Ukuqonda icandelo eliphindwe kabini: Ukhuseleko lwekhowe kunye neMpahla yezomGaqo-siseko

Ukwalelwa kobubi obuphindwe kabini yenye yezona ndlela zidala nezisisiseko zokukhusela abantu abajongene namandla karhulumente. EUnited States, kubekwe kwiSigqibo sesihlanu soMgaqo-siseko, esithi akukho mntu “oza kuthotyelwa ityala elifanayo ukuba abekwe kabini kwingozi yobomi okanye isiqobo." Lo mgaqo awungowahlukileyo eMelika; ukhuseleko olufanayo lukho phantsi kwezithethe zomthetho, iNdibano ye-[[FLT: 0] ye-Eulon on Human Rights[, kunye neenkqubo ezininzi zomthetho wesizwe ehlabathini lonke.

Injongo engundoqo yokuzifaka engozini ephindwe kabini kukuthintela urhulumente ukuba agwebe umntu ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngenxa yehambo efanayo, ngaloo ndlela ephepha ukukhathazwa ngokweemvakalelo nangemali eninzi yokuvavanywa okuninzi, kunye nomngcipheko wokuba umtshutshisi aqhubeke ezama de isiqinisekiso sifunyanwe. Ukuncamathiselwa kwenkundla yejaji xa i-aval-mthetho ifakwe kwindawo yokuhlala kwaye ifunwe (okanye xa ingqina lokuqala lifungelwa ukugwetywa ebheleni) kwaye liqhubeke lide liqhubeke lisesohlwayelwe de kube sisombululo sokugqibela sokuvalelwa okanye ukugwetywa. Xa ityala lithe lazinziwa laza ityala nesohlwaywa, imo yeli iyathintelwa ukuba ingaphinde ivavanywe ummangali ngenxa yeso sona.

Ityatyani Igazi?

Kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, ityala lidibana nengozi ngexesha eliqala ngalo ityala. Ukuchophela ityala, oku kuxa abachopheli betyala benyuswa benyuswa. Ukuvavanywa kwetyala, ingozi inxulumaniswa xa ingqina lokuqala lifunyaniswe. Eli xesha libalulekile kuba ukuba ityala liphela phambi kwesigqibo, umzekelo, ngenxa yetyala eliphosiweyo ngaphandle kwemvume yommangalelwa, umangalelwa usengajongana netyala eliphinda lilungiswe phantsi kweemeko ezilinganiselweyo, njengemfuneko ecacileyo (umz., umgwebi oxhotyiweyo okanye ukuziphatha okubi okungathethekiyo okungenakunyangwa).

Uvavanyo lwe-"Uvavanyo

Ukuchaza oko kubumba “ukuma okufanayo” kusoloko kungumthombo welitha. Ngaphantsi kovavanyo lwe Blockburger (ukusuka ku [FLT]]] i-stimburger v. United States, 1932, amacala amabini athathwa njengalo ukuba ayifuni bungqina bento engafunwayo yinye. Ukuba umthetho ngamnye ufuna ubungqina bento eyahlukileyo, ityala lahlukile kwaye alibi nangozi eziphinda-phindeneyo.

Ezikhethekileyo Kukhuseleko Oluphindwe kabini Lwengozi

Ngelixesha ingozi ephindwe kabini iyikhaka elomeleleyo, iinkalo ezininzi ezimiselwe kakuhle zikhona apho abatshutshisi nesiluleko sokhuselo kufuneka baqonde, ingakumbi kwikhathalo elintsonkothileyo.

Imfundiso Engolongamo Olumanyeneyo

Enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo zingafaniyo yimfundiso yolongamo olubini. Phantsi kwalo mthetho, izilawuli ezahlukeneyo (umz., urhulumente kunye norhulumente worhulumente, okanye amazwe amabini ahlukeneyo) ngamnye angamangalela ummangalelwa ngesenzo esifanayo ngaphandle kokwaphula ubungozi obuphindwe kabini. Umzekelo, emva kokuba amagosa abandakanyekileyo ekubulaleni kukaGeorge Floyd ngama-2020 akhululwe kwizityholo zikarhulumente, abatshutshisi benziwa izityholo zamalungelo abantu. Inkundla ephakamileyo ye-U.S. inkundla ephakamileyo isoloko ixhasa le mfundiso, kutshanje .Gququart v[FLT][FLT][FFF:2][3] [2010], iqinisekisa ukuba ukubekwa kwemiqathangongongongowahlulo-othi.

