Ukwakhiwa Kwenkululeko YomGaqo-siseko

Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya ngumgaqo osisiseko oyahlula iriphabliki yomgaqo-siseko kwinkqubo yomthetho ozilawulayo. Kukwandiswa kwegunya ngabom phakathi kwamasebe ahlukeneyo orhulumente(-"legislaved, comparative, kunye nesahlulelo-"esona sinegunya laso sokwahlula). Uqikelelo olungundoqo lulula kwaye lunzulu: amandla amele asetyenziswe ukukhangela amandla. Ngaphandle kwala maqela esakhiwo, inkxaso yemithetho yamalungelo okanye unyulo lwedemokhrasi ekugqibeleni iyaphela. Xa ukwahlulwa kwamandla kubuthathaka, inkqubo ibuyela kwimeko yayo yendalo yokwemvelo, apho imodemo--ntle okanye umntu ngamnye angayinyanzeli. URocelatodasi obalulekileyo. Le ngxelo ihlola oko kwenzeka xa umlinganiselo ofanelekileyo kunye neziphumo zenkululeko, kwaye imele ifundele iinzuzo zezifundo ezifanelekileyo.

Iphepha Eliluhlaza Ngokuqaqambileyo: Isizathu Sokuba Abaseki Bezoyika Amandla Agqalwa Njengomntu Owakhanyelwe

Imvelaphi Engobuchule

Ingcamango yanamhlanje yamagunya ahlukeneyo ibhekiswe ngqo kwisithandi sobulumko saseFrentshi uBaron de Montesquieu, ogama lingu 1748 usebenza Umoya woMthetho [ waphikisa ukuba inkululeko yezobupolitika ifuna ukuba "igunya libe ligocagoci lokulawula."Montesquieu wafunda umgaqo-siseko weBritane kwaye wancoma ukusasazeka kwawo igunya phakathi kweBhuna, iPalame, neNkundla yeNtendelezo. Iingcamango zakhe zaziyingcamango ezicacileyo ezicacileyo kwingcamango ye-bsolustrates Hobbes, owayephikisa umlawuli omnye, ongaguquguqukiyo. UMontesquieu, noonkcubangu ababemlandela, ukusetyenziswa kwegunya lakhe yayiyinkcazelo ekwayo yokuphatha ulawulo.

Amalinge AseMelika

Abaqalisi baseMelika baguqulela iingcamango ezicacileyo zenkqubo. Wabhala, "Izindululo kufuneka zenziwe ukulwa nephulo. [FLT]FULDA list No., , inika ingcaciso ecacileyo yenkqubo. UJames Madison, kumele kwenziwe ukulwa nephulo. Inzala yomntu mayidibane namalungelo omgaqo-siseko wendawo. [[FLT][FLT][FLT] [iced , [iiiiingcaciso ecacileyo yendlela yokuzilawula, urhulumente ulawulo olulungele ubuchule, kodwa urhulumente ofunyenweyo waqonda ukuba urhulumente onamandla okulawula urhulumente.

Izilumkiso Ezingokwembali: IRiphabliki Yehlabathi ElineeMbewu

UMgaqo-siseko we-Weimar ka-1919 wawunenkqubo entsonkothileyo yokuhlola nokulinganisela, kuquka uMongameli onamandla, iReichstag, kunye nejaji ezimeleyo. Kodwa ikwanesiphene sokufa: Inqaku lama-48, elavumela uMongameli ukuba ancame inkululeko yabemi kunye nolawulo ngemithetho engxamisekileyo. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, eli lungiselelo alisetyenziswanga ngokuncipha, kodwa ngokuqhubekayo. Ukuwa koo-1930, uRiphabliki, yaye urhulumente ulawulwa phantse ngokupheleleyo ngummiselo wexesha likaxakeka. Umthetho wesizwe, kunokuba ukhusele umgaqo womthetho, ubambe amandla onegunya. [FLT:][FLT] [FLD] Ukuwa kweRiphabliki [FFOM] [FON] [12] [12] i-G.[FT] umgaqo wezongameli-mthetho-mthetho-ogrativelgrative

Ukuncipha Ngokucotha: Indlela Ukwahlukana Kwamandla Okubuthathaka Okubonakala Ngayo

Ubuthathaka kukwahlulwa kwamagunya bunqabile ukuba kwenzeke ngesiquphe ngompuku ophawulekayo. Endaweni yoko, kuyenzeka ngokuphangalala, njengesebe elinye , ngokusoloko liqokelela amandla ngendleko yamanye. Le nkqubo isoloko igwetyelwa njengempendulo efunekayo kwingxaki, imeko kaxakeka, okanye ukungasebenzi kakuhle. Xa imisiwe, olu lwando lokwexeshana lwamandla lubonakala lungagqibeleli.

