Ingcamango yokuvavanywa kwetyala lisisixhobo somthetho kwibutho le-demokhrasi. Lisebenza njengenkqubo ebalulekileyo yokuqinisekisa okusesikweni nokulinganayo ekuphatheni okusesikweni. Iqela labachopheli-mthetho abaqhelekileyo abanyulwe ukuva ubungqina nokunikela isigqibo /ukuchonga kwesizwe esimanyeneyo, esebenza njengesikhuselo sokusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya ngurhulumente okanye izigqeba zedemokhrasi. Ngoxa inkqubo ingenako ukungabi nazimfezeko kwayo, unyamezelo lwembali nolawulo lwetyala lwezigwebo olukhoyo lugxininisa indima yabo esisiseko ekusekeleni imilinganiselo yedemokhrasi. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa iimvelaphi zembali zokuvavanywa kwejaji, indima yalo ekukhuthazeni ukufezeka nokulingana, ukucelwna okujongena kwezenzo zale mihla, kwaye imigudu eqhubekayo yokulondoloza ingqibelelo yayo.

Isiseko Sembali Setyala LobuJuli

Ilungelo lokuchophela ityala alizange livele ngokupheleleyo. Lavela ukutyhubela iinkulungwane, libonisa umzabalazo othabatha ixesha elide wokumisela igunya elizimeleyo yaye libandakanya uluntu ekulawuleni okusesikweni. Ukuqonda le mbali kubalulekile ekuqondeni isizathu sokuba abachopheli-tyala badla ngokubhiyozelwa njengentsika yokulawula kwedemokhrasi.

Ukusuka Kwimvelaphi Yamandulo Ukuya KuMthetho Oqhelekileyo WesiNgesi

Iintlobo zangaphambili zommi ekugwebeni iimpikiswano zinokufunyanwa kwiGrisi yamandulo neRoma, kodwa ummeli ongqalileyo wenkundla yamatyala yale mihla yinkqubo yomthetho yamaNgesi oqhelekileyo. Ngenkulungwane ye-12, uKumkani uHenry II wasungula “ubukhulu,” iqumrhu lamadoda asekuhlaleni ayebizwa ukunikela ubungqina obuyimfihlelo ngolwaphulo-mthetho kunye neempikiswano ezikhoyo kwindawo ahlala kuyo. La matyala angaphambili ayengafani kakhulu nabachopheli-lwazi bale mihla bangaphandle, yaye efana namangqina afana nalawo aziwayo. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, indima yabachongi betyala yasuka ekunikezeleni ubungqina bokuyivavanya, ngokuqhelisela amangqina nokuphikisa kwinkundla evulekileyo enokuba ngumqatha wenkulungwane ye-15.

Iziganeko eziphambili ziquka iMagna Carta (1215), eyamisela imigaqo yenkqubo efanelekileyo kunye nomgwebo woontanga, kunye nokuvavanywa kwe-1670 kukaWilliam Penn, apho ijaji yamaNgesi yala ukumangalela uPenn ngenxa yokushumayela, imisela umgaqo wokuba iijaji azinakohlwaywa ngenxa yezigqibo zazo. Eli tyala lingqina ukuba abagwebi bagqibele kuphela inyani nomthetho ekusetyenzisweni kwabo, ingcamango eyaziwa njengeyokuba [[[FLT:]], ehlala ingunobuzalathi, ukuba ihlala ingunobangela wempikiswano yenkqubo.

