Kukho ingqwalaselo ephambili yokuvota, ingumsebenzi ophambili wokuthatha inxaxheba kwedemokhrasi, inika abemi amandla okubumba imigaqo-nkqubo, iinkokeli, kunye nemithetho echaza ibutho labo. Kwihlabathi apho amalungelo entlalo asoloko enzima kwaye maxa wambi abuthathaka, ukuqonda ukubaluleka okunzulu kokuvota akuyonto nje ephambili efundiswayo. Eli nqaku libonisa ukuba indaleko yokuvota, indima yayo ebalulekileyo kulawulo lwangoku. Lunyulo ngalunye lunika ithuba lokuphembelela ulawulo lwengini, uhlanga, kwanemicimbi yomhlaba wonke. Ukanti izigidi zabavoti abafanelekileyo bahlala besemacaleni ngenxa yesiphithiphithi, ukungakhathali, okanye ukungabi nayiphi na indlela yokusebenza. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa indaleko yembali yokuvota, indima yayo enzima kwinkqubo yangoku, imiqobo eqhubekayo, nemiqobo esinayo, kwaneenza imicimbi yemicimbi yezizwe.

Imbali Ethetha Ngemilo

Ilungelo lokuvota, elisoloko libhekiselwa kulo njenge-suffin okanye i-franse, liye lathatha uhambo olude nolunesiphithiphithi. E-Athene yamandulo, eyayigqalwa ngokubanzi njengendawo yokuzalwa kwedemokhrasi, ukuvota kwakulinganiselwe kubemi abangamadoda ababenendawo yabo (ukuzimela abafazi, amakhoboka, kunye nabantu basemzini. Kangangeenkulungwane ezininzi emva koko, oorhulumente abaninzi babekuthintela ukuvota kwilungu elincinane. Amagna Carta ngowe-1215 ahlwayela imbewu yokuqala yolawulo lomlawuli waseNgilani, kodwa indalo yonke i-onke yahlala iliphuphane.

Intshukumo Embi Yamabhinqa

Umzabalazo wamalungelo okuvota amabhinqa wakhula phakathi ko-1800. Ngonyaka we-1848, iSindululo seSeneca Falls eUnited States sakhupha isibhengezo samaSivumelwano esifuna amalungelo alinganayo, kuquka nevoti. Oovulindlela abafana noSusan B.Anthony noElizabeth Cady Stanton bajamelana nokugculelwa, ukubanjwa, nokugwetywa ekuhleni. Kodwa ukutyhubela amashumi eminyaka, ukukhuthaza, nokungathobeli, amabhinqa eNew Zealand aba ngawokuqala ukuzuza amalungelo okuvota ngowe-1893. IUnited States yalandela ngoMbenzo we-1979, kunye nezinye iintlanga ezininzi zayandisa imfazwe yehlabathi I kunye nemfazwe yehlabathi II.

IQumrhu lamaLungelo aBami kunye noMthetho woMbutho woKhuthazo

Nasemva kweziqinisekiso ezisemthethweni zomgaqo-siseko, amaqela amaninzi ahlulwa ngokunempumelelo ngokusetyenziswa kwemithetho yokukhupha ulawulo lomthetho-mthetho, iirhafu zonyuso, iimviwo zovavanyo lokubhalisa, kunye nosoyikiso. EUnited States, iMovement yamaLungelo eWorking of the 1950 kunye no 1960 ijongene ngqo nale mithetho yokungalungisi. Iziganeko ezifana no1965 Selma ukuya kuMontmery kuhambo olukhokelela ekudlulisweni koMthetho wokukhupha amalungelo eMthethweni we-Voling, nto leyo ephelisa ucalucalulo lohlanga ekuvotisweni. Ukulwa okufana nokuchasana kwe-apartheid eMzantsi Afrika ukuya ekuvuleni ingxube i-pro-modecracy eMyanmar. Ulo ngalunye lubala ukuba uhambo olulungileyo lokuvota alukho naphakade; kufuneka lukhuselwe ngokuqhubekayo.

