IVoterteout imi njengenye yezona zibonisi zithe ngqo zobugxwayiba bobukho bedemokhrasi. Xa abemi bephosa amavoloti, babumba indlela karhulumente wabo, bagunyazisa igunya lakhe, kwaye babonise ukuba inkqubo imela ukuthanda kwabo. Ngokuchasene noko, ukujika okusezantsi kuphakamisa imibuzo ekhathazayo ngokusemthethweni, ukuganana, nokungalingani. Ukuqonda ukubaluleka komvoti kunyulo kuyimfuneko kuye nabani na okhathalela impilo yedemokhrasi. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa isizathu sokuba kuphendulwe, ukuba kutheni na ukuthabatha inxaxheba okanye ukuswela kwayo, nendlela ibutho labantu elinokusomeleza ngayo esi senzo sonyulo sibalulekileyo.

Ukuchaza Umlinganiselo Womoya Ohamba Ngawo

IVoter reverout ichazwa njengepesenti yabavoti abafanelekileyo abafaka ibhola kunyulo olunikiweyo. Ukubala okuchanekileyo kuyahluka-hluka kwilizwe nakwintlangano. Iingcali ezininzi zisebenzisa inani labavoti (VAP) njengemali engaphezulu, equka bonke abemi abangaphaya kwe-18 nangayiphi na imeko yokubhaliswa. Abanye bakhetha inani labavoti abanokuvota (VEP), elishiya abangengobantu abakhoyo nabangenako ukuvota abakwimimandla apho bengenakuvota khona. Ukhetho lwe-metric lungachaphazela inte ezichaziweyo zokujika. Umzekelo, iUnited States idla ngokubonakala isezantsi kuthelekiso lweVAP olusekelwe ku-VEP encoots ngenxa yabantu bayo abangakhutshiweyo abangengobantu abahlala bemi.

Unyulo lonyulo lwahluka ngokuphawulekayo ngohlobo lonyulo. Unyulo lomongameli kwi-U.S. lutsala malunga no-55.65% yabavoti abafanelekileyo, ngeli xesha unyulo oluphakathi kwesigaba sombutho luzoba malunga ne-40-50% kuphela. Unyulo lwengingqi kunye nolokuqala lusoloko lubona ukuba ukuthathi-nxaxheba okusezantsi, maxa wambi ngaphantsi kwama-20%. Olu tshintsho lubonisa ukuba ukujika akuyonto emiselweyo kodwa isiphumo esinempembelelo esibunjwe ngumo wezopolitiko, abanyuli-akhanyisi, kunye nenkcubeko yentlalo.

Ukujika okuphezulu kudla ngokubhiyozelwa, kodwa akuyonto icacileyo. Ukujika okugqithisileyo maxa wambi kungabonakalisa uxinzelelo lwentlalo okanye uqheliselo lokuzibandakanya kunokuba kuqinisekiswe ngokunyanisekileyo. Kodwa ke, kwidemokhrasi eqolileyo, ukunyuka kolawulo-lwazi kusoloko kunxulunyaniswa nokufakwa koovimba abangakumbi nokuziphendulela komeleleyo.

Ukubaluleka Kokujika - jika Okuphezulu

Ukubaluleka komvoti ojikayo kunyulo ludlulela ngaphaya kwesenzo esilula sokuphawula ivoti. Ukuthatha inxaxheba phezulu komeleza yonke inkqubo yedemokhrasi ngeendlela ezininzi ezidityanisiweyo.

Umelo noMthetho

Unyulo luyindlela ephambili abemi abavuma ngayo ukulawulwa. Xa iqela elikhulu labavoti abafanelekileyo, abanyuliweyo bangamagunya anokuthi amele abantu bonke. Oku kucingelwa kwenza kube lula ngoorhulumente ukumisela iinkqubo zemigaqo-nkqubo, ukuqokelela irhafu, nokugcina ucwangco lukawonke wonke. Ngokuchaseneyo, ukunyuka, kunyusa uloyiko lokuba abo banegunya basebenza kuphela kwicandelo elimxinwa labemi. Kumazwe amaninzi abathathi-nxaxheba ephantsi ngokwembali, njengaseUnited States, abangeyovota, abancinane, abangenayo ingeniso, nabambalwa. Oorhulumente abanyulwa ngumqeqeshwa, abangathanga banokunga banokufumana igunya elifanelekileyo nobuso obungapheliyo.

