Ukuqonda Inkqubo Elindeleke Kubulungisa Bomkhosi

Xa ilungu leMikhosi exhobileyo yase-U.S. lijongene nenkundla elawulayo, azikhutshwanga amalungelo alo asisiseko. Endaweni yoko, anelungelo lokumiselwa ngokunamandla kwinkqubo yokhuseleko olufanelekileyo olusekelwe kumGaqo-siseko, kumthetho worhulumente, kunye nemithetho ye-UNIX yeJaji (UCMJ). Ezi zikhuseli zenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba ilungu ngalinye lenkonzo lifumana ukuchotshelwa ngokufanelekileyo, ithuba elinentsingiselo lokuzikhusela ngokwalo, kunye nokuvavanywa okunelo lwemigaqo engundoqo yemithetho eMelika esekelwe kumGaqo-siseko, urhulumente, kunye ne-Unix Codemode com yeMizelo yoMkhosi (UCMJ).

Inkqubo elindelekileyo kumongo womkhosi ayifani nenkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho oluqhelekileyo; ilungelelaniswa neemfuno zocwangco olulungileyo noqeqesho. Kodwa isiseko sihlala sifana: ummangalelwa kufuneka acingelwe ukuba akanatyala, anikwe uncedo olusebenzayo lwecebiso, akhuselwe ekunyanzelweni ukuba azimele, kwaye anikwe ithuba elipheleleyo nelifanelekileyo lokukhuphisana nezityholo. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa iziseko ezisemthethweni, ukhuseleko olungundoqo, kunye neziphumo ezisebenzisekayo kwinkqubo efanelekileyo yabaphathi-mikhosi kwimicimbi yenkundla.

Isiseko esisemthethweni senkqubo elindelekileyo kubulungisa basemkhosini

Umthetho oyintloko wolawulo lweziko lomkhosi yi-UNIX Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), emiselwe yiKhomishini yoMbutho ngowe-1950 neyayayalelwa kwi-10 U.S.C. . . . . . . U-UCMMM umisela inkqubo ebanzi yemithetho esezantsi ne-procedal esebenzayo kuwo onke amalungu enkonzo, kuquka umsebenzi osebenzayo, ibekela ibekela, kunye (kwimeko ezithile) nabasebenzi abarhoxileyo. Idityaniswa yiMic yeNkundla-Marial (MM), equlethe iMithetho yeeNku zeNkundla-M (RRCM), iMithetho yeMithetho yeMiseko yeMisentsilelo yoM) kunye nezinye izikhokelo zenyama ngaphandle kwenkqubo yeNkundla.

Inkqubo elindelekileyo yokukhusela emkhosini isuka kwimithombo emininzi. Isiqinisekiso seSihlalo soMphengululo se-[F5] sisebenza kuwiso-mthetho owenziwe yinkundla-mthetho” njengoko siqatshelwe yiNkundla ePhakamileyo kwiimeko ezifana wes wes v. United States[[FLT] [1994] [FLT] [[FL:2] United States] v. Jacoby [1988]. ISithandathu soMbeko loMguqulo sinegunya, kunye nenkqubo enyanzelekileyo iyasebenza, nangona maxa wambi ngokuhambelana ucwangco lomkhosi. Ngaphezu koko, iSigqeqesha se-UMM inikela ukhuseleko ngokuziququluko lwe-crincul-cmin efumaneka rhoqo kunezo zoothetho, isenza ulungeleniso lomthetho wonke, imigaqo yomthetho wonke, inguquluvo olufunekayo, kunye nomyalelo lomkhosi, kunye nomyalelo, kunye nomyalelo, i-onke, uqeqesho.

IBhunga lakwayalela ukuba inkundla-masti inamathele kwimigaqo ye- “motionaling stical stical mentation” kunye“ nenkqubo esele iqondwa "ngendlela" njengoko ichazwa kwiinkundla zephondo. Incwadi ithi “iinkqubo eziyalelwe yi-MCM zenzelwe ukukhusela amalungelo ommangalelwa." Okubalulekileyo kukuba, i-FENT Codentinet of Military Justice ayiyokhowudi eyahlukileyo yokugweba“ iklasi yesibini” yabemi; yinkqubo eye yavela ukuhlangabezana nemilinganiselo yesiseko, kwaye iinkundla ze-appellate zihlola rhoqo iinkolelo zomkhosi zenkqubo elungele ukungqubana.

