Ukuqonda Ilungelo Lokuthetha Ngenkululeko Ezikolweni Nakwiindawo Eziqhelekileyo

Inkululeko yokuthetha ifana nesiseko soluntu olulawulwa yidemokhrasi, inika abantu amandla okuthetha ngeengcamango, ukucel ’ umngeni igunya, kwaye iba nenxaxheba kwintetho yesidlangalala. Eli lungelo libalulekileyo, elikhuselwe phantsi koMphetho-mva-mvakalo wokuqala eUnited States, lisebenza kwizikolo nakwindawo zikawonke-wonke, kodwa umlinganiselo wayo kunye nokusikelwa kwayo kuyahluka kuxhomekeka kwimeko. Ukuqonda ezi zimvo zinceda abemi basekuhlaleni bawasebenzise ngempumelelo amalungelo abo ngokubhekiselele kumagunya abo, ngomfaneleko nocwangco lwabantu. Oku kuhlola ukhuseleko nemidabalwa yanamhlanje.

Ngoxa umgaqo wenkululeko yokuthetha uvulekile, awuphangalali. Iinkundla zisoloko ziqonda ukuba iintlobo ezithile zentetho `njengezisongelo zokwenyaniso, ukuphembelela kugonyamelo, ubunyhukunyhuku, nokunyelisa-ukuphosa ngaphandle kokhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko. Ngaphezu koko, urhulumente ungayibeka imiqathango esengqiqweni ngexesha, endaweni, nendlela yokuthetha kwizithuba zikawonke-wonke, kwaye izikolo zingamisela intetho ephazamisa umsebenzi wemfundo. Ukulungelelanisa amalungelo obuqu nezilangazelelo zoluntu ngumsebenzi onzima, kwaye olu lungelelwaniso luyaqhubeka luvela ngomthetho nangemithetho kunye nemithetho egweba.

Intetho Yamadlangalala Ezikolweni: Amalungelo Nemida

Izikolo zikarhulumente zisebenza njengendawo ekhethekileyo apho urhulumente enomdla onamandla ekulondolozeni ucwangco, uqeqesho, kunye nomoya wokufunda okhuselekileyo. Abafundi abawanikezeli amalungelo abo omgaqo-siseko kwisango lendlu yesikolo, kodwa loo malungelo awafani namalungelo abantu abadala kwezinye iimeko. INkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.INkundla eUnited States imisele inkqubo evumela izikolo ukuba zikwazi ukubeka umda intetho yabafundi xa ibangela ukuphazamisana nezinto eziphathekayo okanye ihlasela amalungelo abanye.

Ityala lophawu lwelizwe: [[FLT: 0] Isitikemu v. Des Moines Independent School Community [[FLT: 1]

Ngo-1969, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yawisa umthetho wema kwi-'iNkundla ePhakamileyo'. Des Moines'' ukuba abafundi abalahlekelwa ngamalungelo abo okuHlaziya kokuqala esikolweni. Ityala libandakanya abafundi ababenxibe iintambo ezimnyama ukuze baqhathe imfazwe yaseVietnam. INkundla yathi izikolo zinokuthi zinokuthi zinokuthintela ukuthetha kwabafundi ukuba kunokubangela "ukuphazamisana kwemfundo" okanye "ukuphazamisana kwemisebenzi yesikolo. [FTP] [FFF]

Intetho- eqhotyoshelweyo yesikolo kunye umgangatho [umgangatho] we-Hazelwood

ISithili seSithili seSikolo soMmandla-ntle' v. Kuhlmeier [1988], iNkundla Ephakamileyo ithetha namaphephandaba abafundi kunye neminye imisebenzi edibeneyo yesikolo. INkundla yagqiba kwelokuba abafundisi bangayilawula intetho equlethwe yi-iklasi yesikolo edipontel longxelelweyo logama izenzo zabo "zinxulumene ngokomthetho nenkxaso nakaliso olusemthethweni lwe-padgogics". Oku kuthetha ukuba izikolo ziyakwazi ukucukutheza amanqaku kumaphephandaba asemthethweni, imidlalo, okanye eminye imisebenzi ethwala i-ingrim, ingakumbi ukuba zithetha imixholo yesikolo ephikisanayo okanye zibhalwe kakubi. [[FLT:]