ULawulo lweNtlalo-ntle

Uphando oluqhubekayo lubonisa ukuba iinguqu eziphezulu zenkqubo yezentengiso kwizinto ezikhethwayo zamaqela angangeni manzi. Xa bembalwa abantu abavotayo, abezobupolitika bafumana iziphumo ezithe kratya kwizityebi nakulungelelwano ngenxa yokuba abo bangabemi ababonakalisa ngokuthembeka. Uhlolisiso lwephondo lukaMartin Gilens neBenjamin Page lufumanise ukuba amaqela aphezulu ezoqoqosho kunye namaqumrhu anezilangazelelo zemali afumana impembelelo eqinileyo kwimfuno ye-U.S. inkqubo ekhoyo yezopolitiki, ngelingenelo eliqhelekileyo inempembelelo encinane ezimeleyo. Esinye isizathu sisezantsi kwaye siphendulile: ukuvota okunobutyebi kwimigangatho ephezulu kunabahlwempuzelekileyo. Unyuko lungakhokelela kwimithetho elungele ukuhlanganiswa kweemfuno zabo, njengemisebenzi yoluntu, imivuzo ephezulu, nengeniso ephambili kwimfundo kawonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke.

Ukuphendula kuphucula xa abantu bebotshelelwe. Ukujika-jika kusebenza njengovavanyo lwabaxhasi: unyulo olunenxaxheba ephezulu lubonakala lungawahluli amagosa angathandwayo. Xa unyulo luncinci kwaye luthe lwathe tye, abanyulwa bangajolise ingqalelo ekukhonzeni isiseko sabo kunokuba baphendule kuwonke-wonke.

Umanyano Nokholo

Ukuncoma kungumcimbi owahlulweyo oqinisa amaqhina oluntu. Xa abemi bethabatha inxaxheba, baqinisekisa ukuba ngamalungu abo kwezobupolitika kunye nolwamkelo lwabo kwimithetho yedemokhrasi. Ukujika okuphezulu kunganciphisa ukwenziwa kwemimandla engaphandle ngokukhumbuza abantu ukuba baneshwankathelo elinye kunye nesigqibo esifanayo sokwenza iprojekthi. Amazwe asoloko ejongwa ngamaxhoba aphezulu, njengeSweden neDenmark, akwakhe abonakalise imigangatho ephezulu yokuthemba abantu kunye nemigangatho esezantsi yokwahlukana kwezobupolitika. Ngokuhlukileyo, abantu abahlala kwiindawo ezininzi kumakhaya basoloko befumana ingcungcuthe yodwa, ukuqhankqala, ukuqhatha, nokungazinziswa.

Ihambo Neziganeko Ezibalaseleyo Zembali

Ukujika kwesandi akuzange kuhlale kuhleli. Ukuqonda ukutshintshatshintsha kwayo ngokuhamba kwexesha kubonisa inkqubela eqhubekayo yokudibanisa nokuzinzisa iingxaki.

Ukwandisa I - Franchie

Kwimbali enkulu, ukuvota kwakuthintelwe ekukhetheni, kodwa ukunyanzelisa kwakubuthathaka de kube nguMthetho weSindululo se-198th (1920) wanika amabhinqa ivoti. UHlaziyo lwe-26 lweSinyuso se-1870) lwanciphisa ukuvota. EUnited States, ulwandiso lwe-15 Lokwenziwa kweSinyusi-Mpande-phambili (1870) lwalwalela ukucalula ngokohlanga, kodwa ukunyanzeliswa komthetho wamaLungelo kwaza kwaphela de kwafuna igalelo oluphezulu lokuphelisa imiqobo. UMthetho we-198362) Wanika amabhinqa ivoti. Unyuso-26 (1971)

Kulunye ulawulo-demokhrasi, ulwando lwamazwe aseYurophu lwahluka-hlukene. Amazwe amaninzi aseYurophu anika amabhinqa imvume emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I. Ukuthunyelelwa kwabantu abadala kwindalo yonke kwaba yinto eqhelekileyo ehlabathini lonke ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 kuphela. Phezu kwayo nje impumelelo esemthethweni, ukufumaneka ngokunempumelelo kwevoti kuhlala kungafani.

