imithetho kaJim Crow yaba ziinkalo ezakhokelela kwiGreat Hugration ebudeni besiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane yama-20. Ngenxa yokuba amathuba omsebenzi ayelinganiselwe kakhulu kumaphandle aseMzantsi Mzantsi, ama-Afrika asuka kwinani elikhulu aya kwizixeko ezikumntla-mpuma, eMbindi-ntshona, naseNtshona-ntshonalanga, namazwe aseNtshona ukuze afune ubomi obungcono.

Olu tshintsho lukhulu lwaguqula ibutho labantu baseMerika laza ladala amaziko amatsha e-Black political kunye nenkcubeko. I Honaissance yasinika iimvumi ezidubulayo njengoDuke Ellington noJelly Roll Morton, ababhali abadumileyo abanjengoZora Neale Hurston kunye noLangston Loulsers, abadlali neemvumi, njengentombi yokuqala uJosephine Baker, kunye nabaphengululi ababalulekileyo kunye neenkcubatha-ntanda-bulumko abafana no-W.B.B.

Isiqalo Sentlanga - ntle

IMfazwe Yehlabathi II Nenyathelo Lokulawula

IMfazwe Yehlabathi II yavelisa ingcinezelo entsha yokulingana kwesizwe. UMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt wakhupha uLawulo oluPhezulu 8802, eyaphelisa ucalulo lokuqesha kwishishini lokuzikhusela yaza yamisa iKhomishoni yeFair Works Practices. Ekuphenduleni, iinkokeli zabantsundu, kuquka u-A. Philip Randolph, wacima udweliso olucwangcisiweyo kwiWashington. Oku kwamela enye yezenzo ezibalulekileyo zikarhulumente nxamnye nocalucalu kususela kwi-Reconfranson.

Imfazwe yabalaselisa ukuphikisana phakathi kokulwa ubufascism kwelinye ilizwe ngelinye ixesha ingcinezelo yobuhlanga ekhaya. UJesse Owens waba ngowokuqala waseMelika ukuphumelela iimendlela ezine zegolide kwenye iOlimpiki. Impumelelo yakhe yayikukuphikisa ngqo iingcamango zika-Adolph Hitler zobuOrian. Igalelo lobuNsundu kwimigudu yemfazwe laqinisa intelekiso yabo yokuziphatha ukuze bawanelise amalungelo abo okuba ngabemi.

Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo: IBhunga leMithetho yeMigaqo

Owona mgaqo ubalulekileyo wongenelelo lwamazwe ombuso wavela kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo ngo-1944. NgoMeyi 17, 1954, ngemini yemini, iiJaji ezisithoba zeNkundla ePhakamileyo zavakalisa isigqibo sazo somanyano kumatyala amane, ngoku zibekwe njengeBrown v. Ibhodi yemfundo. Bathi ukuhlukaniswa ngokweentlanga zabantwana kwizikolo zikawonke wonke, kwanasesikolweni somgangatho olinganayo, kwenza umonakalo kubantwana abambalwa. "Iziko lemfundo ezincinci azilingani ncam." Lo mkhwa waphula umthetho we-14 we-amenti ye-menti yomgaqo-siseko kwaye kufuneka ume.

Ngo-1954, ukwahlulwa kohlanga lwezikolo zikawonke-wonke (kumazwe) kwavakaliswa ngokungekho mgaqweni yiNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. kwityala eliphawulayo leBrown v. Ibhodi yemfundo yaseTopeka. Esi sigqibo sayibhukuqa ngqo "Imfundiso ehlukeneyo kodwa elinganayo" eyasungulwa ePlesby v. Ferguson kwaye sabetha kwintliziyo esemthethweni kaJim Crow.

Ngoko, uzalisekiso lwesigqibo lwangqineka lulucelomngeni. Kwamanye amazwe, kwathatha iminyaka emininzi ukuzalisekisa esi sigqibo, ngeli lixa iNkundla iWarren yaqhubeka ilawula ngokuchasene nomthetho kaJim Crow kwezinye iimeko ezifana nentliziyo yaseAtlanta Motel, Inc. neUnited States (1964). Ukuxhathisa kokuphelisa umanyano kuMzantsi kubonisa ukuba uloyiso olusemthethweni kuphela lwalunganele ukutshabalalisa uJim Crow.