Ukukruqula, Ukungcungcuthekisa Nokuthiya Intetho

Izikolo zinomdla onyanzelisayo wokukhusela abafundi ekuxhatshazweni nasekuxhatshazweni. Ukuthetha okujongeni nabantu abasekelwe kuhlanga, ubufanasini, indlela abavakalelwa ngayo ngokwesini, unqulo, okanye ukukhubazeka kusenokuthintelwa ukuba kudala imeko-bume yemfundo engalunganga. Iinkundla zisoloko zixhasa iinkqubo ezichaseneyo kunye nezenzo zoqeqesho nxamnye nabafundi abagcumayo okanye abaxhatshazwayo, nokuba oko kukhathazwa kuthe kwaba yintetho. Noko ke, ukuvakalisa nje iimbono ezingathandwayo okanye ukusebenzisa ulwimi oluchaphazelekayo akuyi kusuka nje kuphulukane nokhuseleko loMphengululo Wokuqala. Umahluko ongundoqo kukuba ngaba ukuchasana kunyuke kuse kumkhamo wokuphathwa kakubi okanye kusongela ukhuseleko lwabanye abantu.

Intetho yentiyo asilohlobo lwahlukileyo lokuthetha okungakhuselekanga eUnited States (ngokungafaniyo nakwamanye amazwe). Noko ke, xa intetho yentiyo idibana nezisongelo, usoyikiso, okanye ukuhlaselwa, izikolo zingangenelela. Umzekelo, umfundi oye wagunyazisa intetho ethetha kakubi ngokohlanga kumfundi afunda naye eklasini ngokuphindaphindiweyo usenokujamelana nesohlwayo kwanokuba loo mazwi athe athethwa ngaphandle koncedo lwezincokolo, ukuba nje abangela ukuphazamiseka okukhulu esikolweni.

Intetho yeCampus kunye neMali yeNtlalo

Iminyaka yemivo intsonkothileyo yeNkundla ePhakamileyo yokuthetha kwizifundo. Oko kufakwa kwi-intanethi kwisikolo kungangena kwimekobume yesikolo. [[FLT:] [FL][FL:1] [2021], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaqwalasela ityala lomfundi obebekiweyo ngenxa yokufaka umyalezo we-Snaphicot egxeka iqela lovuselelo. Inkundla yaqinisekisa ukuba izikolo azinagunya lininzi kakhulu kwintetho ye-campus, ingakumbi xa zibandakanya uluvo lwezopolitiko okanye incoko yasekuhlaleni. Noko ke, izikolo zisenokucinga ukuba abafundi bathethe intetho ephazamisayo, izisongelo okanye ingqhinga. Umthetho waseka "amanqaku eemeko zokhuthazo zolonwabo" ukuvavanyanisa umdla wabafundi kwintetho ekhululekileyo.

Uhlalutyo olunzulu lwesigqibo [[FLT: 0] iMahanoy bona isiqumlayez [.

Izenzo Zezobupolitika Nezonqulo Ezikolweni

Abafundi banelungelo lokuzibandakanya kwezobupolitika nakwezonqulo ngokwemida esengqiqweni. Bangasasaza amaphecana, banxibe amaqhosha ezobupolitika, okanye baxubushe ngeenkolelo zabo ngexesha elingafundiswanga, logama nje imisebenzi enjalo ingaphazamisani nendawo yokufunda. Izikolo azinakukhetha iimbono ezichasene neembono; kufuneka babe nembono engekho mthethweni xa benyanzelisa imithetho equlathwe yi-athority. Umzekelo, isikolo asinakuvumela abafundi ukuba banikeze izimemo kwiqela leKrismesi kodwa asikuvumeli ukusasaza ababhabhi abaphayo malunga neLGBTQ + intlanganiso yeqela. Ngokufanayo, abafundi basenokubandakanyeka emthandazweni ngexesha elingangeniselwangangoko iprojelo, kodwa izikolo azisayi kunyanzelela ukuba bathabathe inxaxheba okanye bacwangcise iintlanganiso zomthandazo.

