Isiseko Sengqungquthela

IBhunga leUnited States liyinkqubo ye-bacameral, okuthetha ukuba yahlulwe yaba ngamagumbi amabini: Indlu yabameli kunye ne . Esi sakhiwo sasingukulalanisa kwangabom kwiConvention yezomGaqo-siseko, silungelelanisa izilangazelelo zamazwe amakhulu namancinci.

Indlu yabameli inamalungu ovotelo angama-455, ngalinye elimele isithili sombutho kwiphondo. Inani lesithili ngasinye sikwimeko emiselwe ngabemi, sivunwa emva kweminyaka elishumi yakubalwa kwabantu. Indlu isoloko ithathwa njengegumbi elikufuphi nabantu ngenxa yokuba amalungu ayo akhonza amagunya eminyaka emibini kwaye kufuneka asoloko ephumeza iphulo lokuphinda akhutshwe. Indlu inamandla akhethekileyo okusungula iindleko (irhafu) kunye nokungahlawulwa kwamagosa orhulumente.

IBhunga leNtsimbi linee-engile ezilishumi, ezimbini ezivela kwilizwe ngalinye, zisebenza amagama anyaka mthandathu anyaka anyakathukayo ukuze iBhunga liphinde linyuselwe ukunyulwa rhoqo kwiminyaka emibini. Eli gama lide kunye nonyamezelo olubanzi zenzelwe ukwenza iBhunga libe liqumrhu elikhulu, elikhuselwe ekutshintsheni ngequbuliso kuluvo lukawonke-wonke. I-Cantenethi iphethe amandla akhethekileyo ukuqinisekisa ukumiselwa komongameli (amalungu e-cabinethi, abagwebi, abagwebi, ii-ants) kunye nokuqinisekisa izivumelwano zokukhulula ezingaphezulu-3-3-4.

Inkqubo Yokwenza Umthetho

Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho ingundoqo kumsebenzi weBhunga. Isicelo somthetho omtsha ````isicelo sokunika umthetho'''' kufuneka sithathe amanyathelo anzima ngaphambi kokuba ube ngumthetho. Ukuqonda le nkqubo kungundoqo ekuqondeni indlela ezinokwenziwa ngayo izigqibo.

Ukwazisa kunye nokubuyisela

Naliphi na ilungu leBhunga lingaseka isibeko. Kwi House, ityala lifakwa “kwi-Enter.” KwiBhunga, ityala liziswa yi-sentenator ephantsi. Emva kokuba livakalisiwe, ityala linikwe inani kwaye libhekiswe kwikomiti (ii) enegunya phezu kombandela wayo. Umzekelo, umthetho wenkqubo yonyango uza kusiwa kwiKomiti ye House yeMwezi neMerika okanye kwi-State Health, Education, iStuaty, i-Lor, ne-Pensions Committee.

Isenzo seKomiti

IiKomiti zilapho owona msebenzi untsonkothileyo wenziwe khona. Ikomiti ingaba neengxoxo apho iingcaphephe, abagcini-nxaxheba, namagosa karhulumente angqina khona. Emva kokuva, ikomiti ithatha “uphawu” lwentlanganiso apho amalungu acebisa ukuthunyelwa nokuvota kulwimi lwetyala. Ukuba ikomiti iyawuvumela lo mthetho, kunikelwa ingxelo kwigumbi elipheleleyo ngengxelo ebhaliweyo echaza iingcebiso zekomiti. Amatyala amaninzi aphela ephela kwikomiti; kuphela inxalenye ephambili yolwimi lwetyala.