Ukubuyiselwa Kwalo Emva Kokwenziwa Kwetyala

Ukuba ijaji ivakalisa ukumangalelwa ngempazamo ngaphandle kwemvume yommangalelwa, ummangalelwa angaphinde abekwe kwakhona kuphela ukuba “kuyimfuneko” kwityala eliphosakeleyo. Umzekelo oqhelekileyo yijaji exhotyisiweyo ._apho abachopheli-mthetho bengenakusifikelela isigqibo esimntwisiweyo. Kwimeko ezinjalo, ummangalelwa angaphinda aphinde abekwe ecaleni ngenxa yokungafikeleli kwesigwebo kugqalwa njengemfuneko ecacileyo. Noko ke, ukuba umtshutshisi ubangele ukuqhushelwa kwetyala ngokuphosakeleyo ukuk'ityala okanye ukufumana inzuzo yeqhinga, ukuphinda agwetywe phantsi koluhlu “lwenkolo olungalunganga” olubharhintyiweyo.[FLT:][1][FLT][FLT].[FLT:]

Ukwakhiwa kwakhona Emva Komtsalane Onempumelelo

Ukuba ummangalelwa ubhenela ngokunempumelelo ukunyanzelisa ukunyanzelisa nokuphumelela ukuphumelela ukuvavanya okutsha, umngcipheko ophindwe kabini awuyichasi ityala kuba ummangalelwa uthathwa njengono “wafumana” ukhuseleko ngokufuna uhlolo. Noko ke, kukho umda obalulekileyo: ukuba inkundla echazayo ifumanise ukuba ubungqina abunele ukuxhasa ukuqiniseka, kwaye akukho sizathu sento esivakalayo esinokufumana ityala ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni. Lo mahluko phakathi kokuzinzisa okusekelwe kwimposiso sokuvavanyanisa kunye nokubonakala kungena ngxaki ubalulekile ekubheneleni.

Ukwahluka Kwabemi Nabesaphuli - mthetho

Ingozi ephindwe kabini ikhusela kuphela kwizinto ezininzi [[FLT: 0] ezimatyala. Izigwebo zamakhaya, njengezenzo zokulahlekelwa, ukurhoxiswa, okanye ukumangalelwa kwetyala lomonakalo, azithintelwanga nokuba zivela kwihambo efanayo eyayingumbandela wolwaphulo-mthetho. kodwa, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ibambe ukuba isohlwayo sesizwe sisohlwaye ngokwenjongo nangomphumela kangangokuba sisenza “imposiso” yezizathu eziphindiweyo, njengoko kuboniswe kwi [FLT][3].[FLT][FLT]][4]. [FLT:] [9] [9] [19] inters] yezomthetho yendalo.[FLT] [5] [3]

Ukuphazamiseka Okuntsonkothileyo: Iintlobo Neengxaki

Uhlaziyo oluntsonkothileyo luquka iindidi ezininzi zamatyala ezibandakanya amaqela amaninzi, iingxelo ezininzi, iimbambano ezintsonkothileyo nezingokwasemthethweni, yaye ngokufuthi ezithatha ixesha elide ukuvavanywa kwetyala kunye namatyala. Ukuqonda iingozi eziphindwe kabini kule meko kufuna uxabiso ngendlela ukuntsonkotha okunokubundisa ngayo ubungozi kubamangalelwa.

Uphinda-phindo lwamacandelo amaninzi (MDL)

I-MDL yenye indlela esetyenziswa kwiinkundla zephondo ukuqinisa amatyala amaninzi abekwe kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo ekwabelana ngemibuzo eqhelekileyo yenyaniso. Ngoxa i-MDL ingumgaqo oqhelekileyo wezolwaphulo-mthetho, ngamanye amaxesha amalungu olwaphulo-mthetho adibana kunye nemeko zokuqhatha apho kusekho imicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho nezenzo zasekuhlaleni. Ukubakho kweziphumo ezifanayo kuphakamisa imibuzo malunga nengozi ephindwe kabini kuphela ukuba izityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho zibekwe emva kokugwetywa okanye ukugwetywa kwetyala elibalulekileyo. Imfundiso edityaniweyo yolawulo ibaluleke ngokukhethekileyo kwi-MDL ibandakanya ityala elibini elingurhulumente nelo.