Iziqinisekiso zoMgaqo-siseko zokungafumani

Amathanga aseMerika afumana ilifa lesithethe sabachopheli-tyala base-Ngilani kwaye asigqala njengelungelo elisisiseko. Abaquluneli bajonga ukuvavanywa kwetyala labachopheli-tyala njengekhusi lokuthintela amaBritane − ukuma okuzingcamla kwiSindululo se-Identification, esakhalaza “sisifumana, kwiimeko ezininzi, iinzuzo zokumangalelwa nguJury.” Abaqululeki baluthe olu lungelo kwiBhili lamaLungelo. [[FLT: 0]] Isinyusi somvo sokulungisa [ [iiinte] esiqinisekisa ukuvavanywa kwetyala okukhawulezayo nokungagwebi okungakhethiyo ngetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho olubalulekileyo, ngelixa [[FLT:]] ukulondoloza isiHlukunga sokunene sokuvavanya kwetyala kwiimeko zoluntu ezibandakanya ii-RGenethi ezingaphezulu kwama-20. Abagropu ebonakalisa ukukhusela kwe-ogqwebethi abagwebi abagwebi abagwebi abaqhelekileyo abagwebi abafumanayo abagwebi abagwetyi

INkundla ePhakamileyo icacise ngakumbi ngomqathango welungelo lejaji. Umzekelo, kumthetho wetyala . Louisiana v. (1968), iNkundla yathi isiqinisekiso seSithandathu soMphetho-Mphetho-mvandeli sisebenza kwiinkundla zikarhulumente zidlula kuMphetho-Mgaqo-mvaniso weshumi elinesine, ngokunempumelelo zifuna ukuba onke amaphondo anikele iityala kulwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu. Ngaphezu koko, iNkundla iqinisekisa ukuba amatyala kufuneka akhethwe kwicandelo elifanelekileyo lengingqi, umgaqo oqikelelo oqikelelo oluqikelelo olunentsingiselo.

Indima Yezilingo Zobu Julayi Ekukhuthazeni Ubulungisa

Ubulungisa kwinkqubo engokwasemthethweni abuzenzekeli. Kuxhomekeke ekuxilongweni nasekulinganiseni okuthintela ucalucalulo, impazamo, okanye ukuxhatshazwa. Iimvavanyo ze Jury zinegalelo kubulungisa ngeendlela ezininzi ezingafaniyo, kuquka uhlolo loontanga, inxaxheba ekuhlaleni, nokubonakala kwasekuhlaleni. Zikwasebenza njengelungu elibalulekileyo lenkqubo yokukhupha ityala, elixhomekeke ekuxakekeni phakathi kwengxwabangxwa okanye ekuzikhuseleni ukuvelisa inyaniso.

Uhlolo Lontanga Nenkqubo Eyingozi

Iqumrhu labachopheli-mgwebi lisebenza njengequmrhu loontanga .-oqhelekileyo abazisa amava obomi ahlukeneyo kunye neengqiqo eziqhelekileyo kwinkundla. Ngokungafaniyo nomgwebi omnye, onokuba nokhethe kwikhondo lomsebenzi okanye aphenjelelwe yingcinezelo yequmrhu, isigqibo seqela labachopheli-tyala sithambe ukuphelisa ikhethe lomntu ngamnye. Uphando lubonisa ukuba amajaji anokuqwalasela ubuninzi bobungqina neembono, ingakumbi xa ijaji ehlukene. Inkqubo yejaji efuna i-aversarial, apho amacala omabini enikela ubungqina ngokuvavanywa nangokunqamleza, yenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba abachopheli-jaji baziva zonke izityholo phambi kokuba bakhuphe i-galibrari.

Omnye wemisebenzi ebalulekileyo esesikweni yejaji kukuvavanya ukuthembeka kwamangqina. Abachopheli bakhangela indlela abaziphatha ngayo, bakhangele ukungavumelani, baze basebenzise indlela abayiqonda ngayo indlela yokuziphatha yomntu, `umsebenzi abagwebi abasenokuwenza, kodwa abagwebi abawenzayo ngegunya elipheleleyo logunya loluntu. Ufundo, kuquka lawo aqokelelwa .[FLT][FLT], lubonise ukuba iijaji zithatha indima yazo nzulu, zinikeza izigwebo ezisoloko zihambelana nobungqina obuninzi kunokuba kucelwe icebiso eliqhelekileyo.