Iqumrhu lamaLungelo aBami kunye neNkxaso yoMbutho

Imikhosi yomkhosi womthetho womthetho we-Grasroots

Iminyaka yee-1950 kunye nee1960 kwabakho uqhushululu lweziqhushumbisi ze-odoous enyanzelisa urhulumente wengingqi ukuba athathe inyathelo elibanzi ngokuchasene noJim Crow. Kwakhona, u-1960 uGreensboro wahlala-ngaphakathi wagxeka ukubhaliswa kwemali yesidlo sasemini ngokuhlala kwi-F. W. Woolworth Company phakathi kwemibhobho emikhulu. Kwiminyaka emithathu kamva phakathi kwama-200 000 kunye nama-300,000 abathathi-nxaxheba beza eWashington D.C.

Le mibhiyozo, kunye nezinye ezininzi kulo Mzantsi, yadala ingxaki yokuziphatha urhulumente worhulumente ongomnye angenakuphinda ayityeshele. Ukuthelekisa komabonwakude abaqhankqalazi abanoxolo abahlaselwa ngamapolisa nezinja kunye nezikhuseli-mlilo kwasothusa ilizwe kunye nehlabathi, kudala ingcinezelo yezobupolitika yokungenelela kwezwe. Iintlangano ezifana ne [FLT[FLD:1], iNgqungquthela yamaKristu yaseMazantsi, kunye neStandard Nonbig Coordinating Coodining Committe Committee Committee Commorie Committee Comment Commoridement Comment yalungelela imingeniselo ephambili ediyo enxulumene imingeni engo yomthetho, inyathelo elingqalileyo, kunye nokungenelwa kwezobupolitika.

UMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1964

Jikelele, imithetho eseleyo kaJim Crow yapheliswa jikelele nguMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1964 kunye noMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1965. UMthetho waMalungelo oMsebenzi wasekuhlaleni wawumela owona mthetho ubanzi wamalungelo abantu ukususela ekuvuselelweni kwakhona.

UMthetho we-Civil Rights ka-1944 ulubhangisile ucalulo olusekelwe kuhlanga, ibala, unqulo, isini okanye imvelaphi yemvelo, njengocalulo emsebenzini, kwiindawo zokuhlala zikawonke wonke, kunye nobhaliso lwamavoti. Lo mthetho uninzi wahlasela ucalucalulo kwiindawo ezininzi, ukusuka kwimisebenzi ukuya kwiendawo zokuhlala zikawonke wonke ukuya kumalungelo okuvota.

Lo mthetho wanika abatshutshisi abambalwa iinkqubo zokunyanzelisa abantu ezazingafumaneki kumthetho wamalungelo abantu ngaphambili, unika urhulumente izixhobo zokulwa ucalucalulo ngokuqhubekayo kunokuba avakalise ukuba lungamelani nomthetho olawulayo.

ISivumelwano saMalungelo sowe-1965

IVoting Rights Act ka-1965, yaxhasa ngokusemthethweni uHlahlo lweMithetho yeZimali yeSizwe yeshumi elinesine neyeshumi elinesihlanu ngokuthintela urhulumente norhulumente wasekuhlaleni ukuba amisele imithetho yokuvota ekhethela ngokungeyomfuneko amarhamente ambalwa. Lo mthetho wanyanzelisa oorhulumente basekuhlaleni ukuba basuse iimvavanyo ezinzima zokufunda nokubhala nokuvala imiqathango engekho mthethweni ngokungeyo.

ISivumelwano samaLungelo sangqineka sisebenza ngokukhethekileyo kuba sasiquka amalungiselelo olawulo lukarhulumente lonyulo kunye neembali zocalulo. Olu ngenelelo lwesizwe olungqalileyo lwaqinisekisa ukuba amazwe aseMazantsi akanakuyila nje iindlela ezintsha zokulahla ezo zibekwe ngokusemthethweni. Imfuneko yangaphambili yomthetho yayithetha ukuba amagunya agqunywe ngurhulumente ayenokufumana uvumo lwasemthethweni phambi kokuba atshintshe iinkqubo zawo zokuvota.

Izenzo Zomanyano Ezizezinye

Imithetho ye-oyile ye-Loving v. Virginia ekwimeko yonyaka we-1967. Esi sigqibo sayiphelisa imithetho elwa umtshato weentlanga ezahlukeneyo, sisusa enye yeendidi zokugqibela ezingundoqo zomthetho kaJim Crow.