Igunya Lenkosi

Eyona ndlela iqhelekileyo yokwahlulwa okubuthathaka kwamagunya kukuphaphanyiswa kwegunya elilawulayo. Umphathi ongavumi ukunyanzelisa imithetho edluliswa yindlu yowiso-mthetho, ukhupha imimiselo ebophelelayo kwimicimbi engaphaya kwemfuneko yolawulo, okanye ukuzibiza ukuba ulawulo olupheleleyo kwiinkqubo zamanye amazwe kunye namagunya emfazwe kukusetyenziswa kakubi komGaqo-siseko wayo. Xa indlu yowiso-mthetho ingaphumeleli ukukhangela ezi zenzo, isebe eliphetheyo liba lingenagunya elingenamntu liqumlamla. Ukusetyenziswa kwemiyalelo yegunya ukuvala ingxoxo yomthetho, ukungagunyazi mali okwabelwe yiBhunga lomthetho, kunye nokubekwa kwemali okungalawulwa kwemiqathango yemibutho ezimeleyo konke kubonisa ukuba isebe eliphetheyo liye layiqalile imidalo yalo.

Umthetho Othobelayo

Indlu yowiso-mthetho etyeshela iimbopheleleko zayo zolawulo ingundoqo ekudilikeni kwamandla ahlukeneyo. Oku kusoloko kwenzeka xa iqela elininzi limisela ukunyaniseka kokungaguquguquki phezu koxanduva lomthetho. Endaweni yokuqhuba ukuva okunzima, ukuxanduva, okanye ukuqinisekisa amandla alo apheleleyo engxowa, indlu yowiso-mthetho iba sitempele serabha kucwangciso lolawulo lolawulo lwegunya. Isiphumo sikukudityaniswa kwamandla omthetho kunye nolawulo, kanye isicwangciso esilumkisa ngabasunguli. Xa amalungu eBhunga okanye ePalamente echitha ixesha elininzi eqokelela imali eninzi yaye eqhuba iphulo, inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela iinkoso.

Indlu Yokufundela Ebhaptiziweyo

Ijaji ezimeleyo yeyokuqala yomthetho. Xa ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kubuthathaka, umphathi okanye indlu yowiso-mthetho iza kuzama ngokungaphepheki ukuzisa iinkundla kwisithende. Oku kwenziwa ngenkundla yokurhoxa (abagwebi abanyanisekileyo), ukulawula (ukususa imiba ethile kwimpindo yogwebo yomthetho), okanye ukusuka nje kungahoyi imithetho yezomthetho. Xa ijaji ibanjiwe, akukho mbambano ishiyekileyo yokucombulula iingxabano phakathi kwamasebe okanye phakathi korhulumente nomntu ngamnye. [[FLT:] Ngaphandle kokusebenza kwe-judiary, ukwahlula kwamandla kuba yi-ipheca. Inkqubo yokuhlasela idla ngokuqalisa ngabagweba "ispartis" okanye ngokulula "irtixtick" ukugweba "irtick" okanye ukugweba okungunda okunga kwemeko kurhulumente kawonke wonke. [[FLT:]

Imiphumo Yolwaphuko

Ukudilika Kweengcebiso Nolungelelwano

Isiphumo esikhawulezileyo nesicacileyo sokwahlulwa okubuthathaka kwamagunya kukuwa kwenkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela. Ukucetyiswa kuba sisixhobo esilwayo kunokuba kube sisicombululo somGaqo-siseko. Imiyalelo yegunya iba zizinto ezithabathel ’ indawo kumthetho. Uhlolo lwejaji luba luqheliselo lokunyaniseka kwezobupolitika. Inkqubo yonke yokuzinqandana iyayeka ukusebenza, ishiya abemi abangakhuselekanga nxamnye norhulumente bengenazisulu. Ngaphandle kokuhlola okusebenzayo, urhulumente ungenza ngaphandle kokuzihlola, ukutyeshela ukungeniswa kwamanye amasebe nokuthanda kwabantu.