Ingxoxo yeNkcubeko noLuvo

Kwindlu, ingxoxo ilawulwa ngokungqongqo yiKomiti yeMimiselo, emisela imida yexesha kwaye imisela ukuba yeyiphi inguquko enokuthi iqwalaselwe. Kuluhlu lwendlu lomgangatho. KwiBhunga, ingxoxo idla ngokuba khululekile, kwaye abaququzeli bangamisela ingxoxo emalunga nama-60 ukubeka umda kwiiyure ezingama-30 ezongezelelweyo. Emva kwengxoxo, uvotelo olulula (51 kwiBhotal, 218) luyimfuneko ukudlula kuxwebhu, ngaphandle kweminye imisebenzi efana nomthetho okanye i-gronalmes.

IKomiti yeNgqungquthela

Ukuba iNdlu kunye neNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlela zoNyaka zidlulisa iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zemali enye, ikomiti yenkomfa `iqokelelwe yamalungu avela kuzo zombini iigumbi(ihlanganiselwe ukuxolelanisa iimvisiso. Le ngxelo yenkomfa mayivunywe ngamagumbi omabini afanayo phambi kokuba ithunyelwe kuMongameli.

Isenzo soMongameli

Xa omabini amaziko egqitha umthetho ofanayo, uthunyelwa kuMongameli. UMongameli angasayina umthetho, awurhoxise (ukuwubuyisela kwiKhonklane ngokuphikisa), okanye awuvumele ukuba ube ngumthetho ngaphandle kokutyikitya intsayino emva kweentsuku ezilishumi (iiCawa ezisusiweyo). Ingqungquthela ingayikhupha iveto ngevoti yoninzi olubini kwigumbi ngalinye.

Indlela Okwenziwa Ngayo Izigqibo

Ukwenza izigqibo kwiKhomishini kuphenjelelwa ziimeko ezininzi: ukhokelo lweqela, izakhiwo zeekomiti, abaxhasi, izilangazelelo zomanyano, kunye nemithetho yequmrhu. Ukuthungatha ngumbandela olula wesazela somntu ngamnye; yimveliso yengxoxo, ukulalanisa, kunye nengqeqesho yeqela.

Ukhokelo Nezibopho Zeqela

Iqela ngalinye kwigumbi ngalinye linyulela iinkokeli ezimisela imimiselo yemithetho kunye nokunyanzelisa uqeqesho lwamaqela. Entsatsheni, uSithethi seNdlu ungoyena mntu unamandla, ukulawula ummiselo womgangatho, izabelo zekomiti, kunye nekhalenda yowiso-mthetho. Inkoliso neenkokeli ezincinane kuzo zombini amagumbi zilawula ubuchule bomgangatho. I-Whipps zimele zibale ukubala amavoti nokukhuthaza amalungu ukuba avote kwimigca yeqela, ingakumbi kwiimali ze-profile ephezulu.

Amandla eKomiti naBahlali

Izihlalo zekomiti, ezidla ngokuba lelona lungu likhulu leqela, linempembelelo enkulu. Zigqiba ukuba zeziphi iindleko ezifumana ukuviwa, oko kubizwa ngako amangqina, nendlela abalufumana ngayo uphawu. Unyuko olusetyenziselwa ukuphelisa iinqanawa zikasihlalo kuphela, kodwa ngoku iqela lisebenzisa izicelo ezisoloko livota kwizihlalo, kwaye imida yexesha elifutshane iye yaziswa kwezinye iikomiti. Iinkampani ezingaphantsi zikwadlala indima ebalulekileyo, ingakumbi kwiNdlu, apho zisingatha khona imibango ekhethekileyo.

Iinkqubo Zokuvelisa

IKhomishini isebenzisa iindidi ezininzi zovotelo. Iivoti zelizwi zikhawuleza kwaye zisetyenziswa kwimilinganiselo engadityanisiweyo. Iivoti zecandelo zicela amalungu ukuba ame. Ivoti erekhodiweyo ingathatha uhlobo lobizo oluqengqelekayo kwiBhunga okanye kwivoti yezombane kwiNdlu. Iivoti ezikhutshelweyo zibalulekile ekuphenduleni ityala; abameli bangabona kakuhle ukuba abaxhasi babo bavote njani nakusiphi na isigunya esinikiweyo. Indlu yeNtsimbi ikwa isebenzisa izivumelwano ezingqinelanayo ekukhululeni ishishini lesiqhelo, elingafuni mpikiswano kuyiphi na inkampani ye-sentene.