Ukuwohloka Kwezinto Kumashumi Alishumi Akutshanje

Ukususela ngo-1960 ukuya ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo 2000, ulawulo-lawulo-lawulo-lawulo lwehlabathi olumiselwe luye lwancipha kurhoxiso lwamavoti. IUnited States yabona unyulo lwezinyulo zobumongameli lusuka malunga nama- 63% ngo-1969 ukuya kuma-50% eephesenti ngo1996 ngaphambi kokuba i-oksimela ngandlel'imijikelezo yakutshanje. Amazwe aseNtshona Yurophu afana neUnited Kingdom, iFransi, kunye neJamani nawo aphinda ajonge ukuhla, nangona ngokuqhelekileyo aye ehleli ngaphezulu kune-U.S. Inkqubela-mali ekhoyo iquka ukuthomalalisa intengiso, ukuthemba urhulumente, ukunyuka kokhetho olukhoyo kwizixhobo nokuzonwabisa (okunciphisana novota), kunye nokunyuka kwephulo oluchaseneyo kunokuba kuqhutyelwe abemi. Abanye abaphengululi baphikisa ukuba ukurhoxazululwa okanye ukurhoxazululwa kwe- 2000, ukubunjwa kobugcisa.

Oonobangela Abayintloko Bokothuka Okusezantsi

Ukubhadula okusezantsi akwenzeki ngengozi. Kuqhutywa yimiqobo yesakhiwo, imilinganiselo yamanani, kunye neengxaki zengqondo.

Izithintelo Zokwakha

Kumazwe amaninzi ukuvota kwenza kunzima ngabom. Imithetho yokuvota elawulayo. Imithetho yokuvota eqingqiweyo, iiyure zovotelo, iindawo ezingalungelelwaniyo, kunye neenkqubo ezintsonkothileyo zokubhalisa eziye zathintela ngokungenakulinganiswa ukurhoxa phakathi kwamahlwempu, abalupheleyo, nabancinane. EUnited States, isenzo sokubhalisa sishiyelwa abantu abaninzi, ngokungafaniyo namazwe anokuvota okuzenzekelayo. Imithetho ye-ID eqinileyo ebhaptiza, njengaleyo yaseTexas naseGeorgia, iye yaboniswa inciphiswe ngamanqaku amaninzi, ingakumbi phakathi kwamaBlack nelanethisi. Ukuvota nokungabi nako kweposi kukhetho okuvota okuzi.

Imeko yentlalo nezoqoqosho kunye nokungaphicothi

Imfundo nengeniso ziphakathi kwezona zixelwano zinamandla zokuvota. Abaphumelele ekholejini bavote malunga nesantya esiphindwe kabini sabo abangenaso idiploma yesikolo semfundo ephakamileyo. Abantu abafumileyo banezinto ezininzi zokubhalisa, ukufunda ngabo babhaliswe, kwaye bathathe ixesha lokusebenza. Iminyaka ikwayimiba: abavoti abangaphezu kwama-65 bafumana isantya esiphindwe kathathu kunyaka we-187624. Iqela elincinane lobuhlanga nolohlanga e-U.S. ivota ngamanani asezantsi kunabelungu, ngokwenxalenye ngenxa yemiqobo yesakhiwo kwaye ngokwenxalenye ngenxa yokungathembani kwembali okubangelwa kukungathembani oku.

Iinkalo zenzululwazi yengqondo nezenkcubeko

Ngaphandle kwemiqobo esebenzisekayo, abantu abaninzi bakhetha ukungavoti kuba bevakalelwa ukuba ukuthatha kwabo inxaxheba akuyonto imahluko. Le ngcamango yokusebenza kwezobupolitika ipheliswa kukungathathi cala, ukuphembelela iphulo elibi, kunye nokuqonda ukuba amaqela amakhulu omabini afana. Ingxelo yamajelo eendaba ebhekisa ingqalelo kumahlazo kunokuba ikhuthaze ukugxekwa. Kwezinye iindawo, ukuvota akuyondlela eqhelekileyo entlalweni; ukuba bambalwa abahlobo okanye amalungu entsapho avota, umntu akafane azivoti ngokwakhele.

Imiphumo Yokhuthuzo Oluphantsi

Impembelelo yokubhadula okusezantsi asasazwanga ngokulinganayo. Ibangela ukuba kubekho amandla ezobupolitika neziphumo zenkqubo kwabo bathetha kakhulu.

Urhulumente Ongaxhaswayo

Xa unyuko lusezantsi, abezobupolitika baphendula kwizinto ezikhethwa ngabambalwa abavota. Urhulumente onyulwe ngama-40% abavoti abafanelekileyo, ingakumbi ukuba ama-40% asisityebi namhlophe kunabemi ngokubanzi, akanakuzibanga emela esi sisonke. Lo msantsa womelo ufuna ezinye iinkqubo zezobupolitika, imibutho yepopulist, maxa wambi nogonyamelo. Amazwe athe afumana umgangatho ophezulu wentethezeko yezobupolitika.