Iziganeko Ezibalaseleyo Ehlabathini Lonke Ekuhambiseni Ngamalungelo

Kulo lonke ihlabathi, ulwando lwe-suffgel lulandele iindlela ezahlukeneyo. I-Australia inika amabhinqa ilungelo lokuvota ngo-1902 kodwa yangabandakanywanga abantu bomthonyama de kwangonyaka ka-1966. IFinland yayiluhlanga lokuqala lwaseYurophu ukuvumela amabhinqa ukuba amelane nepalamente ngo-1906. Amazwe amaninzi eLatin America nase-Asia anika amalungelo okuvota emva kwentsebenziswano yenkululeko ephakathi. Namhlanje, phantse onke amazwe amkela unyulo, nangona okusesikweni nokungaguquguquki kokhetho kungafani. Ukuqonda lembali kunceda abemi balapho baqonde ixabiso le mithetho yabo yokuvota kwaye baqonda ukuba ukuvota kulilungelo elifumaneka kwizizukulwana zezenzo.

Isizathu Sokuba Kubekho Ulwaneliseko

Ukungxolisa kungaphezulu kakhulu kunesithethe; yindlela abemi abachaza ngayo ubudlelane babo. Xa uvota, awukhethi nje kuphela umntu oza kubhaptizwa − ukhetha umbono wekamva, ubeka imibandela phambili, kwaye ubeka iinkokeli ityala. Izizathu zokuvota zingabekwa kwimimandla emininzi engundoqo.

Ukumela nokwahlukahlukana kwamalizwi

Idemokhrasi enempilo ifuna ukuba onke amaqela oluntu abe nesihlalo esiphezulu etafileni. Xa i-createout isezantsi okanye iphenjelelwa kumanani athile, inkqubo iziphumo ithambe ukuxhasa abavoti abasebenzayo. Ukuqinisekisa ukuba abantu abaphantsi, abantu basemasimini, kunye namaqela amancinane angaxhasa iimfuno zawo. Ugcino-lwazi olusuka kwi-Censurebration Bureaunial lubonisa ukuba abadala, abatyebileyo, nabamhlophe bathatha inxaxheba kumlinganiselo ophezulu, okuthetha ukuba abantu abaselula namaqela afumana imali ephantsi ngokufuthi abanampembelelo ininzi. Ngovoti, bonke abami bongeza ilizwi labo kwingoma yabo, ukukhuthaza urhulumente obonisa iinguquko zeli lizwe.

Ukuphendula nokuziphendulela

Amagosa aqatshelweyo ayaziyo ukuba ajongene nonyulo rhoqo adla ngokuthatha inyathelo lokwenza unyulo lukawonke-wonke. Isisongelo sokuvotelwa ngaphandle kweofisi sikhuthaza abalawuli ukuba bathethe ngeengxaki zabameli, badlulise imithetho enentsingiselo, baphephe ukungenwa kwentlawulo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, xa uvoti ephantsi, abavoti bangaphelelwa ngumsebenzi, kwaye ukudinwa kungakhokelela ekubeni baphelise inkqubo. Amazwe anokuvota okunyanzelisayo, njenge-Ostreliya neBelgium, ngokufuthi abona ukusabela okuphezulu korhulumente ngenxa yokuba abalawuli be-politistiki kufuneka babhenele kubo bonke abachongi, hayi nje abambalwa.

Ubuchule nokuzichaza

Ukuvota kunika abantu ingqiqo ecacileyo. Kuguqula abantu abangenzi nto babe ngabemi abakhutheleyo abanegalelo kulwalathiso lwasekuhlaleni. Oku kuncedwa kuluncedo olungokwengqondo nolwentlalo: uphando lubonisa ukuba abantu abavotayo badla ngokusebenza ngokuzithandela, balandele iindaba, babandakanyeke kweminye imisebenzi yoluntu. Ukukhuthaza kwakhona ingcamango yokuba ilizwe lilowabantu balo, kungekhona kwiinjongo zequmrhu okanye zequmrhu.