Congress ugqithisa uMthetho we-Civil Rights ka-1964, iVoing Rights Act ka-1965, kunye noMthetho ka-1967 we-Fair House Act ka-1968. KwiLong House Act (1967) iNkundla ivakalisa imithetho engekho mthethweni. Ezi zinkqubela ziphumeze ngokuphumelelayo ukuphelisa ixesha lika-Jim Crow. Ndawonye, le mithetho yaphelisa isiseko somthetho wokwahlula esasicineze i-Black America phantse inkulungwane.

Ilifa Eliqhubekayo LikaJim Crow

Ukwahluka Okuqhubekayo Kobuhlanga

Inkqubela-phambili yee1950 kunye nee1960, nokokuba, zazinganele ukubuyisela isithintelo sokuvuselelwa kwesakhiwo okanye ucalulo lomhla kaJim Crow. AmaMelika amnyama enza inkqubela encinane ngexesha lenkulungwane emva kokukhotyokiswa, ngexesha elibhekele phaya emva kwamaMelika amhlophe, kwaye inkqubela ukususela ngelo xesha ibicotha kancinci ngenkoliso yeempawu zentlalo nakwezoqoqosho.

Inkulungwane kaJim Crow yadala imisantsa emikhulu yobutyebi, ukwahluka-hluka kwemfundo, kunye nezinye iinkqubo zikarhulumente ezingenakucinywa ngokutshintsha imithetho. Okwangoku, le nkulungwane yayiyenye yenkqubela engenakuthelekiswa nanto yentlalo kunye nezoqoqosho yabamhlophe, kuquka abaninzi abaentsapho zabo zafika njengabaphambukeli emva kweMfazwe yamakhaya. IG.I.B. uBill, iFearterl Howale Authority, kunye nezinye iinkqubo zikarhulumente ezinika abemi uncedo oluthe ngqo lokufumana imfundo, umnini-khaya, imisebenzi kunye nemali-mali eboletwaneyo, ukunyusa abamhlophe abaninzi beze kudidi oluphakathi. Ngelixesha, ezi nkqubo zisoloko zingenamgangatho othe kratya wokufumana iimali, ii-inshorensi, ii-artrance, i-asss, i-arensiver, imisebenzi, kunye nemali-omini yemini yemini yasemakhaya ngenxa yabahlalim.

Ukuqhubeka Kunzima Ukudlulisela Amalungelo

KwanoMthetho weSibonelelo samaLungelo oMgaqo-nkqubo weSiko samaNgeniso ujongene nocelomngeni kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Ngo-2013, iNkundla yamaRoberts, eShelby County v. UHorer, wasusa imfuneko emiselwe nguMthetho wamaLungelo wamaZwe aseMazantsi apho amazwe afuna imvume yoManyano yotshintsho kwiinkqubo zokuvota. Amazwe amaninzi ngokukhawuleza enza utshintsho kwimithetho yawo ethintela ukufikelela kovota. Esi sigqibo sanciphisa enye yezona zixhobo zisebenzayo ekukhuseleni amalungelo okuvota kwaye sabonisa ukuba ukuzabalazela ukufikelela kumgangatho olingana kwi-colot kuyaqhubeka.

Ucalucalulo Olulawulwa Ziinkqubo Kumazwe Angaphandle AseMerika

Ilifa likaJim Crow lidlulela ngaphaya kwemithetho yokwahlula iinqobo. Ukwahluka ngokweentlobo zeentlanga kuyaqhubekeka kwimfundo, izikolo ezikummandla ophakathi kwabaNsundu zisoloko zingafumani nkxaso eninzi kunye nobuncwane obuninzi kunabo basemaphandleni. Inkqubo yokugweba yolwaphulo-mthetho ibonisa ukungalingani okugqithiseleyo kweentlanga ekuboshweni, ekuchaneni, nasekugwetyweni. Ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho kuhlala kunzulu, iintsapho zabaNsundu zingenabo ubutyebi bungako kakhulu kuneentsapho ezimhlophe ngokomlinganiselo.

Ukwahlulwa kommandla wezindlu kuyaqhubeka kwizixeko ezininzi zaseMerika, kungengamithetho ecacileyo kaJim Crow kodwa ngemeko yezoqoqosho, izenzo zokubolekisa ngocalucalulo, kunye neziphumo ezihlala zihleli zokuphinda zibekwe ngokwembali. Ezi ndlela zokwahlula-hlula abantu ngokweendawo zinegalelo kwiiyantlukwano eziqhubekayo zemfundo nezoqoqosho, njengoko indawo ekungqongileyo ichaphazela ukufikelela kwizikolo ezisemgangathweni, imisebenzi, namanye amathuba.