Umgaqo - siseko Ngakwilungelo Elikhethekileyo

I-locatood ithelekisa impembelelo yemali kwezobupolitika. Ngenxa yokuba abemi abazizityebi bengabavoti abathembekileyo, inkqubo yabo ixhalabisa − njengerhafu esezantsi kunye nokuthotywa kwerhafu -- ukwamkela ingqalelo engalinganiyo. Iinkqubo ezinceda iintsapho ezifumana imali ephantsi, njengoncedo lokutya okanye izindlu zikawonke-wonke wonke, azinakuxhomekeka. Isiphumo sisiphelo sobuqu: amahlwempu ahlala ekhaya kuba evakalelwa ukuba inkqubo ayiwancedi, kwaye le nkqubo ayiwancedi kuba ehlala ekhaya.

Ukuphethuka kweDemocratic Normes

Ukubhadula okusezantsi kungenza buthathaka ukugunyaziswa kwamaziko edemokhrasi ngokwawo. Xa unyulo lugqitywe ngabambalwa, imfuneko yokubhukuqa iziphumo okanye ukuvalela ukuvota kwixesha elizayo kuqhelekile. Iinkokeli zisenokuziva zinyanzelekile ukuba zilutyeshele uluvo lukawonke-wonke phakathi konyulo, zisazi ukuba ukuzimisela kwazo ngokwenene kusisiqwenga esimxinwa sabavoti. Oku kukhukuliseka kwezithethe kungakhokelela ekuphambukisweni ngokwedemokhrasi, njengokuba kungqinwa kumazwe anjenge-Hungary nePoland.

Ubuchule bokwandisa i Voter Turmout

Zininzi iindlela ezisekelwe 93 zokulwandisa inxaxheba. Ezininzi ziye zasetyenziswa ngokuphumelelayo kwimimandla eyahlukahlukeneyo.

Iinkqubo zobhaliso nohlaziyo

Ukubhalisa okuzenzekelayo kovoti (AVR) kulolona lusebenzayo kutshintsho. Ukuphunyezwa kwe-AVR ngo-2016 kongeza amakhulu amawaka abavoti abatsha kunye nokunyuswa. Ubhaliso lwemini efanayo, olusetyenziswa kumaphondo amaninzi, luvumela abemi ukuba babhalise kwaye bavote ngexesha elinye, basuse umqobo wexesha elimisiweyo. Ukunwenwa kwangaphambi kovotelo neeyure, kunye nokungaphazanyiswa kwe-AVRCP, kunye nokungafakwa kweposi engekhoyo okanye ukuvota, kwenza kube lula kubantu abanemimiselo engaqinisekiyo ukuba bathathe inxaxheba. Amazwe afana ne-Australia, apho ukuvota, apho ukuvota kunyanzelwa, kufumana amaqondo okujika angaphezulu kwama-90%. Ngoxa ukuvota okunyanzelwa komsebenzi wokuvota kwangoko kwenziwa ngomhla wonyulo okanye wokurhola iiholide (njengoko lwamazwe amaninzi eYurophu) kusenokunyuswa kunyuswa kunyuswa namazwe amaqela amaqela amaqela, amaqela amaqela amaqela amaqela amaqela amaqela amaqela aphezulu aphezulu abekwe phezu kwama-United States, nge

Imfundo yePhondo kunye noMgaqo-nkqubo

Abantu abaninzi abavoti kuba bengayazi indlela okanye isizathu sokuba ibaluleke. Izikolo, imibutho yoluntu, kunye namajelo eendaba zingenza zonke iindima ekukhuthazeni ukufundiswa kokufunda ngemfundo yoluntu. Iinkqubo ezifundisa abafundi ngokuvota kunye nezithintelo zonyulo zibonisiwe ukukhuthaza ukujika kamva ebomini. i-Nonpartisan ifumana i-gradout àhovote assemblyinging àhooking, ukuvalwa komnxeba, ukubhalisa umnxeba, ukukhumbuza ngomdla ophantsi kodwa owongezelelekileyo. Iimvavanyo zentlalo-ntle, apho abavoti-ntle baxelelwa ukuba abamelwane babo bavotiwe, baphinde baphinde bavuke, nangona kufuneka basetyenziswe ngokwendlela efanelekileyo.