Impembelelo Engokwenkqubo Kubomi Bemihla Ngemihla

Kumgangatho werhafu kunye nolawulo lwezonyango lokufumana inkxaso-mali yemfundo kunye nemimiselo yemekobume, izigqibo ezenziwa ngamagosa anyuliweyo zichaphazela zonke iinkalo zobomi. Unyulo lwasekuhlaleni, ngokufuthi lungahoywa, lumisela iinkqubo zequmrhu lesikolo, imithetho yokwabelana ngemithetho yokhuseleko, kunye noqingqo-mali. Unyulo lwesizwe luyilo inkqubo yemiqathango yamanye amazwe, ubuchule bezoqoqosho, kunye neminatha yokhuseleko. Ngokuvota, abemi banegalelo ngqo kule miphumo. Umzekelo, unyulo-U.Unyulo-U.Unyulo-ntle lwalenze iingxelo, nto eyakhokelela ekuguqukeni kwemithetho elandelayo kwinguquko yemozulu, izakhiwo, kunye nentsebe.

Inkqubo Yokuvelisa Iigesi

Ukuqonda indlela yokuvota kubalulekile ukuze uphumelele ekuthabatheni inxaxheba. Ngoxa iinkqubo zahluka-hlukeneyo ngokwelizwe nangamazwe, iinkqubo ezininzi zedemokhrasi zisebenzisa amanyathelo afanayo: ukubhalisa, ukufunda ngabaza kuvota nangemibandela, ukufaka ifomu yokuvota nokuqinisekisa ingqibelelo yonyulo.

Ubhaliso lweVoter

Kumazwe amaninzi, abemi kufuneka babhalise ukuba bavote phambi konyulo. Le nkqubo inokuba lula okanye ixhomekeke kwimithetho yasekuhlaleni. Amanye amazwe, njenge-Jamani ne-Sweden, abhalisa ngokuzenzekelayo abemi xa befumene i-ID. Amanye, njenge-United States, afuna abantu abaqhubekeka ngokungxama, ngokufuthi eneeveki ezimiselwe ixesha phambi komhla wonyulo. USUSA. [[FLT: 1]] unika izibuko lokuhlola ukubhalisa ubhaliso. I-RBBMPURC ibalulekile ngenxa yokuba amaqela amaninzi angabhaliswanga akakwazi ukuphosa i-coastat. Amaqela amaninzi acwangcisa ubhaliso oluququze ubhaliso aqhuba unxulumano ukuze ancede abantu baqhube inkqubo.

Iindlela zokusasaza

Ulawulo-bume lwale mihla lunika iindlela ezininzi zokuvota ukuhlalisana nocwangciso neemfuno ezahlukeneyo:

  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuvota ngoMhla woNnyulo yindlela yesithethe, eneendawo zokuvota ezivulekileyo ukususela ekuseni ukuya kutsho kurhatya. Iivoter zingafuna ukubonisa uchazo nokulinda emgceni.
  • [[UKWENZIWA:0] uvota lokuqala luvumela abantu ukuba baphose ibhola yabo yokhetho emntwini ngexesha elimisiweyo phambi koSuku lokhetho, ukunciphisa ukuxinana nokunika ubushushu.
  • Iposi- ngaphakathi okanye urhoxiso lovoto ivumela abavoti bafumane baze babuyisele iibhola ngeposi. Le ndlela ixhaphake kakhulu, ingakumbi emva kwesifo se-COVID-19, kwaye isetyenziswa kakhulu kumazwe anjenge-Oregon neWashington.
  • I-vvolution ekhankanyiweyo iyasetyenziswa kwamanye amazwe, nangona inkxalabo ngokungakhuselwa nokuphicothwa kwekhompyutha iye yanciphisa ukwamkelwa kwayo. I-Brazil ne-Indiya ziye zasebenzisa iinkqubo ze-elektroniki kwilizwe lonke, ngeli lixa ulawulo-lawulo-melo lwaseYurophu oluninzi luhlala lungathandabuzi.

Indlela nganye inamandla nobuthathaka. Uvotelo lweposi lungandisa ukujika kodwa lungajongana nolibaziseko olusemthethweni. Uvotelo oluvela kumntu onegunya lunika ingqiqo yomsitho nokhuseleko kodwa lungafikeleleki kubantu abakhubazekileyo okanye abasebenza ixesha elide.