Intetho Yamadlalo Kwiindawo Zabantu: Ulawulo Lwasekuhlaleni

Iindawo zikawonke-wonke `ii-park, iindledlana, izitrato, kunye neendawo zikarhulumente ) ngokungokokwembali ziye zaba yingcaciso yentetho yesidlangalala. Ukhuseleko Lokuqala LomGaqo-mvano lunamandla kakhulu kwezi "zikhuseli zikawonke-wonke," apho abantu banokuthetha, bavukele, basasaze uncwadi ngaphandle kwemvume karhulumente. Noko ke, nakwezi ndawo, urhulumente unakho ukumisela "ixesha, indawo, kunye nendlela" imiqathango yokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko nocwangco lukawonke-wonke.

Imfundiso Yembali Kawonke - wonke

Iinkundla zahlula amacandelo amathathu empahla karhulumente enzelwe uhlalutyo lwenkululeko yokuthetha: ii-fourmis zesithethe (ii-street, iipaki, iindlela zonxulumano), iifomati zikawonke-wonke ezimiselweyo (umz., amagumbi entlanganiso kawonke-wonke avulelwe umsebenzi ochazayo), kunye neefomati (umz., iziseko zomkhosi, iziphelo zesikhululo-nqwelo-moya, okanye ii-ofisi zikarhulumente eziqhelekileyo nezimiselweyo). Kwimiqathango kawonke-wonke, imiqathango esekelwe ngokuqwalaselwayo, ngelixa okuqulethwe yi-nethiyo, indawo, kunye nemiqathango yesimilo iyavunywa ukuba zithungiweyo kwaye zishiywe zingekho lula iindlela zonxibelelwano.

Ngokomzekelo, isixeko singafuna abaququzeleli bomthotho ukuba bafumane imvume yokucwangcisa ixesha nendawo eza kwenzeka kuyo umboniso kuba ubukho bamaqela amakhulu bungaphazamisa ukuhamba kwezithuthi kunye nabahamba ngezinyawo. Noko ke, isixeko kufuneka sibe nemigaqo ecacileyo, egqibeleleyo yokunika okanye ukukhanyela imvume kwaye singakwazi ukukhanyela imvume esekelwe kwimbono yomququzeleli. ACLU's Sazi Amalungelo akho iphepha lokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo [[]

Imiqathango yexesha- yemithetho

Imiqathango yohlobo oluthile iquka ukulinganisela isandisi-sandi okanye ukubetha isandi esingakumbi emva kweeyure ezithile, ukubophelela imiboniso kwindawo ethile, okanye ukufuna imvume yeembutho ezinkulu. Le mithetho kufuneka iqulathe-nethiwe ```autiral'''''. Ngokomzekelo, isixeko asinakuhlasela umyalezo othile. Umthetho othintela ukuqokelelwa kwazo zonke iindawo zokuhlala emva kwe 9 p.m. usenokuba ufanelekile, kodwa umthetho ovumela ukuchongwa kwemisetyenziso yemisetyenziso ngoxa uvala ityala lezizathu zezobupolitika unokuba lucalulo.

Iinkundla zikwaqwalasela ukuba imiqathango ishiya "igqibelele imijelo esecaleni" ukwenzela unxibelelwano. Ukuvalwa kwawo onke amaphecana kwipaki kawonke-wonke akuyi kuba yimithetho, kodwa umthetho ofuna abaphengululi bahlale ubuncinane iinyawo ezilishumi ukusuka ekungeneni ukunqanda ukuthintela ukuthintela uthintelwa