Ubuxhakaxhaka bobugcisa obugudisayo

Ubhaliso lwangaphakathi lwenze ukuba inkqubo ifikeleleke kakhulu. Ngonyaka wama-2024, ngaphezu kwama-40 amaphondo ase-U. Iinkqubo ezihambayo zinganika iindawo zokuvota, iibhola, kunye nezikhumbuzo. Amanye amazwe azama iindlela zokuvota ezisekelwe kwiblockchain hinvotions zaphesheya okanye zomkhosi, nangona inkxalabo zokhuseleko zisekhona. Iindawo zokhuseleko lwezentlalo-ntle, phezu kwazo nje iingozi, zingalungiselela ukuvota xa zisetyenziswa kwizikhumbuzo zonyulo kunye nolwazi lonyulo.

Iingcambu kunye nokuphakanyiswa

Mhlawumbi eyona ndlela ixhasayo ukuya kwi-stave ephezulu kukwakha isithethe sokuvota. Imibutho yoluntu, iicawa, amaqhina, kunye namaqela asekuhlaleni angenza ukuvota kube yinto eqhelekileyo kwaye anikeze inkxaso entlalo. “Imiphefumlo kwiZihlomelo” kwiicawa zaseAfrika ngumzekelo onamandla. Xa ukuvota kuba ngumsebenzi woluntu kunokuba ube ngumsebenzi othile, kuvela ngokuzenzekelayo.

Ingqikelelo Yehlabathi Lonke: Ukuhamba Ngemibhobho Ephuma Emzimbeni Ngamazwe

Uthelekiso lwezizwe ngezizwe lutyhila umahluko ocacileyo. Ngokwenkcazelo evela kwiZiko lezizwe ngezizwe leDemocracy ne-Electoral Uncedo (IDEA), umvoti oqhelekileyo ojikayo kunyulo lomongameli wamazwe e-OECD umalunga nama-68% abemi bevota. Amazwe anendawo yokuvota enyanzelekileyo, njengeBelgium, i-Australia, neBrazil, asoloko egqitha kuma-80%. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iUnited States imigangatho eqhele ukufutshane nomzantsi wedemokhrasi ephule, kunye nonyuko lomongameli wovoti mhlaba ku-5-60% we-PAP (isebe leVP66%). ISwitzerland, nangona ikho amaziko oonolawulo-demokhrasi anamandla, inikwe elinye inani elisezantsi eYurophu (kufutshane ne-45% kunyuko lonyuko lonyusonyuso lulu, ngenxa yokurhorhoxiso.)

Amazwe aphezulu asoloko aneempawu ezifanayo: ubhaliso oluzenzekelayo okanye olulula, iinkqubo zolwahlulo ezinika abavoti ingqiqo yokuba imicimbi yabo yokuvota, ukhuphiswano oluninzi olunika ukhetho olucacileyo, nemfundo eqinileyo yoluntu. Amazwe asezantsi e-Veganortout adla ngokuba nenkqubo eziphambili, ukubhalisa okungqongqo, kunye nomgangatho ophezulu wengeniso. Ezi zichaza ukuba ukuyila iprojekthi kudlala indima enamandla ekufakeleni inxaxheba.

Isiphelo

Umahluko othe ngqo wobuzwe ubangela ukuba i-oter ingabi nabucala. Umlinganiselo wendlela osebenza kakuhle ngayo idemokhrasi, ovakala ngayo. Ukujika-jika okuphezulu komeleza umelo, nokuthembeka. Ukugqwetha kwemithetho, kuqinisa ukungalingani, kwaye kuphelisa igunya ledemokhrasi. Nangona imiqobo yokuthabatha inxaxheba iyinyaniso, ayikaphelelwanga. Iinkqubo zenkqubo zedemokhrasi . "inkqubo" zokubhalisa ulawulo-mthetho, ukuvota, okulula, imfundo yezentengiso engakumbi yezentlalo-ntle, . [3] Imfundo ecacileyo yezobugcisa nezotyani zikwanendima ekwanokuyidlala. Ekugqibeleni, wonke umvoti ofanelekileyo ohlala ekhaya umgaqo wenziwa yisigqibo. Idemokhrasi enempilo ixhomekeke ekuqinisekiseni ukuba kwenziwa isigqibo senani elincinane labemi abanokuvota. Ukubaluleka konyusovota okungenayo kunyuso sisiseko sonyuso singurhulumente.

Iimbekiselo ze-'FLT'' ezibhekisa phambili kufundo, jonga kwi Iziko lophando lwe- kwi U.S. intsingiselo yokujika, i [ Iziko lobulungisa kwiinguqu zovotelo, kunye ne I-IDA[FLT] yehlabathi lonke.[FLT]