Ukwazisa: Impikiswano Esisiseko

Umbuzo wendlela yokuchaza umGaqo-siseko wase United States wahlule abagwebi, abaphengululi, kunye noluntu ngokubanzi kwisizukulwana. Entliziyweni yale candelo kukho ubukho bantlandlolo].

Olu xinezeleko asilulo nje ulwazi nje olunzulu. Lulolonga iziphumo zokwenene ezibandakanya uhlanga, ubufanasini, indlela yesondo, ukukhubazeka nezinye iimpawu ezikhuselweyo. Njengokuba ilizwe lizama ukumelana nemida emitsha yokulingana, ingxoxo yobukho bendalo ihlala yenye yezona ziziphumo eziphambili kumthetho-siseko waseMerika.

Ukuqonda Ulwimi Lwantlandlolo: Izinto Ezimbini Ezibalulekileyo

Intsingiselo kawonke-wonke yantlandlolo

UbuFreator ayiyonto ithetha into enye. Ulwimi olukhulu luye lwavela ngaphaya kwesiqingatha senkulungwane edlulileyo. Injongo ecacileyo yenjongo [ yoqobo lufuna ukuqinisekisa ukuba iiFramers ngokwazo zikholelwa ntoni ngokubhekiselele kumGaqo-siseko. Le ndlela, ixhaswe ngu Attorney General Edwin Meese kwi 1980, ijonge kumaphephandaba azimeleyo, iingxoxo, kunye noqhagamshelwano lwabaququzeleli bedraf.

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, intsingiselo kawonke-wonke yentsingiselo yesiqalo yoqobo (i-"i"Forames" kwaye endaweni yoko ixhomekeke kwiindibano zolwimi eziqhelekileyo zexesha. Namhlanje, intsingiselo yantlalo ingumntu osengqiqweni ngexesha lokwandiswa iqonde ukuba okubhaliweyo kuthetha ukuthini. Scalia waphikisa ukuba le ndlela iphepha “psycholysis" yabafi beFramers kwaye endaweni yoko ixhomekeke kwindibano zolwimi oluqhelekileyo.

Zombini ezi ntlobo ziyavumelana: ingcamango yokuba intsingiselo yomgaqo-siseko imiswe ngexesha lokwenziwa kwemiqathango kwaye inokutshintshwa kuphela kwinkqubo esesikweni yokulungisa iGatya V, hayi ngokutolika kwakhona.

Umtsalane WobuNtu

Kutheni le nto abagwebi bengenamkhethe mninzi kangaka kwaye benobukhobongela obubodwa? Iimpikiswano ezintathu ziyaphinda ziphindeka. Okokuqala, ubuqaqobha kuthiwa bukhuthaza [[FLT: 0] ulawulo-mothemokhrasi. Ukuba abagwebi abakhululekileyo ukuphinda babhale umGaqo-siseko ukuze babonise amaxabiso abo, ngoko izigqibo zishiyeka kwiindlu zomthetho ezinyuliweyo. Okwesibini, inkcaso yendalo iyanconywa ngokulungiselela ukusetyenziswa koburhulumente kunye nokuxelwa kolwimi olukhoyo [. Intsingiselo eqinileyo ivumela abemi nabaenzi bomthetho ukuba bazi imithetho ngokolwazi kwangaphambili, banciphisa isigqumo semithetho., isithathu, impikiswano yentlalo yesiseko iphikisa ukuba umbhalo wabhalwa ngabomgalelo, kwimigano ethembekile; ukutolika kolulo olusuka kuxwebhu olusuka kuxwebhu oluthiyo oluthiyo "uluvo lwasekuhlaleni] oluphindiweyo.

Ucelomngeni Lokungakholelwa Kumalungelo Alinganayo

Imida Engokwembali Nengxaki Yokuzimela

Eyona njongo inamandla yobuGaqaba kumbandela wamalungelo alinganayo yimbali. UmGaqo-siseko njengoko waqinisekiswa okokuqala ngo1788 wabalwa ngabantu abangamakhoboka njengesithathu sesiqingatha somntu ukuze bafumane iinjongo zokumela, wavumela ukurhweba ngamakhoboka ehlabathi lonke de kwaba ngu-1808, kwaye wawungaqulathanga siqinisekiso sicacileyo sokukhuselwa okulinganayo. Abafazi babekhanyelwa ukusetyenziswa komquququ yaye, phantsi komthetho oqhelekileyo, babephantsi kolwazi olusemthethweni lwamadoda abo. Amazwe amaninzi ayeseke iicawa, yaye engengoobuKristu babejongene neziphene.