Izenzo Zodidi Ziyavumelana Nemithetho Ebandakanya Ukuqhatha Kwezaphuli - mthetho

Izenzo zodidi olukhulu, ezifana nezibangelwa kukungaqiniseki, iimveliso ezinesiphene, okanye iintlekele zemekobume, zisoloko ziquka zombini iingxelo zoluntu kunye nophando lolwaphulo-mthetho. Abameli basenokujamelana neziphumo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezibini zolwaphulo-mthetho oluchaphazelekileyo. Umngcipheko ophindwe kabini awukuthinteli ukusetyenziswa kwezenzo zoluntu, kodwa ukukhuselwa kweSihlaziyo sesihlanu ekuzikhuseleni ngokwaso, kuhlala kuseyinkxalabo ephambili: abamangalelwayo abanakunyanzeleka ukunikela ubungqina babo ukuba ubungqina babo bungasetyenziswa kamva kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho. Umanyano olufanelekileyo phakathi kwamaqela oonorhulumente kunye namagxagu.

Ityala le-RICO nelokungena

I Racketeer Ifroppy and Hood Organizations Act (RICO) sisixhobo esinamandla esisoloko sivelisa uqhankqalazo oluntsonkothileyo. Ipateni enye yomsebenzi wokurhoxisa ingabangela izityholo ezichaphazelekayo zabamangalelwa abaninzi ababandakanyekileyo kunye nezingalinganiyo ezidityanisiweyo, kunye nezikhankanyiweyo ze-Ricospoustic Act. Imibuzo ephinda-phindayo ingavela xa iingxwaso zentengiso ezilandelelanayo zijolise ipateni enye kodwa igama lesiqu elinomahluko. Iinkundla ngokubanziswa i-'imfono .

Amalungelo Asemthethweni Abameli Kumatyala Ezaphuli - mthetho Antsonkothileyo

Abameli abajongene nento entsonkothileyo yelitha elinzima,/ukube ngabakwindawo emhlophe, kulwaphulo-mthetho olulungelelanisiweyo, okanye kwiimeko zokhuseleko lwesizwe,(en sflewids uludwe lwamalungelo omGaqo-siseko kunye nomthetho avavanywa ngokukodwa xa kubandakanyeke imicimbi emininzi.

Ukhuseleko Kwingozi Ephindwe kabini

Njengoko kuxoxwe, ibhatyi ephindaphindiweyo yengozi ngumgca wokuqala wokuzikhusela kwityala eliphinda-phindiweyo. Kumthetho wokuzikhusela ontsonkothileyo, icebo lokuzikhusela kufuneka lijonge ngocoselelo naluphina uqikelelo olunokuchasana nalo lomgca. Oku kuquka ukuvavanya ukuba ityala elitsha lisekelwe kwihambo efanayo okanye ukuba urhulumente uzama ukumangalela phantsi komthetho owohlukileyo emva kokugwetywa. Umzekelo, ukuba ummangalelwa ugwetyelwe ugwetyelwe ukwenza uphango locingo, urhulumente akanakummangalela kamva ummangalelwa omnye ngenkohliso yocingo esekelwe kwizenzo ezingaphantsi ngaphandle kokuba ukukhwaza kocingo kufuna iprojelo eyongeyo engakumbi engakho kwityala lozungu.

Ukuya Kwityala Elikhawulezileyo Nelasekuhlaleni

ISithandathu IsiHlanziso siqinisekisa ukumangalelwa okukhawulezayo nokungokwabantu bonke. Kwimeko ezintsonkothileyo, ukulibazisa kuxhaphakile ngenxa yokufunyanwa okukhulu, ukuhanjiswa kwezomthetho, kunye nokusebenzisana kwamaqela amaninzi. Inkundla ePhakamileyo kwi-[FLT][1] Barker v. Wingo[FLT][197] [7]] yasungula uvavanyo olulungeleleneyo lokuqwalasela ubude bokulibaziseka, isizathu sokulibazisa, ukuqinisekiswa kommangalelwa, kunye nekhethe lommangalelwa. Ukhuselo-mmeli kufuneka lukukhusele oku ngasekunene, ingakumbi xa urhulumente efuna uncedo olulungele ukunceda.