Indima Yomanyano Lweqela

Umanyano lweqela luye lwakhula ngokuphawulekayo kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje. Kumthetho omkhulu, amalungu amaninzi avota kunye noninzi lweqela lawo. Noko ke, imibutho enqamlezayo isakha kwimicimbi efana norhwebo, inkululeko yoluntu, okanye izibonelelo. Imfuneko yokukhusela amavoti angama-60 kwiNdlu yeeNtsimi ukwenzela ukwaphula imikhosi ye-emonicbuster kwiindleko ezininzi, njengoko iqela elininzi lingafane libambe uninzi lwabakhweli abakhuselayo.

Comment

Ngaphandle kokwenza umthetho, iNgqungquthela inikela ulwalathiso olubalulekileyo nemisebenzi yoqingqo - mali ebumba inkqubo karhulumente.

Inkqubo Yoqingqo-mali Olumanyeneyo

IBhunga lilawula isipaji sorhulumente ngamandla ayo engxowa-mali. Le nkqubo iqala ngesindululo soqingqo-mali sikaMongameli ngoFebruwari, kodwa iBhunga libhala isigqibo salo soqingqo-mali .Iplani emisela amaxhoba okusebenzisa imali kunye nengeniso kunyaka ozayo. I House neNdlu yeBhawulo-mali iphumeza isigqibo, esimele sidluliswe ngawo omabini amagumbi (kodwa asayinwe nguMongameli). Ngokulandelayo, i-appropriation engaphantsi kwe-mali egumbini ngalinye ivelisa iindleko zemali ezithengwayo zonyaka ozayo. Ukuba loo mali ayimiswangaqali ngeminyaka emitsha (Otober 1), iBhunga-mthetho kufuneka lidluliselwe kwisigqibo esiqhubekayo sokugcina imali karhulumente, okanye ukubhalisa i-omatshini.

Uphando Nolawulo

IKhomishini ilawula isebe eliphetheyo ngokuchotshelwa kwekomiti, uphando, kunye nezicelo zamaxwebhu. I-ofisi yobuNikademfa kuMlawuli (GAO) kunye ne-Ofisi yoHlahlo lweNdlu yoLawulo oluPhakathi-mali (CBO) inika uhlalutyo olungangeni macala. Ukuva okugqithisileyo kungayiphembelela indlela yokuziphatha noluvo lukawonke-wonke. I-I-onkethi yesixhobo esingundoqo: i-Homes covertivery ukuchola (ivoti enkulu), kwaye i-mthetho ye-mthetho (i-95) ityala (i-95 kwe-91 yezikhombisi).

Icebiso Nemvume

Indima yeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtsimbi ekuqinisekiseni ukumiswa kobumongameli kunye nezivumelwano zokugunyaziswa koomongameli kukuhlola igunya eliphezulu. Ukutyunjwa kweNkundla ePhakamileyo, iinkundla zikarhulumente, kunye nezithuba zequmrhu kubhekiselwa kwiKomiti yeNtlanganiso yeQela okanye ikomiti efanelekileyo, ebamba amatyala ize inconyele umtyunjwa kwiBhunga elipheleleyo. Abaninzi bayavuma ukuba abalawuli abaninzi, nangona abanye befuna ukuba kubekho inkqebeko ephezulu phantsi koko kwaziwa ngokuba “ukhetho lwesixhobo sikamatshini.”

Iintlawulo

Izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe zifuna amavoti amabini-sithathu kwiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtsimi. Abameli basebenzisa ngokuqhubekayo izivumelwano zolawulo oluphezulu endaweni yoko, ezingafuni mvume yeNtlanga-ntle kodwa ezingabopheleli kulawulo lwexesha elizayo. Olu tshintsho lunciphise indima yeBhunga kwimigaqo yamanye amazwe kodwa aziliphelisi igunya lalo lokuphatha.