Kubafundi abafuna amaxwebhu omthombo anegunya, umbhalo osemthethweni we UCJ ungafumaneka kwiNdlu yoMthetho weZiko loLawulo lwase-U.S.. Amacebo akhoyo ngexesha eeNkundla--Martial [uhlelo 2024] ukusuka kwiSebe lokhuselo.

Ukhuseleko Lwenkqubo Olungundoqo

Ezi zikhuseli zilandelayo zingundoqo ukuqinisekisa ukuba ilungu lenkonzo elimangalelweyo lifumana ityala elifanelekileyo. Nangona lingapheleli, zimela amalungelo angundoqo ahlula inkundla esemthethweni kwisohlwayo esimiselwe kwangaphambili.

1. Ukufanelekela Uncedo Olunempumelelo Lwecebiso

Lilungu ngalinye lenkonzo elityholwe ngetyala lenkundla linelungelo lokumelwe ligqwetha elifanelekileyo ngaphandle kwendleko yobuqu. Oku kunikezelwa ngesiluleko sokhuselo esineenkcukacha (ngokufuthi igosa leJaG) elabelwe ummangalelwa. Kwiimeko ezininzi, ummangalelwa angaqesha igqwetha elingomnye wamapolisa kwindleko yakhe, nangona urhulumente enganyanzelekanga ukuba ahlawule icebiso lasekuhlaleni. Ilungelo lokucebisa ukuququzelela kwangoko: phambi kokuba nayiphi na ingxingxiso, ngexesha lokuva okubekwa elugcinweni (uphando lwama-32), ekucinyweni, nakwiicandelo eposini kunye nee-ampempeeta.

Isiluleko sokhuselo lomkhosi sizimele kwityathanga lomyalelo kwaye asinakulawulwa okanye siphenjelelwe ngumyalelo oziswe zityholo. INkundla Ephakamileyo ibambe iUnited States v. McOmber (50. M.J. 63, 1999) ukuba ummangalelwa unelungelo “loncedo olunempumelelo” phantsi komgangatho we SSrickland v. Washington. Amalungu enkonzo akholelwa ukuba isiluleko sawo sasingaphumeleli ekubheqeni ngqo okanye kwisixhobo sokubhenela okanye ngesixhobo se-writ se-habeaspu.

Umahluko ophawulekayo kumsebenzi wasekuhlaleni: kwinkundla esemthethweni, ummangalelwa unelungelo “lokucebisa ukhuselo lomkhosi lomntu ngamnye” lokhetho lwabo ukuba eso siluleko sikhona ngokusengqiqweni. Oku kusenokuba ligosa elahlukileyo le JaG ukusuka kowakuqala onenkcukacha. Iqela le-Ukhuselo likwanokufikelela kwimithombo ye-ethengula, kuquka ukukwazi ukuphendula amangqina kunye nobungqina obuphindiweyo kwinkqubo yokufumana.

2. Ukujamelana Netyala Elifanelekileyo

Intliziyo yenkqubo efanelekileyo lilungelo lokuchotshelwa ngokusesikweni. Kumkhosi, oku kuquka:

  • [[UMTL:0] Ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho: ummangalelwa kufuneka axelelwe ngezityholo ezichaziweyo nezibalulo ezibhaliweyo, ngokwaneleyo kwangaphambili ukulungiselela ukhuselo.
  • I-opportation ukukhusela: ummangalelwa anganikela ukhuselo, ameme amangqina, anikezele ubungqina, kunye namangqina karhulumente onqamlezo lwe-examine.
  • [[UMHLA]-10] Inkqubo enyanzelisayo: ukhuseleko lungangamangqina angaphantsi kwepona namaxwebhu, ngamandla enkundla ukunyanzelisa ukuba abekho.
  • Ukwenziwa kwaso ityala: ummangalelwa unelungelo lokubakho nakweliphi na ixesha elinzima letyala nokujongwa ngamangqina ngokuchasene nabo.
  • I-Impartial Tribunal: ijaji yomkhosi namalungu enkundla (iqela lenjongo) kufuneka lingacalulwa kwaye likhululwe kwimpembelelo yomyalelo ongekho mthethweni.