Ukukhuselwa ekuzichaseni

IsiHlamlisi sesihlanu esichasene nokuzithethelela sithetha ngokuphandle kakhulu kwimiba entsonkothileyo apho iingcebiso ezininzi zidibana khona. Abameli kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho abanakunyanzeleka ukuba banikele ubungqina. Noko ke, ekuzifakeni kwabemi okanye ekuvinyweni komthetho, basenokujongana nokhetho: ukubiza intelekelelo engalunganga yesihlanu kunye nomngcipheko kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni, okanye ukungqina kunye nokuchanabeka engozini kolwaphulo-mthetho. Iinkundla zibambe ukuba umqondiso oqatha ungatsalwa kwiimeko zamakhaya ukusuka ekungavumi kweqela ukungqina, okubeka uxinzelelo olukhulu kwimiyalelo yokuzikhusela nokusebenzisa ingxengxengezo ngonono kunceda ezi ngozi.

Ukufanelekela Isiluleko Noncedo Olunempumelelo

Kwiimeko ezinzima, ilungelo lokunika isiluleko phantsi koMphetho-mvakalo weSithandathu liquka ilungelo lokumela imfazwe engenaziphene. Xa igqwetha elikhuselayo limele abamangalelwa abaninzi ngexesha elinye kwityala lozungu, inkundla kufuneka iqhube i- haretta[ ukuva (kusukela [FLT]]][FLT]]] i-Moretta v.[FLT], 1975]] ukuqinisekisa ukuba ummangalelwa ngamnye uyazi yaye ngokuzithandela unika icebo lokunika icebiso elisekunene lokwahlukana., ulungiso olusebenzayo luthetha ukuba imigaqo ecacileyo yokuzikhusela, iimeko ezicacileyo, ukubonakala ngokucacileyo, kunye nokunokwenzeka kwetyala.

Ilungelo Lokufumana Nokufumana Inkqubo Efanelekileyo

Uhlaziyo oluntsonkothileyo lusoloko lubandakanya ukufunyanwa okukhulu kwamaxwebhu, ii-tetrabyte-data ye-elektroniki, kunye namangqina amaninzi. Imbopheleleko karhulumente yokutyhila ubungqina bokukhutshwa phantsi kwe-[FLT][1] Brady v. Maryland[[FLT]][1963] [iiiiiiii-data ze-tektroniki] zifuna kakhulu kwezi meko. Icebiso lokhuselo kufuneka liqinisekise ukuba urhulumente unika zonke izinto eziluncedo ekukhuseleni, kuquka ulwazi olunokusetyenziswa ukungabandakanye ukupheka amangqina orhulumente okanye ukuxhasa ityala ephindaphindene. Ukungaphumeleli kokubhenca intengo, ukulahleka okanye ukukhuthulwa kwe-Roffrenti, okanye ukusetyenziswa.

Uxanduva lweqhinga lomthetho kwintsonkotha yoqikelelo

Ukuyiqonda kakuhle ingozi ephindwe kabini kunye nokhuseleko olunxulumene nomgaqo-siseko kubalulekile ekucebiseni iindlela ezisebenzayo zomthetho kwiimeko ezintsonkothileyo. Ngeli ngezantsi kuqwalaselwe ingqwalaselo ephambili kubatshutshisi namagqwetha akhuselayo.