Ukuthembeka Nonqabiseko Olukhethiweyo

Ukuthemba inkqubo yokhetho kubalulekile. Izinga elinjengemithetho yevotar ID, imikhondo yephepha, uphicotho-zincwadi lwasemva koHlomelo, kunye neekhomishini ezizimeleyo zonyulo zinceda ukuqinisekisa ucoselelo. Noko ke, impikiswano ngokhuseleko nokufikelela isuka ngaphaya. Umzekelo, iBrennan Center yeJasti [ igxininisa ukuba imithetho engqongqo ye-ID yokhetho ingacima ukujika phakathi kwabambalwa naphakathi kokufumana abavoti abambalwa ngaphandle kokukhusela inkohliso. Ngokuphikisana noko, abaxhasi bemithetho enjalo babala imfuneko yokuthemba kwinkqubo. Ngokungajongani komntu, ukuqonda indlela uvoteko olugunyazisa ngayo abaxhasi abagunyazi bemithetho elungileyo.

Izithintelo Zokwabelana Ngentabalala

Phezu kwayo nje ingcamango yokuba abantu bafanele bafune ukuthomalalisa ityala, abemi abaninzi bajamelana nemiqobo enciphisa amathuba abo okuvota.

Imithetho yeVoteyithi kunye noTshi ki

Kumaphondo amaninzi ase-U.S. kunye namanye amazwe, imithetho efuna iindlela ezithile zokuchonga iifoto imiselwe. Ngoxa le mithetho icetyiselwe ukukhusela ukuqhatha, ichaphazela ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto abantu abakhulileyo, abanemibala, nabangenayo imibala ephantsi abantu abasenokungabi nalayisensi yokuqhuba okanye iipasi zomsinga. Umzekelo, uphando lwama-2019 lufumanise ukuba phantse umntu omnye kwabalishumi abavoti abafanelekileyo e-U.S. wayengenayo i-ID yemifanekiso karhulumente ekhuthubelene. Uxinzelelo lwe-Voter lukwaquka ukurhoxa imibala evota, ukunciphisa iindawo zokuvota kwimimandla encinane, kunye nokulinganisela iiyure zokuvota.

Ucelomngeni Lokufikeleleka

Abantu abakhubazekileyo basoloko bejongene nemiqobo engokomzimba kwizitishi zokuvota − okungenayo imiqobo, ukunqongophala kweBraille okanye iibhola ezinesandi, kunye nokungaqeqeshwa okunganelanga kwabasebenzi bonyulo. Uncedo lweMelika Vote lowama-2002 lujolise ekuphuculeni ufikelelo, kodwa ukuthobela kuhlala kungafani. Ngokufanayo, abavoti-nxaxheba kwiindawo zasemaphandleni kusenokufuneka bahambe imigama emide ukuya kuvota, ngoxa abahlali basedolobheni benokujongana nemigca emide ngenxa yabasebenzi abaphantsi kwemigangatho ephezulu. Imiqobo yolwimi iyabathintela abasebenzi abathetha iilwimi; ukubonelela abasebenzi nabatolishi abathetha iilwimi ezininzi banokunceda.

Inkcazelo

Ukusasazwa kolwazi olububuxoki ngokuvota / xa kufuneka uvotelwe, okanye ukhuseleko lwamaphepha akwiposi-enots-i-asent-nenowds--inokudideka nokudimaza ukuthatha inxaxheba. Amaqonga oluntu luye lwasetyenziswa ukwandisa iinkcazelo ezilahlekisayo, ngamanye amaxesha ngabadlali bamanye amazwe abafuna ukuphazamisa ulawulo-demokhrasi. Ukukhuphisana kwe-information kufuna imfundo yokufunda nokwenza ingxengxenge-magama, ukupheliswa kwemibutho ethembekileyo njenge FactCC. org, kunye nonxibelelwano olunempumelelo oluvela kumagosa okhetho.