Iindlela Abahlali Abanokubandakanyeka Ngazo

Ukuqonda indlela iNgqungquthela esebenza ngayo kunika abemi amandla okuba babe nenxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kwidemokhrasi.

  • Jongana nabameli bakho. Ukubiza, ukubhala, okanye uku-imeyile i-ofisi yasekuhlaleni yelungu lendlu yakho okanye ye-engile ye-netator yeyona ndlela ingqalileyo yokuchaza indawo yakho kwityala lemali. Uqhagamshelwano lwerekhodi, kwaye kwivoti ezisondeleyo, isikhukula sonxulumano singasombulula isigqibo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Iintlanganiso zeholo yedolophu ezithe tye kunye nokuchophela uluntu. Amalungu amaninzi aba neeholo zedolophu kwisithili zawo ngexesha lekhefu. Ukuya kukuvumela ukuba ubuze imibuzo ngokobuqu kwaye uviwe. Iikomiti zikwavuleleka kuwonke wonke; ungawabukela ehlala kwi Conforn.gov okanye umntu eWashington.
  • Ilandela iindaba zombutho kunye nokufumana ulawulo lwemithetho. Sebenzisa .Gov ukubona umbhalo opheleleyo wamatyala, iingxelo zekomiti, kunye neengxelo zokuvota. Ii-website ezifana neGovTrack. u-I-Imfono-mfono-mfono-mfono-mfono-m we-i-impatho nescredia. Ukuzibophelela kumaphepha-zincwadi avela kwithala leencwadi leBhunga kunye ne-[FLT] I-Government Accounting Iingxelo zobuvelelonkelo.
  • Ukuvota konyulo. unyulo lweKhonkela lwenzeka rhoqo emva kweminyaka emibini. Unyulo lwexesha lokuhamba phakathi (phakathi konyulo lomongameli) lusoloko lubona unyulo olusezantsi, kodwa bagqiba ulawulo lweBhunga kwaye ngaloo ndlela kumiselo lwemithetho-siseko. Khangela ixesha lobhaliso kunye neemfuno ku USA.gov
  • Idibanisa amaqela othutho okanye amaphulo. Imibutho ejolise kwimibandela ethile (ingxilongo, imekobume, amalungelo abemi) ijonge iKhomishini kwaye ilungelelanise imigudu yokusebenza kwengca. Ukusebenza ngokuzithandela kwala maqela kwenza ilizwi lakho liqine kwaye kunika ulwazi ngaphakathi lomthetho othe jikelweyo.
  • Ivavanya ekuchotshelweni okanye ingenise amagqabaza kawonke-wonke. Amaziko aMalungiselelo asoloko emkela amagqabaza kawonke-wonke ngemimiselo ecetyisiweyo evela kwimithetho yequmrhu. Ngokungakumbi, iikomiti maxa wambi zimema abemi abaqhelekileyo ukuba banikele ubungqina kwiinkundla zokuchongwa; ungacela ukuthetha nge-ofisi yommeli wakho okanye ngewebhsayithi yekomiti yakho.

Ucelomngeni notyekelo lwakutshanje ekwenzeni isigqibo sombutho

Ukuqonda ezi meko kunceda abemi balapha baqonde ukuba imigaqo yemithetho ingqongqo okanye imigaqo yezomthetho.

Name

Amaqela amabini amakhulu akhule ngokufanayo ngaphakathi nangakumbi ngokwahlukileyo komnye. Oku kuthamba kwethafa kunciphisa inani lamalungu anokukwazi ukwakha iminqophiso enqamlezayo. Ngenxa yoko, umthetho omkhulu usoloko ugqithiselwa kwimigca yeqela (umz., uMthetho wesikhathalelo ongenakuthengwa, utshintsho lwerhafu) kunokuba kusetyenziswe ulwamkelo olubanzi. filibuster[ kwiNqanda] isoloko isetyenziswa ukuvala iindleko ezininzi ezixhaswayo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekukhutyeni nasekufuneni utshintsho.