Icebo lokhuselo

  • Kuqala ukujongwa kwemiba ephindwe kabini ye-Yeopardy: Xa igcinwa, isiluleko sokuzikhusela kufuneka sicombulule ngoko nangoko ukuba nayiphi na ingtshutshiso yangaphambili yehambo efanayo okanye efanayo. Oku kuquka uhlolo lwemeko nezogcino-lwazi lwezwe, kwakunye nezolwazi zangaphandle ezingabangela ubungozi obuphindwe kabini phantsi kwesivumelwano okanye umthetho oqhelekileyo.
  • [[NTL: 0] Ukukhupha imposiso kwisiseko sethambeka esiphindiweyo: Ukuba ityala elilandelelanayo lingqubana nohlobo lwengozi ephindwe kabini, intshukumo yangaphambili yokuyikhupha ifanelekile. Intshukumo ezinjalo zinokubhena ngokukhawuleza phantsi kwemfundiso yolungelelwaniso lomyalelo, njengoko iqinisekiswe ku [FLT]] Abney v. United States]
  • [[NTL:0] Ukusetyenziswa kwe-erhence: Kwimeko ezininzi, ulwahlulo lungafuneka ukukhusela ummangalelwa ekubeni abe nocalucalulo ngobungqina kuphela nxamnye neziphene. Ukusebenzisa i-evercence kunganceda ekukhetheni iziphumo ezibini zengozi ezisebenzayo kumntu omnye ogwetyiweyo.
  • Imposiso yeNkqubela-phambili yeNkqubela-phambili: Xa amatyala oluntu nolwaphulo-mthetho eqhuba ngokuhambelana, icebiso lifanele liqwalasele ukufuna ukugcinwa kwetyala lamakhaya elilindele isigqibo somcimbi wolwaphulo-mthetho ukuze uphephe iingxaki zolwaphulo-mthetho. Iinkundla zinganika ukuhlala ukuze kukhuselwe amalungelo oMphetho-mthetho wesihlanu, nangona umgangatho uhlukile ngokwamandla.
  • P ugcine uxwebhu: Zonke izichasi ezinxulumene nengozi ephindwe kabini kufuneka ziphakanyiswe ngexesha elifanelekileyo xa kuvavanywa. Ukusilela into kungaphumela ekungeni isibheno. Icebo likwanokucela uqeqesho oluthile ukuba urhulumente uxhomekeke kubungqina obusuka kwingtshutshiso engaphambili obungacebisa ukwaphula.

Abatshutshisi

  • [[NTLA: 0] Isivumelwano nePlea Acts: Kumatyala anzima abandakanya izivumelwano zentsebenziswano, abatshutshisi kufuneka baqinisekise ukuba isivumelwano sichaza ngokucacileyo umlinganiselo wokhuseleko kunye nayiphi na into ephazamisayo kwingozi eziphindwe kabini. Ulwimi lwe-Vague lungakhokelela kwiliging.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Izigqibo ezizizo: [ Ukuphepha imingeni ephindiweyo, abatshutshisi kufuneka batyhole zonke iityala ezaziwayo ezivela kwintengiselwano enye kwityala elinye, okanye bathethelele ngokucacileyo ukumangalelwa ngokwahlukeneyo okusekelwe kwizinto ezahlukileyo okanye kwimithetho eyahlukeneyo.
  • Sebenzisa iProgreess Ezininzi-Ijijiyo okanye eziQuquzelelweyo: Xa kunokwenzeka, ukuququzelela amatyala karhulumente kunye nemvume yommangalelwa kunganciphisa imvume. Noko ke, imfundiso edityanisiweyo inika abatshutshisi indlela yokuzisa izityholo ngokwahlukeneyo ngaphandle kwemvume.
  • Ijonge uGqibo lokuXhotyiswa: Xa ummangalelwa ekhululekile, urhulumente akanakubhena ukuba ukugwetywa okanye ukuphindwa kommangalelwa, nokokuba ukugwetywa kwakusekelwe kwimithetho ephosakeleyo. INkundla ePhakamileyo kwi [FLT][FLT]] United States v. Scott[[FLT]] [1088]) wacacisa ukuba ukubhexeza kuvumelekile kuphela xa intshukumo yommangalelwa iziphumo zokuhamba engekho sigwebo sokugqibela sogwebo.

Imizekelo Yomthetho Wetyala Neenkqubo Eziluncedo

Amatyala aliqela aphawulekayo abonisa indlela ezisetyenziswa ngayo iingozi eziphindwe kabini xa kusenziwa uvavanyo oluntsonkothileyo.