Xa uHlaliso lweMimiselo yeshumi elinesine lwagunyaziswa ngo1868, umbhalo wayo ` uya kuthi wona naliphi na iRhulumente elicebe ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho; okanye aphike nawuphi na umntu onegunya lakhe ukhuseleko olulinganayo lwemithetho'.[[FLT:]][1] [____" yaye ingumsebenzi owenziwe ngabom kwaye udityaniwe. ukanti iBhunga elacebisa ukuba limhluze nabani na iSithili saseColuvia, kwaye lishiye uJimrow enyanisweni. I-Britansts ithetha ukuba intsingiselo yokuqala” yokungavumelani okungaveliyo kuphela okungaveliyo okungekho “kungaveli,” kwaye basoloko bekhankanya umlinganiselo olinganiselweyo womthetho ochasene nohlanga ngelo xesha. Abagxeki-diminth bephendula interth.

Umzekelo kaBrown v. ibhodi yemfundo

Akukho meko ibonisa ukuxinezeleka ngokucacileyo kune Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954). IJaji enkulu uEarl Warren yabetha isikolo, ithembele kakhulu kubungqina benzululwazi yezentlalo obubonisa ukungalungi kolwazi lwengqondo “kodwa izakhiwo ezilinganayo. Amalungu oqobo alwa noxanduva olude [[FLT: 2] Brown. Abanye, njengoJaji Scalia, bamkela iziphumo kodwa bazama ukuyiguqula ngokwentsingiselo yokuqala. Abanye, njengoProfeta u-Genektheschrever, baphikisa ukuba intsingiselo yokuqala ye-1495Genet Amelting, enzileyo, ekwalela isikolo, ekwathiwena iintetho zexesha le progconvrence. [Fotelve]

Le ngxoxo yangaphakathi ityhila ukuba ubuNqanam obukhoyo kufuneka bujamelane nesibakala sokuba ukulungisa kokulungisa kwakuyekwa, kwaye intsingiselo yabo yantlandlolo ingangaqondakali okanye ide idibane. Kubameli abaninzi bamalungelo alinganayo, oku kungaqiniseki kungumqondiso, hayi isiphene: ivumela iinkundla ukuba zisebenzise imigaqo emide yoMgaqo-siseko kwiimeko ezintsha ngaphandle kokubotshwa yikhethe yangaphambili.

Ukulingana Kwendoda Nendlela Eyayiqondwa Ngayo Ekuqaleni

Ukusetyenziswa kobuhlanga kukwalingana kwamanani kukwafana. Uhlaziyiso lweshumi elinesine lwaqondwa ngo1868 ukulwalela ucalulo kumabhinqa. Ngenene, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ebanjelwe [[FLT: 0] Brawell v. Illinois [1873]) urhulumente angakwalela ibhinqa elitshatileyo ekusebenziseni umthetho, eqiqa ngelithi “umthetho wengingqi, kwanendalo ngokwayo, isoloko iwuqaphela umahluko omkhulu kwimibhobho kunye nemibandela yomntu neyomfazi."

Ngokukhawuleza ukuya ku ' umva othe tye. Reed (1971], ityala lokuqala apho iNkundla yawisa umthetho ngezahlulo zesini. INkundla ayizange icele ukuba i-odentialism; yasebenzisa uvavanyo lwe-ethernetic kwaye yagqiba kwelokuba ukuphatha ngokwahlukileyo ulawulo lwezwe lwalungenayo naluphi na ulwalamano olufanelekileyo noxanduva lobuzwe. Ngokulandelayo, Craig v. Borten[FLT][3] [77]] i-76] kunye ye-United States. Virginia [96], isungule uvavanyo oluphakathi lwezimo ye-diase.

Ingaba umbhali wantlandlolo unokuzithethelela ezi zigqibo? Ezinye, njengoJaji Scalia, wavuma ekuhleni ukuba umGaqo-siseko wantlandlolo awulukhuselanga ucalucalulo lwesini, nangona wavotela exhasa ukulingana kwesondo okuthile okusetyenziswayo. Abanye, njengoJaji Thomas, abazange bathelele iimbono ezithi ngokucacileyo zithathe uhlolo olunzulu lwesondo, zikhethe ukugqiba amatyala aphantsi kolwazi aqikeleleyo. Ingxoxo igxininisa ukuba ubukho besithethe sobukho becalucalulo, ukuba belusetyenziswa ngokungqongqo, beziya kuvumela ucalucalucalulo oluthiweyo oluthiswe phantse bonke abantu baseMerika ngoku.