Ukusetyenziswa kwe “Recondiation”

Inkqubo yoxolelwaniso loqingqo-mali ivumela ukuba amatyala athile anxulumene noqingqo-mali adlulise kwiBhunga elincinci, elidlulayo kwiNdlu yeNtlanganiso. Uxolelwaniso luye lwasetyenziselwa utshintsho olubalulekileyo lwenkqubo, njengo 2017 2017 irhafu iSityalo soMsebenzi kunye noMthetho woLawulo loMsebenzi kunye noMthetho wama-20222 wokuHlaziya. Abahlalutyisi baphikisa ngelithi uxolelwaniso lululaza umgangatho wekhaya leNtsimbiso, ngoxa abaxhasi besithi yindlela ekuphela kwendlela yokudlulisa umthetho we-Rocestercation kwigumbi elahlulelwe ngokusondeleneyo.

Ukusetyenziswa ngokukhulayo kwemigaqo yegunya

Xa iBhunga livalwa, oomongameli basoloko bexhomekeke kwimiyalelo yegunya kunye nomthetho wemibutho olawulayo ukuze bafikelele iinjongo zomgaqo-siseko. Oku kutshintsha-tshintsha kwesigqibo esisuka kwiBhunga, kodwa ezi zenzo zingatshintshwa ngumongameli olandelayo okanye zicelwe umngeni enkundleni. Ukuqonda igalelo phakathi kwesenzo sowiso-mthetho nesolawulo kubalulekile ekuhloleni iziphumo zobupolitika.

Indima Yokuphanga Imali

Iminikelo yemali yezehlo kunye nenkcitho yentsebenzo yenkcitho yentsebenziswano inempembelelo ebalulekileyo ekwenzeni izigqibo zombutho. Nangona ukunyoba okungqalileyo kungekho mthethweni, amalungu aphenjelelwa ngabaxhasi bemali, iiKomiti zePistilitiki (PACs), kunye namaqela enzala exhotyisiweyo. Okubhabhabhayo [UMthetho weDisclosurence [] kufuna abaxhasi ukuba babhalise kwaye baxele imisebenzi yabo, kodwa bakhona. Iintlabahlabeleko bangaphaza izicelo kwiindawo ezinjenge-Opensecrets.org ukuze babone ukuba amashishini namaqela axhase abameli babo.

Isiphelo

IBhunga liyinkqubo entsonkothileyo elungelelanisa ukumelelwa, ukwenza umthetho, ukuvelela, noqingqo-mali. Isakhiwo salo singumgangatho obini oneengcambu ezahlukeneyo kunye nee-constiencies() zenzelwe ukuthoba umthetho nokukhuthaza ukulalanisa. Inkqubo yokubekwa komthetho ibandakanya amaqondo amaninzi apho amatyala anokucocwa, alungiswe, aphele, okanye ohlulwe. Izigqibo ziphenjelelwa bukhokelo lweqela, izihlalo zekomiti, kunye nemfuneko yokukhusela abavoti. Abami baneendlela ezininzi zokungenela, ekunxibelelaneni nabameli babo ukuze babe nenxaxheba ekuphulaphuleni kunye nonyulo lonyulo. Ngoxa imingeni yanamhlanje ibandakanya ukuhlahlela imali epolitikini ibangela ukuba inkqubo inzima, umvotiswa onolwazi uhlala ehleli kwisiseko sokuphendula intlanganiso.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, jonga izibonelelo ezisemthethweni ezifana ne .gov kunye .gov. Inkonzo yophando lweKhompyutha (CRS) inika iingxelo ezingangeni yinxalenye yenkqubo yemithetho ekhoyo ukutyhubela [[FLT: 4.]] CRPS Refects.conforv].