Imvume Nemilinganiselo Efanelekileyo

Ukucela imvume yokuhamba okanye ukuhlanganisa akuyiyo ngokwemvelo engekho semthethweni. Noko ke, izicwangciso zemvume mazisongwe ngokufutshane kwaye akufunekanga zinike amagosa ubuchule obungaphindiyo bokuziphikisa imvume esekelwe kwingxelo. Imvume yokuhamba okanye ukuhlanganisa. Imo yesizwe ye-[FLT] [1992], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yenze isicwangciso somrhumo evumela amagosa ukuba andise imali esekelwe kwixabiso eliqikelelwe kwintelekelelo yabathethi abachasayo. Inkundla yayikholelwa ukuba le nkqubo yohlwaye ngokunelisa intetho engathandwayo. Izizathu kufuneka zisekelwe kwimigaqo yenjongo, njengamaxesha, indlela, kunye nobungakanani obuqikelelwayo, ngaphandle komyalezo.

Izakhiwo Zorhulumente Neenkqubo Zokulwa

Asizizo zonke izithuba ezizizilwe ngurhulumente ezivulekele intetho kawonke-wonke. Iindlu zenkundla, iziseko zomkhosi, kunye neetheminali zesikhululo senqwelo-moya zisoloko zithathwa njengeendawo ezingalawulwa ngurhulumente apho urhulumente anokuthi abeke intetho ngobubanzi obuninzi khona.

Imida Esemthethweni Yokuthetha Ngenkululeko: Into Engakhuselwanga

Nangona inkululeko yokuthetha iphangalele, ezinye iindidi zokuthetha azinamGaqo-siseko ozikhuselayo.

  • Izisongelo zenyaniso: intetho edlulisela injongo enzulu yokwenza ugonyamelo olungekho mthethweni kumntu othile okanye kwiqela elithile. Iinkundla zijonga umongo nokuba umntu onengqondo angawuchaza ugqalwa njengowuchazayo unyanzelo olunzulu lokwenzakala.
  • Ukuhlohla kumsebenzi osondeleyo wokungathobeli umthetho: Intetho ejoliswe ekukhuthazeni okanye ekuphumeni isenzo esingekho mthethweni esikufuphi kwaye inokwenzeka ukuvelisa isenzo esinjalo. Lo mgangatho, omiselwe kwi Brandenburg v. [ [1969], ikhusela ubugcisa bogonyamelo ngaphandle kokuba zombini zenzelwe kwaye zivelise ulwaphulo-mthetho olukhawulezileyo.
  • [[NTL:0] Izinto ezitsala iminqweno ephezulu, zibonisa ihambo yesondo ngendlela echaseneyo, kwaye zingenazo iziqendu ezinzulu, ubugcisa, ezopolitiko, okanye ixabiso lenzululwazi (ngalo ] uvavanyo ). Urhulumente angalawula izinto ezingcolileyo, kodwa unyanzelo kufuneka alumke ukungapholisi indlela ekhuselekileyo.
  • [[NTL: 0] Ukungahoyi: iintetho zobuxoki zento ezonakeleyo zodumo lomntu othile. Amanani kawonke-wonke kufuneka abonise "ububi obuqhelekileyo"""" ukuba isithethi sayazi ukuba intetho yayibubuxoki okanye yayenzelwa ngokungakhathaleli inyaniso. Abantu abazimeleyo bafuna kuphela ukubonisa ukungakhathali.
  • [[FLT: 0] amagama anqandayo: intetho ebangela umonakalo okanye ebangela ulwaphuko olukhawulezileyo loxolo. Olu didi lumxinwa, oluchazwe ku Chaplinsky v. Intsha Hampshire [1942], inqabile ukusetyenziswa namhlanje ngenxa yokuba iinkundla zikhusela kwanentetho erhabaxa.
  • Intambo kunye nezisongelo zokwenyaniso:[ Ukuzingisa, intetho ejoliswe kuyo edala imeko-bume enobutshaba okanye efaka uloyiko lungathintelwa emsebenzini, kwimfundo, okanye kwimiqathango yezindlu phantsi kwemithetho yamalungelo abantu.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba intetho ethiyeni yodwa, ngaphandle kokunyuka ukusa kumlinganiselo wokuvuselela, izisongelo, okanye ukukhathazwa, ihlala ikhuselekile eUnited States. Oku kwahlukile kwezinye idemokhrasi ezininzi, ezinemiqathango yokuthetha ebanzi yentiyo. Indlela yeUnited States yokukhusela kwaneembono ezigqwethekileyo ukuze kuphetshwe uphando lweengcamango zikarhulumente.