Amagqabaza Asemagunyeni Karhulumente NakumaBhaka Eejaji

Ityala lika Jury lisebenza njengendlela ebalulekileyo yokuhlola ulawulo lukarhulumente, ingakumbi kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho apho urhulumente emangalela umntu othile. Imfuneko yokuba ijaji livumelane ngamxhelo mnye ngetyala (kwimimandla emininzi) ibeka umthwalo onzima kwityala, ikwenza kube nzima ukuvalela umntu omsulwa. Oku “kunganyaniseki ” imiqobo isuka kwinkolelo yokuba kungcono ukuvumela abantu abalishumi abanotyala bakhululeke kunokuba bagwebe umntu omsulwa, umgaqo odumileyo ocaciswe nguWilliam Blackstone.

I Juries ikwasebenza njengesithinteli sokuchasa ikhethe lejaji. Ngoxa abagwebi belindeleke ukuba bangacaluli, bangabantu. Abachopheli-tyala banokuwuphelisa umthetho abawujonga njengongenabulungisa, njengoko kwenzeka ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 xa iijaji zala ukuvalela amatyala phantsi kwemithetho ekwamkeleni ityala. Nangona ukupheliswa kwejaji kuthandabuzeka kuba kuba kubandakanywa kuba ikhokelele ekusetyenzisweni komthetho ngokungaguquguqukiyo, ikwanika nentlalo-mvolomelo xa ukusetyenziswa ngokungqongqo komthetho kuveza iziphumo ezingekho bulungisa. Amandla ejaji yokugweba ukugweba phantsi kobungqina obucacileyo bokubekwa esichengeni sohlwayo (kwakukhuselwa kwisohlwayo ukwenza oko) kusoloko kusimbo olunamandla lwemilinganiselo yoluntu.

Intembelo Ecacileyo Neyoluntu

Iimvavanyo ze Jury zivulekele uwonke wonke, ezikhulisa ukubonakala nokuziphendulela. Ubukho bamacebiso, amajelo eendaba, kunye namalungu oluntu buqinisekisa ukuba ityala liqhutywa kakuhle kwaye nayiphi na indlela engachananga. Xa abantu bebona abemi abaqhelekileyo begqiba amatyala, iqinisa ingcamango yokuba okusesikweni asiyonkqubo yesazikalisi kodwa inyanzelo eyahlukeneyo. Ngokutsho kwe-[FLT][FLT][1] Iziko lohlanga lweenkundla zelizwe [[FLT]] [FLT], ingxelo kawonke-wonke, intembelo yenkuqulumo olubekelwe yimbono engqongqo esesikweni. Ngokungafaniyo, xa izigwebo zithathwa njengezingekho bulungisa okanye ezinye iingxaki zobuhlanga okanye ezinye iinkqubo zobuhlanga zinokuthenjelwa ngokuthembeka kwinkqubo esemthethweni.[FLT]

Ukulingana Nomanyano: Umanyano Nocelomngeni

Ukulingana sisithembiso esingundoqo sokuvavanywa kwetyala labachopheli-tyala. Injongo kukuba amajaji amele icandelo elinqamlezileyo elifanelekileyo loluntu, ukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho qela likhutshwayo ngocwangco. Noko ke, ukufumana umelo olulinganayo luhlala lulucelomngeni oluzingisileyo.