Ukubaluleka Kokuqonda Imbali

Ukuqonda imbali kaJim Crow kunye norhulumente wesizwe kuyimfuneko ukuqhubana nokungalingani kweentlanga. Ucwangciso lwe-Jim Crow, ugonyamelo olusetyenziselwa ukunyanzelisa, kunye nenxaxheba karhulumente ekudala ekuyigcineni kunceda ukuchaza isizathu sokuba ucalucalulo lweentlanga luqhubeke emva kwamashumi eminyaka emva kweNtlanganiso yamalungelo esizwe.

Umzabalazo wokuchitha uJim Crow ukwanezifundo ezibalulekileyo malunga notshintsho lwentlalo. Ibonisa ukuba ukoyisa okusemthethweni, ngeli xesha kuyimfuneko, akwanele ngaphandle kokuzimisela nokuqinisekisa okuqhubekayo. Ibonisa ukubaluleka kokulungiselela ulwakhiwo lwengca kunye neengxaki ezingokomthetho. Ibonisa indlela ungenelelo lwamaqumrhu, xa luyilwe kakuhle kwaye lunyanzelekile, olunokuba sisixhobo esinamandla sokukhusela amalungelo abantu.

Izifundo Zemigudu Yamalungelo Abemi

Imfuneko Yokunyanzeliswa Kwamagunya

Imbali kaJim Crow ibonisa ukuba urhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni abanakusoloko bethenjwa ukukhusela amalungelo abantu abambalwa. Ungenelelo lomanyano lwangqineka lubalulekile ekususeni ucalulo, kwaye ulawulo oluqhubekayo lukarhulumente lusafuneka ukukhusela ukubuyela komva. Ubuthathaka boMthetho wangaphambili wamaLungelo kunye nemiqathango yokuvota elandelayo kumazwe athile ibonisa oko kunokwenzeka xa umthetho uncitshisiwe.

Amandla Okuzingisa

IKhunga lamaLungelo langaphakathi laphumelela kungengaxesha linye eliphawulekayo kodwa ukutyhubela amashumi eminyaka elungelelaniswa, ukuvavanywa komthetho, kunye nesenzo esingqalileyo. Ukusuka kwiqhinga lomguli elisemthethweni lika NAACP ukuya kwimibhiyozo yengca yoo1960, abaxhasi bagcina uxinzelelo kurhulumente karhulumente de ekugqibeleni bathabathe inyathelo elipheleleyo. Oku kunyanzelisa kunika umzekelo wemibutho yanamhlanje efuna utshintsho kwintlalo.

Ukuntsonkotha Kokufikelela Ukulingana Kokwenyaniso

Ukuzingisa kokungalingani kobuhlanga phezu kwako nje ukuphela kokwahlulwa komthetho kubonisa ukuba ukufikelela ukulingana kokwenyaniso kufuna okungaphezulu kunokususa nje nje imithetho echaphazelekayo yocalulo. Kufuna ukuhlangabezana neengxaki eziqokelelwe ziinkulungwane zengcinezelo, ukusuka kwimiqobo yobutyebi ukuya kwizinto ezingqubanayo zemfundo ukuya kukungabikho kokusesikweni. Oku kuqonda kufanele kwazise iingxoxo zale mihla ezimalunga nezenzo zokuvuma, ukurhoxa, kunye nokuveliswa kwemali kwimimandla ehlwempuzekileyo ngokwembali.

Isiphelo: Uhambo Olungenazimvo

Ibali lemithetho kaJim Crow kunye nempendulo karhulumente karhulumente wesizwe limele esinye sezahluko ezimnyama kwimbali yaseMerika kunye nobungqina bamandla okwenza iphulo eliqhubekayo ukuze kufumaneke utshintsho lwentlalo. Phantse inkulungwane, urhulumente kunye norhulumente wasekuhlaleni kulo lonke elaseMzantsi, ngokungenelela kukarhulumente wesizwe, wagcina inkqubo ebanzi yengcinezelo yobuhlanga eyayichaphazela zonke iinkalo zobomi babantu abamnyama.

