Injongo Karhulumente Eqalisiweyo

Isiqalo somGaqo-siseko weUnited States simi njengeyona ngxelo ibalulekileyo kwimbali yezobupolitika zaseMelika. Ayiwaniki amandla, idala iiofisi, okanye ichaze amalungelo. Endaweni yoko, ivakalisa iinjongo ezisisiseko urhulumente amiselwe ngazo. Iinjongo ezintandathu ezidweliswe kwiNqukuliso . Ukumisela umanyano olugqibeleleyo, ukumisela okusesikweni, ukuqinisekisa ubunyhwala obusemzimbeni, ukulungiselela ukukhusela okuqhelekileyo, ukuxhasa intlalo, nokukhusela intlalo-ntle, kunye nokukhusela iintsikelelo zenkululeko, apho zonke izizukulwana zilinganiswa khona ngurhulumente wazo. Kwezinjongo ezintandathu, [[FLT:] kuqala, ukumisela ubunye obugqibeleleyo," kusisiseko esikhoyo esixhomekeke kwezinye iinjongo ezikhoyo. Ngaphandle kobunye obunamandla, akunakumiswa nako, ukukhuselwa kwenkululeko, kwaye akunakuchazwa, intengo yembali yezobupolitika yezopolitiki, kwaye iqhubekeka ingulo.

Ingxaki Eyabangela Uhlanga: Ukusilela Kwemiba Yomanyano

Ibinzana elithi "ukwenza umanyano olufezekileyo" lithetha ukuba umanyano olwalukho ngo1787 lwalungafezeki. Oko kungafezeki yayiyiNto yeKhompyutha, uxwebhu lokuqala olulawulayo lwe-United States. Igalelo lathi ngo1781, lakha urhulumente obuthathaka osebenza njenge " ingxowa yobuhlobo phakathi kolawulo oluphezulu kunelizwe eliphetheyo. Ingqungquthela yayingenalo gunya lerhafu, ilawula ushishino, okanye inyanzelisa imithetho yayo. Inokucela imali kunye nemikhosi evela kumaphondo, inkqubo eyangqina iyingozi.

Imeko yengxaki yafika uHlaziyo lweNtlalo ngo1786-1787]. Kwintshona yeMassachusetts, abalimi bamatyala, abajongene netyala kunye nokuvalelwa entolongweni, bathatha izixhobo zokuvala iinkundla kwaye bahamba kwizixhobo zelizwe eSpringfield. Urhulumente wesizwe, phantsi kweMigaqo, wayengenamandla okuphakamisa umkhosi wokuphelisa imvukelo. Yawela kwilizwe laseMassachusetts, enemali ephakanyiswe ngasese, ukuze ilungise intenganiso. Esi siganeko sathumela ukuthuka kwe-okthoba kwezobupolitika. UJames uLe komiti wabhalela uThoms Jefferson, evakalisa uloyiko lwakhe lokuba iRiphabliki ingaphumeleli. UGeorge Washington, owaye warhoxa ekwa kubomi boluntu kuluntu oluqhelekileyo, watshona kwiNtaba se-Mount, i-och noMgaqo-siseko sikarhulumente omtsha omtsha wazawongameli we-Rhulumenteyibhine. I-17 wabuweyo waphinda wahlanganisa

INdibano yoMgaqo-siseko: IBhayibhile eMkhulu

IConvention yezomGaqo-siseko yahlanganisana ePhiladelphia ngoMeyi 1787, kunye nabathunywa abasuka kumazwe alishumi elinesibini (Rhode Island ayizange ithathe inxaxheba). Umsebenzi wawumkhulu: ukuyila urhulumente onamandla ngokwaneleyo kodwa ongomeleleyo kangangokuba ude ude ude udedebe olugqithisele kwintsebenziswano. Ibinzana elithi "ukudibanisa ngokugqibeleleyo" yayiyinjongo engundoqo. Umba omkhulu owahlulayo wawuyiyo. [[FLT:] uPlayelo lweVRINIA [[FLT:], elacebisa ukuba i-bitralmpiastiki esekelwe kuluntu. Smagnon uthelelana nomthetho owenziwe ngolawulo olubini olusekelwe kwi-Expt org, u-Gromeas, u-Geneaner, u-All, u-Gromed , u-Adkn: [2] u-Edians .