Ukubonakalisa Ulwazelelelo Ngokuthetha Ngokukhululekileyo

Ukwazi isiseko somthetho yenye into; ukuyisebenzisa kwimeko yehlabathi lokwenene yenye. Nazi amacebiso asebenzisekayo kwabo banqwenela ukusebenzisa amalungelo abo okuthetha ngokukhululekileyo kwizikolo nakwizikhundla zikawonke wonke:

Kubafundi

  • Yazi iinkqubo zakho zesikolo: Imimandla emininzi ineencwadi zabafundi ezidwelisa imithetho echaza indlela yokuthetha, yokunxiba, kunye neembutho. Iqonde le mithetho phambi kokubandakanyeka kwimisebenzi echazayo. Umthetho ochasene "nokwahlukana" awucacanga, kodwa iinkundla ziqhele ukuthobela amagosa esikolo ukuba umthetho usetyenziswa ngesandla.
  • Uxwebhu lonke: Ukuba ukholelwa ukuba amalungelo akho okuthetha aphuliwe, gcina iingxelo zesiganeko, kuquka imihla, amangqina, kunye naluphi na uthungelwano nabaphathi besikolo. Olu xwebhu lubalulekile ukuba kamva ufuna uncedo olusemthethweni.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ikhonthi yomntu omkhulu okanye umxhasi: Ukudibana nomzali, umfundisi, okanye umbutho ofana ne ACLU ukuba ujongene nengqeqesho yokuthetha okukhuselweyo. Iintetho ezininzi eziphunyeziweyo zingasombululwa kwingxoxo phambi kokuba kufuneke ukuhlaziywa.

Kubantu Nabemi Abakwimimandla Eqhelekileyo

  • Ubhaqo lwemithetho yasekuhlaleni: Phambi kokuba ulungiselele ukuqhankqalaza okanye intlanganiso, phengulula ukuba isixeko sakho sifuna iimvume zokuhlanganisana ngobukhulu obuthile, ngengxolo, okanye kwiindawo ezicwangcisiweyo zokuqhankqalaza. Nokuba imvume ayifunwa ngokusemthethweni, ukufumana ubani kunganciphisa ubungozi bokungenelela kwamapolisa.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukugcina uxolile: Ugonyamelo, ukonakalisa, okanye ukungathobeli imithetho yamapolisa esemthethweni kuthoba ihlazo loqhankqalazo kwaye kunokukhokelela ekubanjisweni. Ukungathobeli koxolo kusenokukhuselwa, kodwa abathathi-nxaxheba kufuneka bakulungele ukunikwa iziphumo ezisemthethweni.
  • Wazi amalungelo akho ngexesha lokuqhubana nomthetho: Unelungelo lokuhlala uthule nokubuza ukuba ukhululekile ukuba uhamba na. Ukuba uvalelwe, cela igqwetha. Musa ukuxhathisa ngokoqobo, nokuba ukholelwa ukuba ukuvalelwa akuvumelekanga. Ungakucel ’ umngeni ukubhalisa kamva enkundleni. Umthetho wesizwe uGuild unika oovimba bakho ngokwazi amalungelo akho [.

Iimpikiswano Zangoku Neengxaki Ezimandundu

Umthetho okhululekileyo wokuthetha uyaqhubeka uguquka njengobugcisa kunye nezithethe zoluntu zitshintsha. Iqela lemiba yeqhosha elishushu libalaselisa uxinezeleko phakathi kokukhusela imbonakalo kunye nokulondoloza ucwangco.