Ukusabela kokuqala kukarhulumente karhulumente kuJim Crow kwaphawulwa ngokungakhathali kwinkxaso elungileyo nesebenzayo kububi obukhulu. Izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo kwiimeko ezifana nePlessy v. Ferguson wanikela isigqumo somGaqo-siseko sokukhetha inxalenye yohlanga, ngelixesha oomongameli kunye neBhunga-Mdabi beyekelela kakhulu ukwaphulwa kwamalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Oku kusilela uJim Crow ukuba angene nzulu kwibutho lamaMelika, adala imilinganiselo yokungalingani okusa okusasasasasasasasasasasasasa neyantsuku.

Kwathatha amashumi eminyaka ezenzo zenkalipho zobuBlack Merika namahlakani abo ukunyanzela urhulumente wesizwe ukuba enze into ebalulekileyo. Iqhinga lomthetho lika NAACP, ucwangciso lwengca lweKhavinity Rights Movement, kunye nengqina lokuziphatha labantu abangenakubalwa abaye babeka ubomi babo esichengeni sokucelw' umngeni ekugqibeleni badala iimeko zezopolitiko ukuze bangenelele urhulumente wonke. Umthetho weVoing Rights Act ka-6565, kwaye ekugqibeleni umthetho onxulumene nawo waphelisa umgaqo osemthethweni kaJim Crow.

Noko ke, ilifa likaJim Crow liyaqhubeka lilolonga ibutho labantu baseMerika. Ukwahluka ngokweentlobo zobuhlanga kubutyebi, imfundo, impilo, kunye nobulungisa bolwaphulo-mthetho kubonisa ukuqokelelwa kweengxaki ezabangelwa yinkulungwane yengcinezelo ecwangcisiweyo. Ukuqonda le mbali kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukucombulula ukungalingani kweentlanga zanamhlanje. Ityhila indlela oluye lwanwenwa ngayo ucalucalulo kumacandelo aseMerika kwaye kutheni izisombululo ezingeyo zanele ukufikelela ulingana kokwenyaniso.

Umlo nxamnye noJim Crow ukwanika ithemba kunye nezifundo ezisebenzisekayo kumalungu alo nyakatho-nye. Ibonisa ukuba kwanezona nkqubo ziqinileyo zengcinezelo zinokucelw'iingxaki zize zitshintshwe ngokusetyenziswa kobuchule obuzinzileyo. Ibonisa ukubaluleka kokudibanisa ucelomngeni olusemthethweni nolungelelwaniso oluthe ngqo. Yaye ityhila okokuba ukungenelela korhulumente, xa kwenziwe kakuhle kwaye kunyanzelelwa ngamandla, kusenokuba sisixhobo esinamandla sokukhusela amalungelo abantu nokukhuthaza ukulingana.

Njengoko siqhubeka sizama ukumelana nelifa likaJim Crow kunye nokungalingani kobuhlanga okuqhubekayo, kufuneka sikhumbule izinto ezimanyumnyezi zelo xesha kunye nenkalipho yabo balwa nalo. Umgudu wabo usikhumbuza ukuba inkqubela iyenzeka kodwa ayinakuphepheka, ukuba amalungelo akha aphumelela kufuneka akhuselwe ngokuphandle, kwaye umsebenzi wokwakha umgangatho olingana ngokwenene nolungelelaniso lwebutho labantu uhlale ugqityiwe. Ukufumana ulwazi oluninzi ngamalungelo abantu kunye nemigudu eqhubekayo yokuthetha ngentlalo-ntlalo, tyelela iNgqungqungquthela yamalungelo oMbini nawamanyeneyo e-Rhulumente kunye noMthetho wobuLuhlwempuzeko [[FLT]].

Indaleko karhulumente karhulumente ukusuka kumntu olawula ucalulo lokunyanzelisa amalungelo asekuhlaleni imele iinguqulelo ezingundoqo kulawulo lwamaMelika. Kodwa olu tshintsho luhlala lungaphelelanga, njengokuba ucelomngeni lwakutshanje ekuvoteleni amalungelo nokuhlukana okuqhubekayo kobuhlanga lubonisa. Ukuqonda imbali epheleleyo kaJim Crow/its, imvelaphi yayo ebanzi, ugonyamelo olusetyenziswayo ukunyanzelisa, kwaye umzabalazo ode ufuneka nabani na ozimisele ukugqiba umsebenzi ongagqitywanga wokufikelela ukulingana kweentlanga eMelika.