LGBTQ+ Amalungelo: Olona Nvavanyo Lubalaseleyo Lwemfundiso Yoqobo

Mhlawumbi akukho ndawo yomthetho wamalungelo alinganayo icel ’ umngeni ubuGaqo-siseko ngaphezu kwembonakalo yesondo kunye nokuzichaza kwayo. Intsingiselo yantlandlolo yoMgaqo-siseko (/nasemva kweminyaka yee-1970) ayizange icinge “imbonakalo yesondo” njengodidi olukhuselekileyo. Umbhalo we 144th Amend Amendment awuniki khokelo lucacileyo. Kodwa, iNkundla ku ] iLawrence v. Texas [2003] yabetha imithetho yesodoma, kwaye Obergefell v. Hod (20) yamkela umG.

Ku obergefell, uluvo lukaJaji Kennedy lwabaninzi luxhomekeke ku “uhlobo lokuphila” lwenkululeko, iphikisa ngelithi“ izizukulwana ezabhala zaza zayivuma iBhili yamaLungelo kunye noMphetho-Mdambi weshumi elinesine zazingakhange zicinge ukuba zinobuncinane bobungakanani bokukhululeka kuzo zonke imigangatho yayo.” Ukungavumelani, kubhalwe nguJaji Scalia kwaye kwadityaniswa noJaji Thomass noAtalito, kwakubukhali. Scalia wayephikisa ngelithi uninzi luye lwashiya “ulwazi oludala” lomtshato kwaye luye lwabhukuqa inkqubo yedemo-demokhrasi.

UJaji Thomas, ngokuphikisanayo, wanikela impikiswano yentshabalaliso: I-The

Kubagxeki abaninzi, umzabalazo owenziwe nge LGBTQ ubhenca ububuthathaka obusisiseko bobuGqaba: ayinakuthetha ngeendlela ezintsha zocalulo abangenakuzicinga. Intsingiselo yantlandlolo yoluntu “ukhuseleko olulinganayo” isenokuba yamkela kuphela intelekelelo enciphileyo yokukhetha; ayiqukanga imbonakalo yesondo, ubufana, okanye mhlawumbi nokuba neentlobano zesini ngokwengqiqo yale mihla. Abaqululeki bobuhlanga baphendula ngokuthi iinguqu zifanele zenzeke ngenkqubo yezobupolitika okanye ukutshintsha, hayi ngokucaciswa kwakhona kwejaji. Kodwa kwabo bakholelwa ukuba amalungelo alinganayo asisifungo esingundoqo somgaqo-siseko, abalindele ukuba i-gqwele-ndeval-yo i-eywomGenegalelo-siseko simemelelo olungenabulungisa.

Imbono Yanamhlanje: Ityala LomGaqo-siseko Ophilayo

Imigangatho etshintshayo yokuqhatha

Utshintsho olukhokelayo kuqulunqo lubizwa ngokuba ngokuba luziko lomgaqo-siseko oluphilayo” okanye “ufikelelo”. Le mbono, enxulunyaniswa noJaji William Brennan, uMahluleli uRuth Bader Ginsburg, kunye noJaji Stephen Breyer, ibambe ukuba amagama abanzi oMgaqo-siseko ``[[[FLT:]]] [[FLT]]] [FLT]], ukhuseleko olulinganayo , inkqubo engaphambili] [FLT] ichazwe kulula iimeko zangoku kunye nezithethe ezihambayo. Ephila azichazikho kwimbali zembali okanye imbali; imbali esetyenziswa ngokubomgamgamgamscletho-siseko somthetho-siseko somthetho-siseko sexesha elizayo.

Breyer uchaza ukuba abagwebi kufuneka baqwalasele iziphumo ezisebenzisekayo zezigqibo zabo kunye neenjongo eziphantsi komthetho-siseko. Le ndlela iphikisa, ithembekile kuyilo lweFramers (owabhala uMgaqo-siseko “ozimisele ukunyamezela kade ziguqukile," kwibinzana elidumileyo leJaji Marshall) kwaye uhlonela idemokhrasi.

Ingcamango Ebalaseleyo YobuGcisa

Ngaphezu kwembono epheleleyo ye-asmin-constitution, abaphengululi abaninzi bezomthetho banikela ingxubusho ecacileyo yobuGadala. Unjingalwazi Cass Sunstein, umzekelo, uxhase “ubuminimmost”""-ukuphelisa amatyala kwimimandla emixinwa ngaphandle kokufaka kwingcamango enkulu yokutolika. Abanye, njengoNjingalwazi Jamale Greene, baphikisa ukuba yonke inkqu yenkqumrhu echasene nomthetho-siseko ingaphezulu kakhulu; baxhasa“ utoliko lomthetho womthetho womthetho wobulali" oluthi luthathela isithethe nemfundiso njengesiseko esisembindini, ecaleni kombhalo nembali.