Imfuneko Yokukhetha Umnqamlezo Olungileyo

Inkundla ePhakamileyo ibambelele ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwinkundla yamatyala efuna ukuba amaqela abonisa inani labemi bolawulo. Uhlaziyo lweSithandathu lufuna ukuba iqula labachopheli-candelwana (venire) libe ngummeli onqamlezayo; noko ke, owona mgaqo uhleliyo ugwebi umele ungabi ngowomlinganiso ogqibeleleyo. Isitshixo sisithi akukho qela libonakalayo (i-'i-'i-'i-'i-'i-'i-'i-'i-'i-'all',',' okanye ubuhlanga' obususiweyo) bungakhutshwangabomkelwangabo bungagqibekanga kwinkqubo yokukhetha. Lo mgaqo wagxininiswa kumthetho we-[FLT:] BBYKYKYN'.[FLD][5][3] [5]

Izithintelo Ezingapheliyo: Iingxaki Eziziziciko, Ingxaki Epheleleyo Nentlalo Engafaniyo

Ngaphandle kwezi zikhuseli zisemthethweni, ucalucalulo lobuhlanga kunye nezinye lusasulela ukhetho lwabachopheli-mthetho. () ukuvumela amagqwetha ukuba agxothe inani elisikelweyo leejaji ngaphandle kokuchaza isizathu () idla ngokusetyenziswa kakubi ukukhupha abalawuli bemibala. A 2020 izifundo ze-[FLT]] [[1]] i-Univationers of Dever Law [[[FLT]] [[FLT]][3] [[FLT]] [iiiindlela] ezifunyaniswe ngokutsha ngabatshutshisi-Blam-mali kwimi ethile, ezikhokelela ekungeneni kwemiqatha. Ngokuthelekisa iingxelo zemali, kodwa iinqobo isenokuchaphazela indlela ababoni bobungqina nabangcatshitshisi abanokuthenjwayo. Umzekelo wophando oluninzi lwemiqatha ye-onke i-mali, kodwa ukunceda abantu abambalwa, uninzi lwemiqathangongophindo olusetyenziswayo, kodwa uninzi lwexesha eliphantsi lokufumanayo, kodwa lunganyelwe ngokungekho , u

Ukwahlukahlukana Kwenkululeko: Isizathu Sokuba Kubalulekile

Iinguqu zemijukujelo zivelisa izigqibo ezingcono. Ufundo lwephawu oluvela uMthetho we-Berkeley lwabonisa ukuba iimbono ezininzi zeentlanga ezingafaniyo zijongene ngaphaya kobucala, ziqwalasela ubungqina obuninzi, kwaye zinokwenzeka kakhulu ukuxubusha ngemiba enxulumene nohlanga obala. I-hogeon juries, kwelinye icala, zazityekele kakhulu ekujongeni impembelelo yekhethe lomntu ngamnye kwaye zikhokelela ekuhlalutyweni ngokucokisekileyo. Oku kufumana kugxininisa imigudu yokuqinisekisa ukuba umelo olulungileyo oluvelayo lungekho nje kwi-okiokiokiokiokie, kodwa ngohlobo lobulungisa bobulungisa.

Impembelelo Yezilingo ZobuJuli Kumvuzo Osemthethweni Nakuluntu

Izigqibo zikaJury zinokuba nemiphumo enzulu, kungekuphela nje kumaqela abandakanyekileyo kodwa kwanakwimo yesimilo esisemthethweni nakwisimo sengqondo sikawonke-wonke ngokuphathelele okusesikweni. Amandla eejaji okumisela imilinganiselo nokumisela umthetho, ingakumbi kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni ezibandakanya umonakalo omkhulu, awenza abe namandla okuphendula kwaye ngamanye amaxesha, abangele impikiswano.

Ukumiswa kweNkcubeko neMidlalo

Nangona izigwebo ezikwinkqubo yomthetho eqhelekileyo ‘ zingawenzi umthetho' ngendlela efanayo nejaji, izigqibo zazo zingaphembelela imithetho yezomthetho kunye notshintsho lomthetho. Izabelo zemali kwityala lemveliso kunye namatyala onyango olungekhoyo zidla ngokukhokelela kwiinguqu kwindlela yokuziphatha esebenzela inkampani okanye ulawulo lolawulo. Umzekelo, ishishini lokutya okukhawulezayo uLiebeck v. McDonald’s Restautaurants[ ityala, apho umchopheli-mzeli-mthetho unika izigidi zabantu i-myungi ye-mfono etshiswa yikofu yekofu eshushu, ikhuthaza izilumkiso ezikhawulezayo kumsebenzi osezantsi nezilumkiso. Kumthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, umgwebi kwiimeko eziphezulu ezifana neziko. Simpson, ingxulu-o-ocell, kunye nobungqina besizwe.