United States v. Felix (1992)

[[Nkundla:0] uFelix, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathetha ukuba ummangalelwa unokuba umangalelwa ngetyala leziyobisi elingaphantsi emva kokubanjwa ekwahluleni ngetyala elibandakanya ukuthengiselana ngeziyobisi. INkundla yabambelela ekubeni ngenxa yetyala elincinci (umz., enenjongo yokusasaza) kunye neqhinga lingulwaphulo-mthetho olwahlukileyo phantsi kwetyala i-hatburger] uvavanyo lokufumana isivumelwano, ngelixa isono esincinci esitsha singesohlwayo asikhange sibe sisoso sesibini isimangaliso sesibini. Oku kubonisa ukubaluleka kovavanyo lwetyala ngalinye.

[[UMTHL:0] Grady v. Corbin (1990) kunye nokugqitha kwayo

, iNkundla yathi ingozi ephindwe kabini inokuthi iqinise ityala elilandelayo ukuba urhulumente kuza kufuneka aqinisekise ihambo ebumba ityala ummangalelwa abesele ebekwe ityala ngalo. Noko ke, “ihambo efanayo” yabekwa phantsi kwiminyaka emithathu kuphela [FLT] [[FLT]]] United States v. Dixon[FLT] [1993]], eyabuyisela ubungqongqo [[FLT:] i-SMFLT] i-Sburg [[FLT]] iziqalelo ezisekelwe kwindlela ezisezantsi. ukhuselo lumele luqonde ukuba “indlela efanayo yento."

Isicelo kwi Ququzelela Iimeko Ezimhlophe- Zomculo

Kwityala lokungaqiniseki eliphezulu lokungaqiniseki kobuqhetseba elifana nokutshutshiswa kwabalawuli be-Entron, urhulumente wayesoloko etyhola iingcamango zobuqhetseba (ukurhwebelana, ukuqhatha ngocingo, ngaphakathi ekuthengiseni) ngokusekelwe kwiseti efanayo yentengiso. Amagqwetha okhuselo anyusa ngokuphindaphindiweyo iingozi eziphindiweyo, kodwa iinkundla ezisoloko zisebenzisa [ .[FLT] .[FLT] zafunyanwa zizinto ezahlukileyo. Ukuthatha: kwimali entluntluntlukwano, abatshutshisi-mali banesixandumiso esininzi sokutyhola ngaphandle kokwa kwaphula ityala eliphinda-phindene, ukuba ubalo ngalunye luqula ilungu elithile elikhethekileyo.

Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukho Ngenxa Yokuzibeka Engcungcuthekisa

Igalelo lengozi ephindwe kabini lihlala lililitye elikhusela abamangalelwa, mhlawumbi, ngakumbi kummandla we-labyrinth-linthnethine wesixa esintsonkothileyo. Ngelixesha inxalenye efana nolawulo oluntsonkothileyo kunye nokuphinda kulungiswe emva kokuphosa okanye ukubhena kwesithuba esibalulekileyo seziphumo ezininzi, umgaqo ongundoqo uyaqhubeka: akukho mntu omele ajongene namandla anamandla angaphaya kwakanye ukwenzela isono esinye.

Kumagqwetha akhuselayo, ukwazi umahluko wengozi ephindwe kabini kubalulekile ekukhuseleni abaxhasi ekuxhatshazweni nasekuqinisekiseni ukuba imigaqo yokugweba ilungile. Kubatshutshisi, ukuqonda le mida kuyanceda ekuphepheni ukutshintsha kweemeko ezibiza imali eninzi kwaye kuqinisekisa ukuba amatyala abekwe ngokufanelekileyo ukususela ekuqaleni. Kwaye kwinkqubo engokwasemthethweni njengeyonke, igalelo eliphindwe kabini lisebenza njengovavanyo kurhulumente oqhathayo, ukulondoloza umgaqo wokuba umgwebo wokugqibela (hhbrebre arn) okanye isiqinisekiso simele sihlonelwe.

Njengoko ukuhlaziywa kukhula kuntsonkothile, imicimbi karhulumente, neyomhlaba wonke, imfuneko yokucacisa kwingozi ephindwe kabini ayizange ibe nkulu. Abathathi-nxaxheba abahlala benolwazi ngomthetho othetha ngetyala elixabisiweyo, unxulumano lwabalawuli abaninzi, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemiqathango yezaphuli-mthetho kunye nemicimbi yasekuhlaleni kuya kubekwa bhetele ukuxhasa amalungelo abamangalelwa kunye nengqibelelo yenkqubo yokusesikweni.