Abagxeki bachaza ukuba ubuQulu bungavelisi iimpendulo kwiziganeko ezininzi ezinzima. Intsingiselo yokuqala “ukuphengulula nokuxhuzula okungenangqiqo” okanye“ ukuphanda okungaqiqiqiyo kunye nesohlwayo esingaqhelekanga” kukhuphiswane kakhulu. I-Cyristism ayibaxeli abagwebi [[FLT: 0] [[FLT:]] umgangatho wento eqhelekileyo omawusetyenziswe: ukuba sijonge kwintsingiselo ye 1791" njengomxubeko weminxeba, okanye umgaqo wokuzilungisa ngokwakho we-efense? njengokuba uMahluleli uScialia ngokwakhe evuma [[FLT:] [[FLT]] umgangatho weFilev v. [FLT:] [200] [200], intsingiselo yokuqala yenkqubo yokuHlunyuso-Genestivelselset" iquka naziphi iinjongo eziqhelekileyo zezixhobo ezisetyenziswayo. Kodwa ke ngokusetyenziswayo. Ngokutsho kweziphumo zakudala uluvo oluthi oluthi luthi luthiyo.

Impembelelo Yomthetho Olinganayo Wamalungelo

Izigqibo Zophawu Ziphenjelelwa Yinkcazelo

Impikiswano ekhoyo ngoku, ayibangelwa nje yingcamango; ichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo imiphumo yeemeko ezibalulekileyo zamalungelo alinganayo.

  • [[FLT: 0] Isenzo esikwalathiselisayo: Ku [FT:2] Izigqibo ze Fair Admissis v. Harvard [2023], iJaji enguMphathi uRoberts wabhalela uninzi lwabaziyo ukuba uluvo lwaziyo ukhuthazo lwe-Fomatic Claus. Uluvo lwasebenzisa kakhulu uluvo lwakuqala lwe 145th Amendmendment, iphikisa ngelithi yayingu “obheji.” Iyamfa, iSilela, uSotomayor watyhola uninzi lokutyeshela injongo yokuqala yokuphelisa ukhuphiso lohlanga luphazamisa ulwano-'utho lomthetho." kunye nolwamvo lwamgamgamgam.
  • Ukuphakamisa Amalungelo: Ku Shelby County v. Horer [2013], iNkundla yawisa ilungiselelo elingundoqo leVoting Rights Act, ichaza ukuba “izinto zitshintshile ngokuphawulekayo" kwaye indlela engaqhelekanga yokubhalisa yayingasagwetyelwanga ngokweemeko zangoku. Uluvo lwejaji uRoberts lwabekwa kumgaqo wolawulo olulinganayo noyilo lokuqala lwentsingiselo yokuqala yomthetho wolawulo, hayi kufundo oluthe ngqo lwentsingiselo ye15, isiHlathiso. Esi sigqibo saba nesiphumo esinesiphumo kumalungelo okuvocango, sikhokelela ekunikezelweni kwemithetho engqongqo.
  • Isigqibo sobunyani: Ku Board of Trust . Garrett (2001], iNkundla yathi amatyala ayezikhusela kwiisuti zabucala phantsi kwamaMelika ngokunqanda ukukhubazeka, iqiqa ukuba ucalucalulo ngabantu abaneziphene alukho phantsi kwentsingiselo yokuqala ye 145th Amereka. Isigqibo sishwabazisa ngokuphumelelayo amandla eKongrestelers okunyanzelisa ukhuseleko olulinganayo kubantu abakhubazekileyo de iAAA isetyenziswe kamva kwezinye iimeko.

Ngamnye kula matyala ubonisa indlela intanda-bulumko echaza okusesikweni okuchaphazela ngayo ububanzi bokhuseleko lwamalungelo alinganayo. Okusesikweni okunamathela kumthetho wantlandlolo kunokwenzeka kakhulu ukuba kunikezelwe kukhetho lomthetho ngaphandle kokuba intsingiselo ecacileyo yantlandlolo ifuna ukungenelela. Isigwebo esihambisana nendlela enamandla yokusebenza sisenokukulungela ngakumbi ukufumana ukwaphulwa komgaqo-siseko apho imigaqo yanamhlanje iqaphela ukungalingani okungekho ngqiqweni.