IGrerymandering kunye noLondolozo lweSithili

Ukuzoba imida yesithili ekhethayo ukuze athande iqela elinye (igunya) lingadambisa impembelelo yamavoti. Xa izithili zibunjwe ukuze zinike ingqalelo okanye zisasaze abaxhasi beqela, iziphumo zonyulo ziyancipha kwaye azibonisi ncam ukuthanda kwabantu abadumileyo. Amanye amazwe asebenzisa iikhomishini ezizimeleyo ukutsala imida, ukunciphisa ukuxhaphaza abaxhasi.

Ukunqongophala Kwezoqoqosho Nexesha

Abasebenzi abahlawulwa imali ephantsi basenokuzama ukuthatha ixesha lokuvota, ingakumbi ukuba umqeshi wabo akanikeli khefu elihlawulwayo. Abazali abangenamaqabane, abasebenzi abasebenza ngezithuba, kunye nabakhathaleli basoloko befumanisa ukuba ukurhoxa kovotelwa kuyinto enzima. Ukwenza uSuku lokhetho lube yiholide, ukwandisa ukuvota kwangoko, nokunika ixesha elihlawulwayo kungacombulula ezi zithintelo zezoqoqosho.

Ubandakanyeko Olukhuthazayo Lwemibimbi

Ukuvota okukhulayo kufuna ukususa imiqobo kunye nokwakha isithethe sokuthabatha inxaxheba. Ukuthembisana ngeMiqathango ngumjikelo obonakalisa isidima: okukhona abantu bevota, kokukhona bebona ukubaluleka kokuvota.

Imfundo Ezikolweni

Abantu abaninzi abaselula abaze bafumane imiyalelo esesikweni ngendlela yokuvota, isizathu sokuba ibaluleke, okanye indlela urhulumente asebenza ngayo. Iqumrhu elilawulayo lifihla umgaqo-siseko, amaqela ezobupolitika, imbali yonyuso, kunye noomanyulo-ackensfects system inkqubo kunye nonyuselo. Iinkqubo ezifana ii-CIvips, ezisungulwe nguJaji Sandra Day O’Connor[FL:1], zinika abafundisi-mar.

Ukuphakanyiswa kwezixhobo zokuhambisa igesi ezisekelwe kuluntu

Imibutho yasekuhlaleni, amaqela okholo, kunye neendlela zokufumana ingeniso zisoloko zisebenza. Ezi ziquka ukunkqonkqoza umnyango, ukubhalisa umnxeba, ukulungiselela i-fono-mfonomfono, nokunika ezothutho kwiindawo zokuvota. Uphando olusuka kwiYale’s [[FLT: 0]] I-Institution for Social and Policy Studies lubonisa ukuba incoko yobuqu kubamelwane yenye yezona ndlela zisebenzayo zokwandisa ukujika.

Ukusebenzisa Ubuxhakaxhaka kunye noomabonwakude

Izixhobo zamanani zinganika indawo yokubhalisa, zinike ulwazi lokuvota, kwaye zikhumbuza abantu ukuba bavote. Iimvavanyo ezifana ne . org zinceda abasebenzisi babhalise kwaye zicele abasebenzi abangekhoyo. Amaqonga ezentlalo-ntle anokubanceda njengabalungiseleli abanamandla.

Inkxaso yeQumrhu neNtlanganiso

Iinkampani zingakhuthaza ukuvota ngokunikela ngexesha elihlawulwayo, zinika imvume yokubhalisa umvoti, kwaye zingqinelana neminikelo yabasebenzi kwimigudu yokufumana inkxaso-mali. Iikholeji neeyunivesithi zingamisela iindawo zokuvota ze ziquke ubhaliso lwevoti kwimbonakalo yeqela. Le nkxaso yequmrhu yenza uvoti ibe lula kakhulu kubantu abaxakekileyo ukuba babe nenxaxheba.