Ukunganyaniseki Nokusetyenziswa Kakubi Kwegunya

Xa amandla enikeziwe, ulawulo lunyamalala. Amasebe azimeleyo alwa nokonakala ayaphenjelelwa okanye aphenjelelwa. Abavuli-zigwegwe bayatshutshiswa. Ubuncwane belizwe busetyenziselwa ukuvuza abaxhasi bezobupolitika kwaye bohlwaye abachasi. Umba weCrony uhambela phambili njengoko amashishini eqonda ukuba unxulumano neqela elilawulayo lubaluleke kakhulu kunomthetho. Ngokutsho [FLT] [1] iBHANGELE] izibonisi zeBHANGE [[, amazwe aneehlolo olubuthathaka kunye nolungelelwano olusezantsi lusoloko lusezantsi kulawulo lokonakala nomgangatho womthetho. Ngokomgca phakathi kwee-chovisi ze-cpools kunye ne-ombutho elilawulayobuso bomthetho, ukupheliswa kwemibutho yezonga.

Ukungahambelani nomgaqo-nkqubo

Yingcamango eqhelekileyo yokuba umphathi olawulayo ukhokelela ekulawuleni okufanelekileyo. Enyanisweni, ukunqongopheleka kwenkcitho kunye nolwakhiwo olubanzi lolwakhiwo kukhokelela kwimigaqo-nkqubo eguqukayo nengaphunyezwanga kakuhle. Iinkqubo zolawulo ezikwixesha elide zaphulwa. Iinkqubo zolawulo zisekelwe kwintelekelelo yegunya elikhulu. Ubuchule bokuzimela bungahoywa ekuxhaseni ukunyaniseka kwezobupolitika. Oku kwenza imeko echaseneyo yokuzinyoba nokukhula kwezoqoqosho, ekugqibeleni kuyingozi kwimpumelelo yohlanga. Ngaphandle kwempembelelo elawulayo yendlu yowiso-mthetho kunye nemithetho ezimeleyo, ijikelezela ngokungaqiniseki phakathi kobugxabhabha, kudala ukungaqiniseki kwemi kunye namashishini ngokufanayo.

Ukupheliswa Kwamalungelo Abantu Nokukhululwa Kwabemi

Ukwahlulwa okubuthathaka kwamalungelo kusongela amalungelo abantu ngqo. Igunya elilawulayo elingathintelwanga lingahlasela abachasi bezobupolitika, licinezele amajelo eendaba angavumelaniyo, lithintele inkululeko yokuhlanganisana nokuthetha ngaphandle kokujamelana neziphumo ezisemthethweni. Iikhomishini zamalungelo abantu ezizimeleyo ziyapheliswa, kwaye amaqela amancinane ashiyeka ebuthathaka. Iinkundla, ezithi zibanjiwe, azifuni ukungenelela. [[FLT: 0] Imbali ibonisa ukuba ukuphulwa okucwangcisiweyo kwamalungelo abantu kusoloko kundulelwa kukuwohloka kolawulo lweziko. Xa urhulumente enokwenza ngaphandle kokunyanzelwa, amalungelo omntu ngamnye asoloko engowokuqala.

Ukungakhuthazi Kwezoqoqosho: Isizathu Sokuba Iinkokeli Zoshishino Zifanele Zinyamekele

Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya akuyombambano yezobupolitika okanye yomthetho; kuyinto engundoqo yezoqoqosho. Abangenisi kunye namashishini kufuneka baxelelwe kwangaphambili kwaye umthetho ukwenze izibophelelo ezinde. Imali ezimeleyo iqinisekisa ukuba izivumelwano ziya kunyanzeliswa kwaye amalungelo empahla ahlonelwe, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ngubani onegunya. Xa ukwahlulwa kwamandla kubuthathaka, ukwahlulwa okusemthethweni kuyaqukwa. Amalayisensi, imvume, kunye nezivumelwano zinikwa inkxaso esekelwe kunxibelelwano lwezobupolitika kunokuba kufanelwe. Isiphumo sisimo sobubukhazinzo obungaphi na obungaveliyo, obuthintela ukunyuka kwemali, obunye obungaveliyo, obunye obuthiweyo, kwaye ekugqibeleni kunciphisa ukukhula kwezoqoqosho ngenxa yomntu wonke ngaphandle kwelungu elidibeneyo. [FLD][2]

Oko Sikufundayo Kubantu Abanenkululeko: Ukukhusela Inkululeko

Kuvoti, ukuqonda abachazi bokwahlula amagunya asiyonto nje efundiswayo; kuyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokufundisa abantu. Imbopheleleko yokugcina olu lungelelwano ekugqibeleni ixhomekeke kubemi. Nazi izifundo ezibalulekileyo abavoti kufuneka bazenze ukuze bakhusele idemokhrasi yabo.

Lumka Kwimiqondiso Esisilumkiso

Izandi mazikwazi ukuchaza ulwimi kunye namaqhinga asetyenziswayo ukuthoba amandla awohlukeneyo. Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo zezilumkiso ziquka:

  • Acttacks kwijaji: Abezobupolitika abagxeka abagwebi besithi "partisan" okanye "umxhasi" kuba nje bekhupha umthetho ngokuchasene norhulumente basongela inkululeko yokulawula.
  • [[[UMTL:0] Imigudu enganikezeliyo: Ukusebenzisa ukususa abachasi bezobupolitika kunokuba kusetyenziswe ulwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu lubonisa ukuphulwa kwemilinganiselo yemithetho.
  • Ukuvala iinkundla: ukwandisa inani leejaji zeenqanawa ukumisela abanyanisekileyo kuphela kunciphisa ilungelo lesebe eligwebayo.
  • Iinkqubo zowiso-mthetho ezingaqondakaliyo: ummiselo okanye umyalelo olawulayo kwimicimbi emikhulu yenkqubo ngaphandle kolwazi lomthetho luphawu lokuphangwa kwegunya.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuchaza izinto ezingxamisekileyo ezizinzileyo: ugcino lwemeko zongxamiseko ngokungenasiphelo ukuthatha amandla akhethekileyo liqhinga elisesikweni lolawulo oluphezulu.

Kulungelelaniseni Kubantu

Unyulo lusoloko lujolise kwiempawu, impepho ekhawulezileyo. Noko ke, abavoti kufuneka baqwalasele ngokunzulu ukuzinikela komvoteli kwiinkqubo zomgaqo-siseko kunye nezithethe ezisemthethweni. Umbambeli othembisa iinkqubo ezidumileyo kodwa ubonisa ukudelela ukwahlukana kwamagunya yingozi kwidemokhrasi. Ukuxhasa abahlolwa abahlonela indima yejaji, umsebenzi wolawulo lwendlu yowiso-mthetho, nokubaluleka komatshini okhululekileyo wokushicilela kuyimfuneko. [[FLT: 0] Abavotisi kufuneka balunike umgangatho womthetho-siseko phezu koncedo oluphezulu. Buza ukuba ozakuxhasayo ukuba umngenisi womthetho uya kuyixhasa na inkqubo ekhusela inkululeko, kwana xa ingeyomfuneko ngabo kwezobupolitika ukuba benze oko.

Comment

Impilo yamagunya ahlukeneyo ixhomekeke kungekuphela nje kumongameli okanye kwingqungquthela yesizwe, kodwa kurhulumente nakoorhulumente basekuhlaleni. Iindlu zowiso-mthetho zezonyuselo, zimisela imithetho yokuvota, ziqinisekisa abagwebi. Ii-Attorney jikelele zinyanzelisa imithetho. Abasekweli boRhulumente balawula unyulo. Ezi ofisi zinamandla amakhulu asebenzayo phezu kwabaquququzeli benkqubo. Ii-Voter kufuneka zinike ingqalelo enkulu kwezi ntlalo ziphantsi zomlo-bala njengoko zisenza kwimilo yomthetho yomthetho ephezulu. Iiofisi zoluntu zidla ngokuba libala lokuqeqesha abepolitiki besizwe, nemigaqo karhulumente elinganiselweyo iqala kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni.

Inkxaso

Isebe elikhululekileyo lemibutho yasekuhlaleni, elizimeleyo, kunye nenkonzo yasekuhlaleni engoogxalakhe babalulekile ekulondolozeni ulungelelwano lwamaqumrhu. Abaxhasi-zincwadi kufuneka baxhase ngokukhutheleyo aba bagcini-maphephandaba basekuhlaleni, oku kuthetha ukuxhasa ubundixesha bophando, ukunikela kwimibutho egadekileyo, nokunikela ingqalelo kwiingxelo zabahloli jikelele nabahloli abazimeleyo. Ingingqi yesizwe enamandla yenza udonga oludaliweyo ekungeneni kwe-dentilikitha. Xa la macandelo ehlaselwe, ngumthwalo wokuzikhusela njengenxalenye ebalulekileyo yebutho elikhululekileyo.

Yala Inkcazelo

Ukungavumelani nenkcazelo sisixhobo esingundoqo esisetyenziswa ngabadlali abafuna ukunikela ingqalelo kwigunya. Ngokusenzakalisa intetho yesidlangalala, benza kube nzima ukuba indlu yowiso-mthetho ilalanise okanye uluntu luthembe amaqumrhu. Abalawuli banembopheleleko yokuqinisekisa ulwazi, ukugatya iingcamango zozungu, kwaye baxhathise imigudu yokumisela abachasi bezopolitiko njengeentshaba ezikhoyo. [[FLT: 0] Umthetho ufuna isiseko esahluliweyo sezibakala nesibopho sokhuphiswano loxolo.[ Xa abachasi babo bezopolitiko besebenzisa iingcamango zobupolitika njengeentshaba ezinokutshatyalaliswa, badla ngokungakumbi ukuxhasa imiqathango ye-otho elula elula ukuthoba inkxanduva ulwano lwamagunya.

Ukuhlakulela Isidima Sento Ethile

Ekugqibeleni, ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kuxhomekeke kwisidima sabantu. I-riphabliki yinto enzima. Ixhomekeke kubemi abazimisele ukubeka okulungileyo koluntu ngaphezu kwezilangazelelo zabo zabucala, ubuncinane ngamanye amaxesha. Oku kuthetha ukwamkela ukulahlekelwa lunyulo, ukukhusela amalungelo amancinane angathandwayo, nokuxhathisa isilingo sokunika igunya eliphezulu ngenxa nje yokuba kuluncedo. UVoters kufuneka ahlakulele isithethe somgaqo-siseko ezintliziyweni zabo nakwimimandla yabo. Oku kukuphela kwendlela yokuzikhusela ethembekileyo ekulweni nemikhosi yabalawuli.

Imeko Yasemhlabeni Wonke Nezifundo Zokuba Nexesha Elifanelekileyo Lokuzinzisa

Xa Iinqwelo - moya Zibuya: IPoland NoMzantsi Korea

Ngoxa intsingiselo yokubuyela emva inxulumene, kukho imizekelo enamandla yabavoti abakhusela ngokunempumelelo ukwahlukana kwamagunya. EPoland, emva kweminyaka yokufakwa kwezahlulelo zomthetho kunye nokucinezelwa kwezixhobo zezosasazo phantsi koMthetho neJaji, abavoti bakhupha amanani abhaliweyo kunyulo lwepalamente ezingama-2023, benyulela umbutho owenzelwe ukubuyisela ulawulo lomthetho nokulungisa inkululeko yokuzimela ulawulo. Ngendlela efanayo, eMzantsi Korea, ingxubevange yoxolo enkulu kunyaka ka 2016-2017, ikhokelela ekungangeniseni nasekususweni koMongameli Park Geun-hye emva kwehlazo lenkohlakalo etyhile ukudityaniswa kwamandla olawulo lwezentengo zabucala nezilangazelelo. Le mizekelo ibonakalisa ukuba abavoti abarhoxiweyo abangenamandla. Xa beqonda ukuhlaselwa nokulungiselelwa kwe-demokhrasi. [FFFM.] [1]

Isiphelo: Ubulumko Obungunaphakade lixabiso Lenkululeko

Ukwahlulwa kwamandla asiyondlela yokuzisika. Asebenza ngokuzenzekelayo. Kufuna ingqalelo eqhubekayo, ugcino, kunye nokhuseleko kwabo bafuna ukudlula kuyo ukuze bafumane inzuzo emfutshane. Abaqulunqi baqonda ukuba eyona nto isongela inkululeko isuka ngaphakathi .

Xa ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kubuthathaka, imiphumo inzima: ukunganyaniseki, ukungagungqi, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamalungelo abantu, nokulahlekelwa ekugqibeleni kokuzilawula. Kuvoti, isifundo sicacile. Idemokhrasi asiyomidlalo yokubukela. Ifuna ukuba nenxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo, umgwebo ofundiswayo, kunye nesibopho esiqinileyo kwisakhiwo senkululeko. Ngokuqonda imiqondiso elumkisayo, ukuvumela ingqibelelo yesiseko somGaqo-siseko konyulo, nokuxhasa amaziko azimeleyo akhusela ulungelelwano, abemi bayakwazi ukukhusela urhulumente wabo ekutyhaleleni kwi-demon. Ukhuseleko lwamagunya ahlukeneyo luyiyo, ekugqibeleni, luzikhusela inkululeko ngokwayo.