La malungelo abonisa abo bakwinkundla karhulumente, nangona engolunye uhlobo. Umzekelo, umkhosi awusebenzisi “inkqubo yabachopheli-tyala abakhulu”; endaweni yoko, ukuchotshelwa kokuqala phantsi kweGatya 32 (ukufana nonobangela olindelekileyo) kuvavanywa ubungqina phambi kokuba kubhekiswe kwinkundla jikelele.

Ilungelo lokuchophela ityala likawonke-wonke likwaqashelwa, nangona ijaji yomkhosi ingavalela inxalenye yenkqubela yokukhusela ulwazi olunolwahlulo okanye izilangazelelo zokhuseleko lwesizwe. Noko ke, jikelele, uwonke-wonke nomatshini wokushicilela banokuya kwimicimbi yenkundla ngaphandle kokuba kuboniswe imfuneko yokuba ivalwe.

3. Ukukhuselwa ekuzichaseni

Inqaku 31(b) le-UCMJ linikela ukuba “akukho mntu uphantsi kwesi sahluko onokuthi anyanzele nawuphi na umntu ukuba azifake ngokwakhe okanye aphendule nayiphi na impendulo esenokuthambeka kuye.” Oku kusikhuselo olubanzi kuneSigqibo sesihlanu kwimibandela emininzi: sisebenza nakweyiphi na intetho okanye senze (kuquka izenzo ezingajongelwa phantsi kwemithetho ebhaliweyo, nangona oko kusenokusoloko kuxhatshazwa kumthetho wemikhosi). Ngaphezu koko, iCandelo le-31 limele lifundwe kumntu othobela i-UCM phambi kokuba kukho nayiphi na ingxelelo esemthethweni. Oku kusebenza kwizenzo ezityholwayo nakuliphi na ingqina elinokubekwa icala.

Urhulumente usenokungasebenzisi ukuzola kwabamangalelwa ngokuchasene nabo xa kuchotshelwa ityala. Ngaphezu koko, nawuphi na umbandela ofunyenwe ngokuchasene neGatya 31 awunakusetyenziswa kwinkundla elawulayo. Lo khuseleko lwandisa izithuba zasemva kwetyala: ummangalelwa angakwala ukungqina ukugwetywa okanye ukumangalelwa ngaphandle kokugwetywa ngokuchasene nomthetho.

Iinkundla zomkhosi zikwaqaphele “ilungelo lokuthula” elikhusela ngakumbi kunezenzo zoburhulumente: ukuba ummangalelwa ucela amalungelo awo, yonke imibuzo kufuneka iphele ngoko nangoko. Nayiphi na i-'avener' elandelayo kufuneka ibe yeyokuzithandela, ekwazini, kwaye ekrelekrele. Bona United States v. Kuehl [74] (74 M.J. 321, 2015).

Ukungalawuleki

Umgaqo osisiseko wengcaciso yezolwaphulo-mthetho zaseMerika .ukuthi ummangalelwa ucingelwa ukuba akanatyala de agwetywe ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni.

Olu khuselo lubalulekile kumongo womkhosi kuba amalungu enkonzo asenokusoyika ukuba isibakala sokubekwa ityala siza konakalisa umsebenzi wawo okanye igama lawo. Umthetho ufuna ukuba kungagwetywa okanye kubekwe tyala elisekelwe ekutyholweni livunyelwe ukuphembelela iziphumo. Iinkundla-mthetho kufuneka zisebenzise ivoti engqinelanayo yokugwetywa kwetyala eligwetyelwe ukufa okanye ukuvalelwa iminyaka engaphezu kwemibini; kumacala angaphantsi, uninzi olu-3 lweqela leqela (okanye ivoti engqinelanelwaneyo ukuba iqela linamalungu amathathu) ayafuneka.

5. Amalungelo oHlahlo-hlolo lwasemva

Ukunyanzeliswa kwenkundla-yomkhosi akupheli de onke amalungelo enziwe aphelelwa. Inkonzo nganye ineNkundla yayo yezibheno zolwaphulo-mthetho (umz., iNkundla yoMkhosi weSibheno soMphathi-Mbindi, iNkundla yeQhinga loMkhosi wamanzi yezibheno zoMphathi-Mbindi, iNkundla yoMkhosi woMkhosi woMkhosi we-Avili-om, iNkundla weNkqumlo yeNkqumlo yoMphathi-Mphathi-mthetho). Ezi nkundla zihlola ngokuzenzekelayo onke amatyala abandakanya ukukhutshwa komvo wokukhupha ityala, ukuvalelwa konyaka omnye okanye ngaphezulu, okanye isigwebo sokufa. Uhlolo loMkhosi woMkhosi woMkhosi wamanzi woMkhosi wamanzi, intlupheko-mthetho ongekho mthethweni, kunye nobungqina obunganelanga.