Indima Yokuqhatha Nokukhanyisa

I-Scalia inxulumene nemfundiso yesithethe ekhoyo [[FLT: 0] i-decis ``umgaqo wokuba iinkundla zimele zilandele imithetho edlulileyo. IJaji Scalia yaziwayo iphikisa ngelithi “imvelaphi ayifuni jaji yakudala ukuba ifune ulawulo lomzekelo ongalunganga kwimbono yoqobo ukuba ibingaxhomekekanga kumntu wokuqala ukuba ibingangqinwanga kwaye ayingqinwanga ukuba ayinamsebenzi. Le mvume iyavuma ukuba kwanabasunguli bendalo abasayi kusiphula sonke isakhiwo sangoku somthetho wokukhusela olinganayo ngephanyamezo. Ngoko ke, nangona i-astrist isenokukholelwa ukuba Brown. v[FLT] [FLT]] [FF:3] yayithandabuza okanye i-[FLD] i-ose]

Lo msebenzi wokulinganisa ububoniswa ngokupheleleyo kwixa elizayo lokuqhomfa emva uluvo luka-Alito lwalandula ngokucacileyo umgaqo-nkqubo okhoyo emva kokuba [`````````''''''.'." iJackson’s Health Organization's Ormat [2022], eyathi yalawula Rooe[. Umthetho woMgaqo-mthetho uAlto walwa uluvo luka-Alito lwalandula ngokucacileyo indlela ephilayo yokuzimela inkululeko ekhoyo kwaye waphikisa ukuba intsingiselo yantlalo yembali ye-14 ayilikhuselanga. Uwe, obhalwe nguJaccers Brey, Kaganor, noSotomayor, wagxeka uninzi ngenxa yokushiya amashumi eminyaka esithethe kunye “neekhohlo-'.

Isigqibo samaDobs ngokwaso sibonisa ukuba uqobo, xa lusetyenziswa ngaphandle kwemiqathango yokujonga ngamandla, lungavelisa utshintsho oluphawulekayo ekukhuseleni amalungelo (ukubuyela kumgaqo-siseko; kwabanye, ukubuyela kwinkululeko ebekelwe ityala eliyingozi.

Isiphelo: Ukuphelisa Uxinezeleko

Ingxoxo emalunga nobuqali kwimeko yamalungelo alinganayo ayisokuze isombululwe. Icala ngalinye linika iimbono ezinamandla, kodwa ezingaphelelanga. Ukwenziwa komGaqo-siseko kunika isiqinisekiso sokwandiswa kwedemokhrasi kunye nohlolo olungokwama kulwazi olukwiziko lomthetho. Umthetho-siseko ophilayo unika ubuyiselo-jiko ukuchaza iintlobo ezivelayo zokungalingani abaFramesi abanakuba bazibone kusengaphambili.

Mhlawumbi eyona ndlela isebenzayo phambili kukunganyanzelisi kwingcamango enye kodwa ukuqaphela ukuba zombini iindlela zinento ezinokunikelwa. Iinkundla kufuneka zithathe umbhalo nembali ngokunzulu, njengoko iingcali zembali zikhuthaza, kodwa zihlala zivulekele ekuqondeni okutshintshayo oko kufunwa kukulingana kwibutho labantu elikhululekileyo. Inkcubeko yenkqubo yemigaqo-siseko yaseMelika ibisoloko ikwazi ukudibanisa zombini izithethe kunye nokutshintsha. Izifundo ezinzulu zokhuseleko olulinganayo zinokungaxhomekeki kwiintsingiselo eziqinileyo zo1868, kodwa kumgaqo othi umgaqo-siseko, njengesazi sesazi sendalo epheleleyo, zivumela ulungele okusesikweni.

Ukuze ufunde ngokubhekele phaya kwingxoxo, bona iJastical Scalia’s 'AManuta of chaza neJaller's 's Liberty [[FLT:]]. Kwinhlolo enzima yempazamo zobuGqrhwaphisi, jonga uNjingalwazi Jamal Greene [[FLT:]] [4] Indlela uMthetho woMgaqo-siseko oba yiyo ngayo i-Oqhelekileyo, kwaye ujonga iziphumo eziluncedo, AA'ul uhlalutyo lwezitshixo lwemeko ezilinganayolongo [[FLT:]

Ekugqibeleni, indlela esiwutolika ngayo umGaqo-siseko ibonisa imilinganiselo yethu enzulu ngokuphathelele idemokhrasi, inkululeko, nokulingana. Ingxoxo ephambili ngobukho bantlandlolo, yingxoxo engomntu esinguye, yaye sinqwenela ukuba ngumntu onjani.