Ukuphelisa ityala, nangona kunqabile, kungathumela umyalezo onamandla. Xa iijaji zingavumi ukubanjwa phantsi kwemithetho zikujonga njengokungekho sikweni ngokungathi ngexesha leMbutho Yamalungelo Abantu, xa ijaji yaseMazantsi ikhulula abaxhasi bamalungelo abantu etyala okanye ulwaphulo loxolo, zikwazi ukuyiphelisa ngokunempumelelo imithetho esetyenziswayo. Ukusetyenziswa kwejaji yokuphelisa ukuchotshelwa kwetyala kuhlala kuxakekiswa, ngokuphikisa okuthile kujongela phantsi umthetho nabanye bewuncoma njengendlela yokugqibela yokuziphendulela kwimithetho ecinezelayo.

Ukuthelekisa Izilingo ZeJury Nezilingo Zebhenki

Asingawo onke amatyala avavanywa phambi kwemimiselo yejaji; amaninzi ngamanye amatyala eenkundla, apho ijaji iyodwa igqiba izibakala kunye nomthetho. Iimvavanyo ze-betch zisoloko zithandwa kwimiba entso, ingakumbi kwiimbambano zezentengiselwano, ngenxa yokuba abagwebi banamava amaninzi ekuphengululeni ngobungqina bobugcisa. Noko ke, amatyala ejaji anika inzuzo eyodwa: afumana ingqiqo eqhelekileyo, amaxabiso ebutho, kunye novavanyo oluzimeleyo ngokuchasene nempazamo yomthetho. Uvavanyo [FLT: 0] [[FLT][FLD][2] lucebisa ukuba iinjongo zokophula umthetho kunye nabagwebi abasoloko bevumelana kwiziphumo ezininzi, nangona i-jumbries idla ngokuziphakalphanga okuninzi kokwenza okubi komntu ngamnye. Ingqbonqilo, kodwa ukufumaneka kwendlela eluncedo yetyala labo abazanyaniswayo abazanyamele ukuvalelwa yimeko kunye nabahlazi.

Umthetho weNkqubo yokuQokelela iQumrhu

Ukugwetywa kwetyala ngokusesikweni kuchaphazela ukukholosa kwabantu ezinkundleni. Xa iijaji zibonakala zinikela iziphumo ezifanelekileyo, ukufaneleka kuyaqiniswa. Ngokuchaseneyo, izigqibo ezididayo `njengokugwetywa kwamagosa amapolisa ekubulaleni okuphezulu/_acan kubangela ukuqhankqalaza nokufuna utshintsho. Inkqubo yomthetho ixhomekeke kwimvume nentlonelo yoluntu; ngaphandle kokuthenjwa nguwonke wonke, iinkundla zibeka engozini yokungakhathalelwa okanye zibonakale njengezixhobo zokucinezela. Ityala, ngokubandakanya abantu abaqhelekileyo ekugwebeni, uncedo lugcina oko kusemthethweni ngokunika abemi umthi kwinkqubo. Iziqhushumbisi zibonisa ukuba abantu abasebenza kwingxelo yezemali baphucule intlonelo esemthethweni, kwanokuba abangayivumelani nesigwebo.

Ucelomngeni Neenguqu Zanamhlanje

Inkqubo yabachopheli-tyala ijongene nezisongelo ezinzulu kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukususela ekunciphiseni uqingqo-mali ukuya ekuchaseni imithetho-siseko. Noko ke, kusetyenziswa uhlaziyo oluninzi ukuze kulondolozwe amandla ayo.