Isibheno esibhekele phaya sikhona kwiNkundla yezibheno yaseUnited States yeMandla eQongozelayo (CAAF), equka abagwebi abahlanu abangaburhulumente. CAAF iphulaphula izibongozo zokuzihlola kwaye iyakwazi ukuphinda ihlole imibuzo ebalulekileyo engokomthetho. Okokugqibela, ilungu lenkonzo lingacela iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseUnited States ukuba ifumane imvume yeCertiorari, nangona izicelo ezinjalo zinqabile ukunikwa. Kumatyala amakhulu, inkqubo yokuzihlola ibanzi ngakumbi, kuquka ukubukezwa okunyanzeliswa okunyanzelisayo yiCaAF kunye ne-ceriariery yeNkundla ePhakamileyo ngaphambi kokuba kubulawe.

Emva kwetyala, ummangalelwa unelungelo lokubeka izinto ngonyanzelo, acele ukuvavanywa okutsha okusekelwe kubungqina obusandul' ukufunyanwa, okanye afune uncedo kwibhodi ukuze ilungiswe iingxelo zoMkhosi. Ezi asizomalungelo afanelekileyo enkqubo ngengqiqo engqongqo, kodwa zinika izikhuselo ezongezelelekileyo ekuchaseni okuphosakeleyo.

  • [[UMTL:0] Isibheno somgangatho wesibheno: uhlomelo oluzenzekelayo kwizivakalisi ezinzulu; isityholo sisenokucela uhlolo.
  • [[UMTHLO: 0] CAAF: ingqwalasela yohlolo kwimibandela engokwasemthethweni.
  • Inkundla yetyala eliphezulu: igosa lokuhlola kwimibandela yomgaqo-siseko.
  • I- I-ethenti: igunya lokudibanisa linganciphisa okanye liphinde lithintele isivakalisi.

Ukuqwalaselwa Ngokukhethekileyo Kwiinkundla Zasemkhosini

Ngoxa iinkundla-mastial zenzelwe ukukhusela amalungelo ommangalelwa, zisebenza kwindawo eyodwa eyahlulayo kwiinkundla zasekuhlaleni. Inkundla Ephakamileyo iye yaqonda ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuba “umkhosi, ngemfuneko, ibutho elikhethekileyo elahlukeneyo nebutho labantu.” ( Parker v. Levy, 417 U.S. 733, 1974). Le ngxelo ithetha ukuba ezinye iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo zokuzikhusela zilungiswa ngokulula kwiimfuno zomkhosi, kodwa azipheliswa.

Enye yezona ngqwalasela zibalulekileyo kukukwazi ukuphembelela umthetho ongekho mthethweni. Impembelelo yomyalelo yenzeka xa umphathi-mikhosi, ngqo okanye ngokungangqalanga, inyanzelisa iqela lenkundla yamatyala, ijaji, okanye ukhuseleko ukuze afikelele iziphumo ezithile. Oku kuye kwabizwa ngokuba “lutshaba oluphambili lobulungisa bomkhosi” ([[FLT: 0]] United States v. Thomas, 22 M.J 388, 1986). Umthetho ubeka umthwalo onzima kurhulumente ukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho mpembelelo ingcolileyo. Ukuba iboniswe, ukuqiniseka kungaguquka.

Omnye umqondiso okhethekileyo yindima yegunya lokuhlanganisa. Umbutho ogunyazisayo (ngokoqobo umphathi omkhulu) ligosa elibhekisa kwizityholo kwinkundla yenkundla, likhetha amalungu eqela lenqanawa, lize livumele isigwebo. Ngoxa esi sakhiwo siyimfuneko ukugcina imbopheleleko yokulawula, sikwadala ungquzulwano olunokwenzeka lwenzala. I-UCMJ imisela imida engqongqo kwindima yegunya eligunya eligunyazisayo, kwaye ijaji yemikhosi inembopheleleko yokuqinisekisa ukuba iqela lenjongo lingenatyala.