Rhoxisa iNkcubeko Noqeqesho Lwesikolo

I-'FLT'' i-'freancel syndrome' iphakamisa imibuzo emalunga negunya lezikolo ukuqeqesha abafundi be-off-campussss states ezihambayo. Ngelixesha uMahanoy amandla alinganiselweyo esikolo, izikolo ezininzi zisakhupha okanye zikhuphe abafundi kwi-intanethi abalawuli ababona ukuba bayaphazamisa okanye bayingozi. Abagxeki baphikisa le ntetho yabafundi, ngexa abaxhasi bemi ngelithi izikolo kufuneka zithethe ngekhompyutha engekho mthethweni nezisongelo. Iinkundla ezincinci zisabambene nendlela yokusebenzisa [ [[FLT]]] [FLT]] i-maoy [FLT] ezithe ngqo] kwizibakala ezithelelayo, ezikhokelela ekulawuleni kwelizwe lonke ilizwe.

Iingxoxo Zentetho Yesichasi

Iikholeji neeyunivesithi zijongene nocelomngeni olufanayo: indlela yokulungelelanisa ukusetyenziswa kwentetho ekhululekileyo kunye nemigudu yokudala imeko-bume edibeneyo. Amanye amaphondo aye amisela imithetho efuna iikholeji zikawonke-wonke ukuba zifumane ukhuseleko olunamandla lokuthetha, kuquka izigwebo ze "imimandla yokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo" ezithintela ukusetyenziswa kwenkululeko yokuthetha" ezithi ngokuzenzekelayo yodwa yokwahlula amatyala. Ngokuchaseneyo, abafundi bachase ukuphikisana nezithethi eziphikiswayo zikhokelele kwiingxoxo ezimalunga "i-hecklerthrotoes" apho inkcaso ithintela isithethi ekuvinyweni. [i Foundation for Intection for Intectional griction (FLTre)]

Ukungathethi Kwakhe Nokuthiya Intetho Kunxibelelwano

Umthetho wemigangatho yezentlalo yonxibelelwano wongeza omnye umaleko. Ngoxa uHlaliso lokuqala lusebenza kuphela kwisenzo sikarhulumente, iinkampani zabucala ezifana neFacebook kunye neTwitter zinganelisa ulwaneliseko njengoko zibona kufanelekile. Noko ke, iingxoxo malunga neCandelo 230 loMthetho woNxibelelwano kunye nengcinezelo karhulumente yokususa umahluko phakathi kobungcathu kunye nesenzo sikarhulumente. Kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke, ukufikelela kwabafundi kwii-website ezithile kungahluzwa ziinkqubo ezithile zesikolo, kuphakamisa imibuzo ngeembono malunga nocalucalulo xa izihluzi zithintela intetho yezobupolitika kodwa hayi ezorhwebo.

Isiphelo: Ukulungelelanisa Amalungelo Neembopheleleko

Intetho ekhululekileyo kwizikolo nakwindawo zikawonke-wonke ngummandla onamandla ofuna ulungelelwaniso oluqhubekayo. Umgaqo ongundoqo uhlala ukho kulo rhulumente − kuquka nezikolo zikawonke-wonke ```awungasithethi isithethi kuba asivumelani nesigidimi sazo. Noko ke, imiqathango esengqiqweni iyavunyelwa ukukhusela izilangazelelo ezikhuphisanayo: ukhuseleko, ucwangco, ucwangco, namalungelo abanye abantu. Njengoko ibutho labantu linxulumana ngakumbi kwaye lithetha kakuhle, ukuqonda le mida kubaluleka ngakumbi. Ukuba ungumfundi oceba ukuphuma phandle, umxhasi olungiselela intlanganiso, okanye ummi obandakanye nengxoxo yezobupolitika, ukwazi amalungelo akho kunye nemida yakho, oko kukunika amandla okuthetha ngokunempumelelo nangesidima.

Ukuqhubeka kufundo lweziHlayisho zoQala zoHlaziyo, lubhekiselele ku- Cornell Informational Information yeZiko loMthetho weSigqibo sokuQala .