Indima Yemilozi Encinane

Abantu abaselula (abaneminyaka eli-18-29) bamela inani elinamandla labemi eliye lajika ngokusuka embalini langaphantsi kunamaqela amadala − kodwa oko kuyatshintsha. Kunyulo lwase-U.U.S., ulutsha lwafikelela kuma-50% okokuqala kwiminyaka engamashumi, luqhutywa yimiba efana nokutshintsha kwemozulu, amatyala abafundi, kunye nemicimbi yentlalo. Ukubolekisa abantwana kuyimfuneko kwimpilo yedemokhrasi ende.

Imbambano Ezishukumisa Abantu Abaselula

Imeko-bume, imfundo efikelelekayo, ubulungisa bobuhlanga, amalungelo okuzala, namathuba ezoqoqosho aphambili kuluhlu lwabavoti abaninzi abaselula. Abathathi-nxaxheba abathetha ngezi ngxaki ngokunyani bangabhenela phezulu. Ngokwahlukileyo, xa amaqela engawakhathaleli amaxhala aselula, ukungakhathali kuyakhula. Imibutho efana elungiselelwe ubomi bethu, ilungelelaniswe ngabasindi besikolo saseParkland, ibonisa ukuba abantu abaselula bayakwazi ukuxhasa ngamandla imigaqo ethile ekhethekileyo baze baguqulele i-ctixism kwingcinezelo yokhetho.

Ukoyisa Ubuqhetseba Nokungakhathali

Abanye abavoti abaselula bavakalelwa kukuba ukuvota kwabo akunto ibalulekileyo, ingakumbi kumaphondo angarhuqwanga okanye kwisithili esiphelisweyo. Ukulwa noku kufuna unxibelelwano olubonakalayo phakathi kokuvota kunye notshintsho lwenkqubo. Umzekelo, unyulo lwamashumi amabini aneshumi elinesibini lwabona ukurhoxa kolutsha olusembindini wexesha eliphakathi, olukhokelela kwigagalelo lemigaqo-nkqubo yenkqubela-phambili kwamanye amazwe. I-e-eye-entangx-eye-edevea, iphulo lezentlalo-ndaba ngabaphembeleli, kunye nemibutho exhotyiswe ngabaselula njengeNxulumani yaseMelika elandelayo inceda ukuguqula ukupheliswa kwentembeko.

Ukuthomalalisa Umlinganiselo Weminyaka Yokwahlula Imali

Amanye amazwe noomasipala baye bacinga ukuthoba iminyaka yokuvota ibe yi-16 okanye 17 kunyulo lwasekuhlaleni. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngelithi abantu abaselula basengozini kwimigaqo-nkqubo yemfundo neyobume bendalo, kwaye ngaphambilana ukuvota kwakha imikhwa yokuphila konke. Abachasi baxhalabela ukuqola nolwazi. ISkotlani ivumela abali-16 neshumi elinesixhenxe leminyaka ukuba bavote kwi-arhente yenkululeko yayo yonyaka ka-2014, kwaye uphando lwabonisa ukuba aba batshati batsha.

Isiphelo

Ukuncoma kunelungelo kwaye kuyindlela engqalileyo yokubumba urhulumente wabo. Imbali yokuvota yibali lokulwa nenkqubela, isikhumbuzi sokuba ukuba nenxaxheba kwidemokhrasi akuqinisekiswanga. Kumaqela alwayo amalungelo amabhinqa aye alwela amalungelo asekuhlaleni abeka ubomi bawo esichengeni sokufikelela kuluntu olulinganayo, isizukulwana ngasinye kufuneka sihlaziye ukuzinikela kwibhokisi yebholavot.

Noko ke, ukuvota kukodwa akwanele. Idemokhrasi ephambili ifuna ukumiselwa phakathi konyulo: ukubhalela amagunya, ukufika kwiiholo zedolophu, ukujoyina amaqela olawulo, nokubeka ityala kwiinkokeli. Kodwa isenzo sokuvota sisaqhubeka sisisiseko. Ivumela urhulumente, ikhupha amazwi ahlukeneyo, inika ummi ngamnye umthi kwixesha elizayo. Ukuba unguvoti wokuqala okanye ungumxhasi onobuchule, ukuphakamisa ubunzima bakho. Bregister, funda i-bolotat, kwaye ibonisa. UDemoraccas uyakwazi ukuphendula.