Izinga lokuvavanya elihlaziyiweyo

Olunye ucelomngeni olubalulekileyo kukuthotywa kwenani letyala labachopheli-tyala. Kwinkqubo yengingqi, inani lamatyala abachopheli-tyala nabagwebi liye lehla ngaphezu kwama-60% ukususela ngo-1980, liqhutywa sisicelo sokucenga nokunyanzelisa ukuququzelelwa. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi “ukuvavanywa kwetyala” kululaza indima engokomGaqo-siseko yabachopheli-tyala. Ngokuphendula, amanye amagunya aye amisela amaxhoba okwandisa amanani okuvavanywa, ngoxa amanye aneenkqubo abacholi-jaji abaqeli abaqeshi aqekekileyo ukuze benze inkonzo ibe nzima kakhulu.

Ubuxhakaxhaka bukwaphakamisa imingeni: amajelo eendaba enza kube nzima ukuqinisekisa ukuba abachopheli-tyala abangakhethi buso, njengoko abachopheli bejaji benokuchanabeka kulwazi olugqithisileyo okanye baxubushe ngetyala elikwi-intanethi. Ngoku iiNkundla zisoloko ziluleka abachopheli-mthetho ukuba baphephe amajelo eendaba, kwaye amanye amazwe afuna ukuququzelelwa kwamatyala aphezulu.

Utshintsho Lokuphucula Ubuchule Bokumela Nokunciphisa Imfuno

Ukulungisa ukungalingani kokhetho lwabachopheli-tyala, amaphondo amaninzi aye aguqula imingeni enzima. Umzekelo, uRhulumente waseWashington waphelisa imingeni yokuzikhulula ngokupheleleyo ngowama-202020, elandela incomela evela kwinkundla ephakamileyo yeli lizwe. Amanye amaphondo athathe imithetho engqongqo efuna amagqwetha afuna ukunikezela ngezizathu zogqatso-ngathanga nxaxheba. Ngaphezu koko, imigudu yokwandisa amaqula eencwadi achazayo.

Ukuqeqeshwa ngokusisigxina kocalulo kubagwebi namagqwetha kuya kuxhaphaka, kwaye ezinye iinkundla ngoku zinika abagwebi imiyalelo engokuphepha ikhethe nokuqwalasela iimbono. Ngokomzekelo, imiyalelo yabachopheli-mgwebi baseKhalifoniya, ngokucacileyo icela abachopheli-jaji ukuba bahlolisise iimbono zabo. Amazwe amaninzi avavanye kwakhona “ukukhetha ngemfama”, apho ulwazi lwabemi lungafunwa kumagqwetha ukunciphisa impembelelo yotyekelo oluqhelekileyo.

Isiphelo

Ukuvavanywa kwe Jury kungaphezulu kakhulu kunento esetyenziswayo; luzibophelelelo lomgaqo-siseko ekufumaneni imigaqo-siseko yokuphelisa ulwahlulo. Ngokuzinzisa abemi abaqhelekileyo kwintsebenziswano yenkqubo yokuzibophelela, abachopheli baqinisekisa ukuba okusesikweni nokulinganayo akuyonjongo kodwa kuyinto ekhoyo. Ukuguquka kwembali kwenkundla yamatyala (ngokusuka kumangqina exesha laphakathi) kumangqina enyaniso ezinto zangoku. /awubala umzabalazo oqhubekayo wokulinganisa amandla nokukhusela amalungelo. Ngoxa imiqobo ekhoyo yesizwe, ukuncipha kwamatyala, kunye nokuncipha kwemiqobo yezentelekelelo, nokulingana kwemiqobo kusekho, amandla ahlala ekho kwinkqubo yemimiselo yabagwebi ahlala ekho ekhohlakelelweni. Njengeenkundla zezomthetho-encwadi yezomthetho-encwadi yezomthetho neyongalawuleki.