Indima Yomgwebi Wasemkhosini

Ijaji yomkhosi ligosa elithunyiweyo kwaye lilungu leeNkonzo zeMicimbi efanayo eliye lanconyelwa njengomgwebi wasemkhosini nguMgwebi Jikelele ongumLawuli-mkhosi wenkonzo yabo. Ijaji ilawula inkundla elawulayo, imisela imithetho yemiqathango kunye nobungqina, kwaye iyalela iqela lezomthetho. Ngokungathi kunjalo, ijaji yomkhosi izimele kwigunya eligunyazisayo kwaye ayinakususwa okanye iqeqeshwe ngokwemithetho yabo. Indima yomgwebi kukuqinisekisa ukuba ityala liqhubeke kakuhle kwaye lihambelana ne-UCMM neMM.

Indima Yamalungu Enkundla (Indawo Yolawulo)

Amalungu enkundla asebenza ngokufanayo kwijaji kwityala elingafanelekileyo. Ngamagosa (kodwa kwezinye iimeko aqeshwe, ukuba aceliwe ngummangalelwa) akhethwe ligunya eliququzelelayo. Noko ke, ngokungafaniyo namalungu enkundla angoorhulumente, aphantsi kwentambo yomyalelo. Umthetho uzama ukuwakhusela kwimpembelelo engafanelekanga ngokufuna ukuba abe “ngamalungu afanelekileyo kunawo, ” nangokunika nawuphi na umntu okholelwa ukuba akanakugqiba ngokungakhethi. Noko ke, ukufaneleka komkhethe ochuku kumele kuxolelwa.

Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokucel ’ umngeni amalungu enkundla ngenxa yesizathu (ukunganyaniseki okanye ukubonakala kwekhethe) nokusebenzisa inani elisikelwe umda leengxaki zokukhulula. Ijaji yasemkhosini kufuneka iqinisekise ukuba i-athom ayibekwanga “kumgangatho” okanye imiswe ngendlela ethob ’ isidima.

Isiphelo

Imigaqo efunekayo yokhuseleko kwinkundla esemthethweni ayilolungelo elinikwa amalungu enkonzo ngokukrokra; liyimfuneko esisiseko yobulungisa baseMerika. I-Unifono Code of Monational Justice, iTsaages-Martlia, kunye namashumi eminyaka yomthetho ogweba ityala akha inkqubo, nangona ingaqhelekanga kumongo wayo, ephakamisa amaxabiso omgaqo-siseko okusesikweni, isaziso, kwaye ilungelo lokuzikhusela. Ukusuka ekunene ukuya ekuzikhuseleni ngokufanelekileyo kwisiluleko sokuzikhusela nxamnye nolwelo lwetyala kunye nokuhlola kwasekunene, amalungu enkonzo ajongenento yokwenza umsebenzi akhuselekile kwisohlwayo.

Kwangaxeshanye, inkqubo ayifezekanga. Ukuxhalabela impembelelo yomthetho, umlinganiselo omncinane wokubhenela kwityala elincinane, kunye noxanduva olungokwemvelo phakathi koqeqesho nenkqubo efanelekileyo lusaqhubeka. Kulo naliphi na ilungu lenkonzo elimangalelwe ngetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho, eyona ndlela ingcono kukubuza kwigqwetha elifanelekileyo lokhuselo lomkhosi (hhala linguMGatya 27 loMthombo okanye igqwetha elinolwazi lwasemkhosini.

Ukuqonda la malungelo linyathelo lokuqala ekuqinisekiseni ukuba azilahlekanga ngokungazi okanye ngoloyiko. Ekupheleni, inkqubela efunekayo yokhuseleko lwenkundla yamatyala yenzelwe ukwenza oko wonke ummi waseMerika alindeleyo kokusesikweni: ukugqiba inyaniso kwaye, xa kuyimfuneko, ukubeka ityala nokugcina omsulwa ephendulile ngokubhekiselele kwisidima nenkululeko yelungu ngalinye lenkonzo.

] Inkqubo yokugweba yomkhosi ibisoloko ibonwa njengomzekelo wokusesikweni nokusebenza kakuhle. Amalungelo ommangalelwa akhuselwa ngokunonophelo, kwaye iinkqubo ziqinisekisa ukuba ilungu ngalinye lenkonzo lifumana ukuvakala okupheleleyo nokufanelekileyo.” — IKhomishini yeSebe lokhuselo, iSingqiniso saBambini, 2023

Kubo banqwenela ukuhlaziywa ngalo mba, kucetyiswa ukuba: