Ukulingana kumele njengenye yeenjongo ezihlala zihleli nezingaphikiswayo ekufuneni okusesikweni nenkululeko. Kwiinkulungwane namazwekazi, imfuneko yokuba wonke umntu aphathelwe ngesidima esifanayo, anikwe amalungelo afanayo, kwaye anikwe amathuba afanayo okukhuthaza imvukelo, ukulungisa kwakhona imithetho, kunye nemimandla eguqukileyo. Kodwa intsingiselo yokulingana ayiphelelanga okanye elula. Ibandakanya ukulingana okusemthethweni, ukulingana kwezobupolitika, ukulingana kwezentlalo, kunye nomlinganiselo wezoqoqosho (*) kunye nomlinganiselo ngamnye onxulumene nabanye ngendlela entsonkothile. Kubafundisi, abafundi, kunye nabemi abazinikele kwibutho elinobulungisa, ukuqonda intsingiselo yokulingana akufuneki nje kuphela kwimvelaphi yayo kodwa kufuneke ukuba iziphumo ezingapheliyo, kwaye kuvavanywe namacebo anokuyo. Eli nqaku lihlola indima ebanzi yokulingana kwenkululeko nenkululeko, iintsoko, kunye nemingeni esetyenziswa ngokucacinekileyo, uvavanyo, uvavanyo olubanzi, uxwebhu, kunye nemingeni.

Indaleko Yokulingana Kwembali

Ingcamango yokuba bonke abantu bayalingana ngokusisiseko ayizange ivele ngokupheleleyo. Yakhula ngengxoxo yentanda-bulumko, utshintsho lonqulo, kunye nomzabalazo wezopolitiko kwiinkulungwane ezininzi. Iingingqi zamandulo zazineenkqubo ezingqongqo, zinezigaba ezingqongqo kwaye zingqwabalala ekukhotyokisweni kobukhoboka nokuthotywa. Noko ke, iingcamango ezilinganayo zinokufunyanwa kwintanda-Stoyike, eyayixhasa isizathu soluntu jikelele, nakwizithethe ezithile zonqulo ezazigxininisa ukulingana kwemintu leyo phambi koThixo.

Ukukhanyiselwa Namalungelo Emvelo

Ingcamango yanamhlanje yokulingana yacaciswa ngexesha loKhanyiselwano ngenkulungwane ye-17 neyeshumi elinesibhozo. Ingcamango enjenge-John Locke kunye ne[FLT] Jean-Jaques Rousseau[ yachaza umgaqo wamalungelo emvelo `amalungelo abantu bonke ngokusesikweni ngoluntu. Ezi ngcamango ziphenjelelwa ngqo "umgaqo wendalo" zithethsitheth' into yokuba akukho mntu unegunya lendalo komnye, ukushiya okugqithisileyo kobuthixo ekunene. "Umthetho wobungangalingani bobungangalingani"" uquququze umgangatho wentlalo kunye nowezo lwendalo . Ezi ngcamango ziphembele iinguqulo ezilandelayo.

Izibhengezo Zendaleko Nemida Yazo

Isibhengezo saseMerika se-Independence (1776) sathi "onke amadoda adalwa ngokulinganayo" kwaye anikwe amalungelo angenakususwa "kubomi, iNkululeko nokusukela ulonwabo". Isibhengezo saseFransi samalungelo omntu kunye nowamaSizwe (1789) ngokufanayo savakalisa ukuba "amadoda azelwe kwaye ahlala ekhululekile kwaye elingana namalungelo. La maxwebhu ayewaguqula, ukanti athenjiswa ngoko nangoko amalungelo asekuhlaleni: amabhinqa, amakhoboka ase-Afrika, abantu abakwizikhundla, kunye namadoda angenazinto agxothwa. Uxanduva oluphakathi komlo noluqheliselo lokungalingani lungaqhubeli iinkulungwane zemfazwe kulwano-16. Ukusuka kwiqela lokulwa kwamabhinqa.

Uhambo Olude Oluya Kwindawo Yonke

Ulwandiso lwe-franchise lungumsonto ongundoqo kwimbali yokulingana. I-New Zealand yaba lelokuqala lokuzihambela unikezela amabhinqa ivoti ngo-1893, yalandelwa yiFinland ngo-1906. EUnited States, i-15th Amend Amendment (1870) yalwalela ucalucalulo lobuhlanga ekuvoteni, kodwa uJim Crow ngokunempumelelo imithetho yokulwa noMnyama waseMerika yenkulungwane. Umthetho ogunyazisa amalungelo ka-19656 yayiyimpumelelo ephawulekayo yamalungelo eMbutho we-Ovinic, kodwa imfazwe ye15 ye-D kunye neGarrydering ibonisa ukuba ukulwa inxaxheba kwezobupolitika kuyaqhubeka. Noko ke, icacile: isizukulwana ngasinye siye sandisa isangqa sabo bacingelwa phantsi komthetho, kwananjengoko ukuchasana nokuchasana emva komthetho.

Ukulingana kwiMisebenzi yeSisakhelo engokwasemthethweni neyoMbutho

Iintlanga zanamhlanje ziye zafaka umgaqo wokulingana kwimimiselo, imimiselo, kunye nezivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe. Ezi zicwangciso zomthetho zinika imigangatho esesikweni kunye nendlela yokulungisa xa ukulingana kuphulwa. Ukuqonda ezi zixhobo kubalulekile kuye nabani na obandakanyekileyo kwimfundo, okanye inkqubo.

UMthetho waMalungelo abantu Ehlabathi

[[NKQUBO:0] Isibhengezo esingavumelaniyo samaLungelo Oluntu (48), esamkelwa yiNgqungquthela yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, sisiseko somthetho wamalungelo abantu wale mihla. Inqaku 1 livakalisa: "Bonke abantu bazalwa bekhululekile kwaye belingana ngamalungelo. Lo mgaqo ucaciswe kwizivumelwano ezilandelayo: isivumelwano sezizwe nge-Particment on Polion and Political Rights [[FLT]] nomnqophiso wezizwe zonke ngezoqoqosho, ngokwezentlalo nokwezeNtlalo [[FLT] [FLD] [3] [3] [3] kunye, ubumba wonke, usenza uBhisholo lwezizwe ngezizwe.[3]

Isiqinisekiso sokhuseleko olulinganayo somGaqo-siseko

Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe omninzi uquka ukulingana ngokucacileyo. EUnited States, uHlaliso lweNkangeleko [[FLT: 1] (1868) uqinisekisa ukuba akukho zwe "lomntu onegunya lakhe lokhuseleko olulinganayo lwemithetho." Olu xwebhu luziziziziziko lweNkundla ePhakamileyo esukela [FLT: 2] Brown v. Ukucaciswa kwemfundo (1954]), okuphela ukukhuselwa kohlanga kwizikolo zasekuhlaleni, [[FLT:]] kuwebge bh. [v'FLT:], okunokukhuselwa kukhuselwa kuwe , ukuqhubekeka kwendlela efanayo, i-LTT-ognomentine ye-LD] [FT] [FT] umgaqo-Gene]

Umthetho ochasene nongquzulwano

Ngaphandle komgaqo-siseko, amazwe amaninzi aye amisela imimiselo elwalela ucalucalulo ngokwemeko ethile. UMthetho we-Civil Rights ka-1942 eUnited States waluvala ucalucalulo olusekelwe kuhlanga, imibala, unqulo, isini, okanye imvelaphi yesizwe emsebenzini, iindawo zokuhlala zikawonke-wonke, kunye neenkqubo ezixhaswa ngurhulumente. olungalinganiyo [UMthetho wama-2010] kumthetho we-United Kingdom eqiniselwe kwaye yomele umthetho wangaphambili, wakha umiselo olumanyeneyo olukhusela ukucalungela ucalucalulo ngokweminyaka, ubuxeko, ubufana, ubufana, ubufana, ubufanasini, ubunye ubuhlanga, okanye ubuhenyu, okanye ubuhenyu, okanye ubungxuba bezoli, amazwe ase-Australia, nezinye iinkonzo ezingongo zomthetho zezo namaqela asebenzisa izivumelwano zezo.

Indima Yemfundo Ekuhlakuleleni Ukulingana

Imfundo ibonakalisa ukungalingani kobuzwe kunye nesixhobo esinamandla sokulwa nazo. Izikolo neeyunivesithi zingaqhubeka zinelungelo okanye zikwazi ukusebenza ngamandla ukucutha ibala lokudlala. Oko kuqulethwe yimfundo, ukwabiwa kobuncwane, nenkcubeko yamaziko emfundo kuxhomekeke kuyo yonke into.

Ingcinga Ebalulekileyo Nenkcubeko

Ukuphinda imbali yamalungelo abantu, imibutho yoluntu, kunye neziseko zentanda-bulumko zokulingana kufundo kunceda abafundi baqonde uxanduva oluye lwayila olukhoyo. Ukufundisa ngamanani afana [[FLT: 0] fredderick Douglas, [, [[FLT:]] iNyakatho], [[[FLT]] ne-'FLT] u-Morafzai[FLT], [[FLT] [FLT] [iiikG], [iiiiiiiiiiinte], [[FLT], kwaye [iFLT:8] i-Morafzai [iFLT]] [ikm] inika imizekelo yemobebeli, [inani elingaphezulu], i-inani eliphambili lolwazi lomthetho-Genethi, kunye noluyakhozi, uGeneyo . ```````

Ukufikelela Emfundoni Okulinganayo

Phezu kwayo nje inkqubela yomhlaba wonke, ukwahluka-hluka kwemfundo kusahlala kuyinto ecacileyo. Ngokwe-UNESCO, abantwana abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama- 250 kunye nolutsha abaphuma ezikolweni ehlabathini lonke, kwaye izigidi ezingakumbi ziyangena kwizikolo ezifunyenwe phantsi kwenkxaso. Iintombi, abantwana abakhubazekileyo, iintlanga ezincinane, nabo baphila ngobuhlwempu bajongene nemiqobo emikhulu. Ukuvala ezi zizithuba kufuna ukuveliswa kwemali, inkqubela-phambili, kunye nemigaqo ebangela ukubulaleka kwabantwana, umtshato wangaphambili, kunye neengxabano. Inkqubo ezifana no- i-Education Smakew [[] kunye [FLT:] kunye ne[FLT][FLD]G]GURP]

Ukuphembelela Iimeko Ezisezikolweni Eziqukayo

Kwanalapho ukufikelela kukhoyo, ukungalingani kusenokubonakala kwinkcubeko yesikolo. Ukungxengxeza, ukuthatha ireyitha, kunye nokucalucalula okucacileyo kunokwenza abafundi bangabi nanxaxheba kumaqela aphantsi. Izikolo ezithatha imigaqo yokulungisa imigaqo-mthetho, iziphumo zezifundo ezichasene ne-racist, kunye nemigaqo eqinisekisa ukuba LGBTQ+ abafundi badala iindawo apho bonke abafundi banokuphumelela khona. Uqeqesho lwabafundisi-lwazi olugxekayo olunempembelelo yelungelo nengcinezelo zixhotyiselwe ngcono ukuvavanyanisa ukulingana nokunga kakuhle kwizifundo zabo. nentlangano ye-National Education Association neminye imibutho inikezela ngemisebenzi yemfundo efundisa ngokwenkcuku.

Ukusoloko Ujamelene Nocelomngeni Lokulingana

Nakubeni kukho imigudu esemthethweni neyokufundisa, ukungalingani okunzulu kusekho. Ukuvuma olu celomngeni akuthethi ukuvuma ukungaphumeleli kodwa linyathelo elifunekayo elikhokelela kwisenzo esinempumelelo.

Ubuhlanga Benkqubo Nokungalingani Kolwakhiwo

Ucalucalulo lobuhlanga lubhekisela kwiindlela apho ukungalingani kobuhlanga kusekelwe khona kwimisebenzi eqhelekileyo yamacandelo ngezantsi, ukunyamekela impilo, ubulungisa bolwaphulo-mthetho, imfundo, kunye nomsebenzi. EUnited States, abantu abamnyama kunye nabahlali bajongene nomlinganiselo ophezulu kakhulu wobuhlwempu, ukuvalelwa, nogonyamelo lwamapolisa. Umsantsa wobutyebi uyamangalisa: iintsapho ezimhlophe ziphethe malunga nezihlandlo ezisibhozo ubutyebi bendlu ye-Antathema, ukungaguquguquki kwemibutho yobukhoboka, ukubopha, ukuboleka kwe-transki, ukuboleka i-translate, kunye nokuboleka kwe-mali. Ngokufanayo, kumazwe amaninzi aseYurophu, amaRhom, nabemi abaphambukeli banokucalula. Ukucalula ucalucalucalucalucalucalu-calucalulo olusemthethweni lwezelo lwezelo-asem; ifuna utshintsho olulolo olumalunga nemithetho yemithetho ye-ontaneti, i-edimentation-ediationstion, egnation, egracreading, eediation

Umahluko wokwahluka kohlanga nowendawo yokudibene

Ukungalingani okugqithiseleyo kuyaqhubeka emhlabeni wonke, kwanakumazwe anemigaqo esemthethweni ekhuselayo. Amabhinqa asafumana imali engaphantsi kunamadoda ngomsebenzi ofanayo . Imbono yemali yesini yomntu ngamnye iqikelelwa malunga nama-20%. Amabhinqa athenjiswa phantsi kolawulo lwezopolitiko kunye neebhodi zezezimali, kwaye asebenza umsebenzi ongahlawulwayo. Ngaphezu koko, amava amabhinqa ahlukene ngokwesizwe, ngokwehlelo, ngokwesicawa, nangesiphene. Ingcamango ye- ingxubevange , eveliswe ngumfundi osemthethweni Kimberlé Crenshaw, igxininisa ukuba ibangela iintlobo ezikhethekileyo zocalucalulo. Umzekelo, amabhinqa amnyama ajongene umxube wobuhlanga nempumathelo ongenakuqondwa nge-eatho ye-RGenelks.

Ukungalingani Kwezoqoqosho Nemiqobo Yamathuba

Ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho kuye kwanyuka ngokuphawulekayo kwihlabathi lonke ukususela kwiminyaka yee-1980. Ngokutsho kwe-Oxfam, isininzi esizizinhanha sabemi bomhlaba wonke sinobutyebi obungaphezulu kwesibini kobutyebi babantu abasisi- 6.9 sezigidi zezigidi. Olu butyebi bungalinganiyo buguqula ekubeni lungenelelo olulinganayo kwimfundo ephezulu, impilo, izindlu, kunye nempembelelo yezobupolitika. I-COVID-19 ebangela ukuba ezi zifo zahluka-19, nabasebenzi abaphantsi, abafazi, nabantu bebala abathwalisela ilahleko yomsebenzi kunye nezempilo. Irhafuthelo eqhubekayo, iminatha yokhuseleko, kunye nemigaqo esebenzayo yemivuzonyango iphakathi kwezixhobo ezinokunciphisa ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho. [[FLT:]

Amanyathelo Okuhambelana Nomgangatho Oya Uhambela Phambili

Ukumelana nokungalingani kufuna umgudu odityanisiweyo kumgangatho omninzi .Nkqubelana ngokomntu ngamnye kwimibutho yomhlaba wonke. Ezi ndlela zilandelayo zibonise isithembiso sokuhambisela phambili unobangela wokulingana.

Izixhobo ezisetyenziswayo

Imbali ibonisa ukuba utshintsho oluguqulayo ludla ngokuqala kwingcangca. Imowation yamaLungelo e-United States, umzabalazo ochasene ne-aparatid eMzantsi Afrika, kunye nombutho wamabhinqa waqhutywa ngabantu abaqhelekileyo abalungelelanisa uluntu lwabo. Intshukumo zangoku ezifana [ Blob Lives Confect kunye ne[FLT]# Metoo isebenzise iziteshici zentlalo zonxibelelwano ukukhuthaza amazwi nokuquququzelela. Amaqela amaqela anokulwa ngamandla ngoqikelelo, imiboniso kawonke-wonke, imiboniso, kunye nezenzo ezithe ngqo.

Utshintsho Nesenzo Esisemthethweni

Imithetho ingaba ngunobangela wokungalingani kunye nonyango. Ukunika izingxengxezo zovavanyo kwinkundla/ukuzisa inkundla yetyala njengesixhobo esibalulekileyo sokuqhubekisa umlinganiselo. Iimeko zokuphawula njenge Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo kunye [[FLT:] no[FLT]] Living v. Virginia [[FLT]]]] ingumatshini wokuphelisa ukuvalwa komtshato we-Rhulumente [iiiiiiiindlela] (ukuphelisa ukuvalwa komtshato) ibonisa amandla eenkundla okuvala isakhiwo somthetho. Kwangaxesha linye, utshintsho lomthetho lunzima: ukunyusa umvuzo omncinci, ukwandisa iMidid, ukukhupha ikhesa, nokuqinisa yonke imithetho elwanisa ulawulo lwe-dimidiv. Uphatho-o-mthetho lufuna ukuquququququ nokwakhiwa komthetho, kunye nokwakhiwa komthetho othenjiso oluthelelanisayo.

Ubuxhakaxhaka kunye nokufikelela kogcino-lwazi oluqhutywayo

Izixhobo zamanani zinika iindlela ezintsha zokwazi nokuchaza nokungalingani kwedilesi. Iinkqubo zogcino-lwazi ezichaphazelekayo zingabonisa ukungalingani komsebenzi, ukubolekisa, ukuqesha, kunye nobuchule bezempilo obungabonwayo. Umzekelo, i-Optuny Atlas[ imaphu yokuhamba kwezoqoqosho yingingqi, ukunceda abenzi benkqubo bemiba ejolise ekuthengisweni kwemali. Iimithetho-mthetho, noko, zinokukhuthaza ukucalula ityala ukuba ayiyilwanga kakuhle. Umhlaba okhulayo umgangatho osisigxina [[FLT] uzama ukuqinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo zokufunda ngobuchule azikukhuthangakhuthazi ukuca ucalucalucalu-calucalulo lwembali. Abenzi-Activans kunye nabaxhasi bezobugcisa basebenzisa nogcino-data kuxwebhu olufuna ukuchapha abantu.

I-Ofisi yeNkcubeko neNkcubeko

Iinkampani ezinkulu kunye namaziko anempembelelo ebalulekileyo kwiziphumo zokulingana. Abagcini-mali, abathengi, nabasebenzi bafuna ngokukhulayo ukuba iinkampani zithethe ngezithuba zemali ehlawulwayo yobuhlanga nangamadoda, zitshintshe imisebenzi yazo, zize zisebenzise iindlela zokunikezela ngemithetho yezendlela yokuziphatha. Imigaqo yeGuideding on Business and Human Rights inikela isiseko soxanduva loxanduva lwezi esebenzelayo. Ngokufanayo, iyunivesithi, izibhedlele, kunye neengeniso ezingezizo, ziyabizwa ukuba zihlole imigaqo nemisebenzi yazo, ukusuka ekuvumeni ukuba zifumaneni ingeniso. I-audiactives, iSquactive, izikhulu ze-crectory, kunye namabhunga amaqela ahlukeneyo anceda ukuqhuba ngaphakathi.

Ikamva Lokulingana Ngokusesikweni Nenkululeko

Ukusukela ukulingana akuze kugqitywe. Isizukulwana ngasinye kufuneka siphinde sicoce kwaye siphinde siqinisekise iimfuno zaso kumongo wexesha laso. Ukukhangela phambili, intsingiselo emininzi iza kubumba umzabalazo oqhubekayo.

Uqhagamshelwano lwehlabathi kunye nomanyano

Iintsebenziswano zokulingana ziya zisanda. uMzantsi weNtshona uvelise iingcinga ezinamandla zokuvela kobupolisa kunye nokungalingani kwezoqoqosho, ngelixa abaxhasi bezobulungisa bemozulu bedibanisa ukuwohloka kwemekobume nokusetyenziswa kwemiba elinganayo. Amaqonga amanani enza ukuba abaxhasi kumazwe ahlukeneyo bakwazi ukwabelana ngeqhinga kwaye baxhase omnye omnye. Umzekelo, imozulu engaqhelekanga yolutsha kunye noMatshi wezizwe Ngezizwe Zamabhinqa abonise ukukwazi ukudibana okunqamlezileyo. Ukufunda kwimibutho eyahlukeneyo yasekuhlaleni kunyusa imigudu kwaye kwakha umanyano olumanyeneyo ngokuchasene nokungalinganiyo.

Izicombululo zoMngxuma - mveliso

Ukungalingani asiyongxaki enye kodwa yinkqubo enxulumeneyo. Ngoko ke izicombululo zifuna iminikelo evela kwimimandla emininzi, yezoqoqosho, yentlalo, yomthetho, yempilo kawonke-wonke, yocwangciso lwedolophu, neminye imininzi. Amaziko asekelwe kuluntu, apho iingcali zisebenzisana nabantu abachaphazelekayo, zinokuvelisa ingqiqo engqongqo nekwazi ukusebenza. Umzekelo, ukungenelela ukucutha unyango oludityaniswa kwezempilo nokuxhasa kwezindlu, iinkqubo zokuzondla, kunye noqeqesho lomsebenzi.

Ukunganyaniseki Kwemilinganiselo Yokuziphatha

Ekugqibeleni, ukulingana asilosukelo nje lwezopolitiko okanye lomthetho; lusukelo lokuziphatha. Isithethe ngasinye esiphambili sonqulo nokuziphatha siqulethe uhlobo loMthetho Omkhulu: ukuphatha abanye ngendlela obuya kukwenza ngayo. Esona sizathu sawo, ukufuna ukulingana kukufunwa kwemali kuxanduva lokuqashelwa. /ukunyanzeleka kokuba akukho mntu axabiseke kakhulu okanye angafanele ahlonelwe ngenxa yohlanga, ubufana, ubuchule, okanye ubuchule, okanye ulwazi. Lo mbono wokuziphatha ukhuthaze abantu abaninzi ukuba banikele intuthulelo, ukhuseleko, kwanobomi babo ngenxa yokulwela okusesikweni. Njengoko sijamelene nocelomngeni lwenkulungwane yama-21=clitha, utshintsho, ukuphazamiseka kwezobupolitiki, ulawulo lweziko-calitika, ukuzinikela kwisiseko esiphakathi.

Ukulingana asisosipho esimele sinikwe lilungelo elinamandla kodwa elifanele ukubizwa ngabantu. Intsingiselo yalo ekuphunyezweni kokusesikweni nenkululeko ayinakuchazwa ngokungaphezulu. Ngokuqonda imbali yayo, isebenza ngaphakathi nangaphaya kwemigaqo esemthethweni, iiyantlukwano ezizingisileyo, kunye nobuchule bokuyila, sinokusondela kwihlabathi apho ukulingana kungelo njongo nje kodwa kuyinto ephilayo kuye wonke umntu.