Ulalaniso olukhulu lwesibini lubandakanya ukubala abantu abakhotyokiswe ngokweenjongo zomelo nerhafu. Isithathu-FFFT Ukungaguquguquki[[FL:1] yabala isithathu se-fesenti yabantu abakhotyokisiweyo ngenxa yokungamelani nokuhlulwa kwerhafu. Oku kwakukukukukubhiyozela okuthe tyezekileyo okufakelwe kwilaphu loMgaqo-siseko. Kukhunjulwa ukuba "umanyano olugqibeleleyo" lwangowewaka likhulu lewaka lewaka leminyaka sizama ukufikelela kwinzuzo epheleleyo esizabalazele yona namhlanje. Kwakhelwe ukulala, okuthile okuphakamileyo nokungalungiyo nokungalungiyo. [[FFFoct:2] [ute:] umba oluninzi. Umbangoonke, uGciso , oluthe ngqindiswa yingxaki yemeko yeBhomoni, i-Aleansbouston, yaye inguAleventians, eninzi yemeko ephantsi kwemeko eninzi.[104]

IGenesicals neWulwimi ye-"Ukwakha Umanyano olugqibeleleyo"

Ulwimi lwesiqalo lulula ngokukhohlisayo, kodwa onke amagama anyulwa ngokuchanekileyo. Ibinzana elithi " eligqibeke kakhulu " liyiklasi ephambili kwezobupolitika pragmatism. Ngenkulungwane ye18, "egqibeleleyo" yayinentsingiselo esemthethweni neyobunzululwazi "epheleleyo" okanye "epheleleyo". "egqibeleleyo" yayilelona ligqibeleleyo, elinamandla kakhulu kuneyalo yangaphambili. Yayingeyiyo into yokuba igqibelele okanye isiphelo. Yayiyiyo ukumazisa ukungafezeki kunye nokuzibopheleleki okuqhubekayo. Abaquququluneli baqonda ukuba babengayinzi i-yo i-Oilcolesles; babeyinkqubo. Bamisela indlela. Laa yindlela, ayizange ibe yindawo enye."

Benjamin Franklin, kwintetho yakhe yokugqibela kwiNdibano, wathatha lo moya wokuthobeka kunye nethemba. Wavuma ukuba wayengawuvumeli ngokupheleleyo umGaqo-siseko kuzo zonke iinxenye zawo, kodwa wathandabuza ukuba akafezeki kwaye wakhuthaza abanye abathunywa ukuba bawusayine. Ndiyavuma, Mnumzana, kulo Mgcimo-siseko, ngenxa yokuba andilindelanga nto ingcono, uFranklin. Le yingcamango ecacileyo ye "egqibeleleyo". Ayikufikelelanga ngokupheleleyo, okungenakwenzeka kwimicimbi yabantu. Imele ukugatya utshaba olugqibeleleyo nolufuna ulungiso oluvumela utshintsho kunye nolwenzelo.

Imigaqo edityanisiweyo ye "Iqela"

Igama elithi "Union" lalibaluleke ngokufanayo. Inqaku leConfederation lalibhekiselwa kwilizwe njenge "United States of America," kodwa igrama yayiyi-injinjinji ```yaseUnited States"'. UmGaqo-siseko waguqula igrama ibe yi-linye/iUnited States". Olu tshintsho lolwimi lwabonisa utshintsho olunzulu kulwazi lwezopolitiko. Olu hlanga lwalungaseyo ngqokelela yamazwe azimeleyo azimeleyo azimeleyo; yayiyindawo ekhethekileyo enye. Igama elithi "Union" laba ligama elingcwele kwimpucuko yezobupolitika yaseMelika. Ukutyhubela ikhulu le 19 leminyaka, ukulondolozwa kwenjongo ephambili yenkqubo yolawulo. Yayiyinjongo ka-Abraham eyalwa yimfazwe karhulumente. [FLD]"[1]

Imbali Ebhalwe Ngotshintsho: Iziganeko Ezibalaseleyo Ezikhokelela Kumanyano Olugqibeleleyo

Imbali ye-United States libali lokuzama ukwenza umanyano lube olufezekileyo. Isizukulwana ngasinye siye sajamelana nocelomngeni olusisiseko lokuphila ngokuvisisana nezithembiso zeSihloko. UmGaqo-siseko walungiselela izixhobo zalo msebenzi ngokulungisa inkqubo, kodwa amandla okwenene eenguqu ayevela kwimibutho yentlalo, ukhokelo lwezobupolitika, yaye ngokufuthi, imfazwe enogonyamelo.

IBhili Yamalungelo NeRiphabliki Yangaphambili

Izenzo zokuqala zorhulumente omtsha zajoliswe ekugqibeleni umanyano. Bhill yamaLungelo (1791]), ezokuqala ezilishumi zokubuyiselwa kuMgaqo-siseko, zongezelelwa ngokukhethekileyo ukucombulula uloyiko lwabaLawuli-Anti-Federali. Yaqinisekisa inkululeko esisiseko efana nenkululeko yokuthetha, unqulo, kunye nokucofa, kunye nabemi bemi belizwe ngokuchasene nokulawulwa korhulumente omtsha. Ngokukhusela lamalungelo, uTshetshiso lwamalungelo olulo lwawomeleza ukuphumelela kokuthandabuza amathandabuzenzi. Kwiminyaka yangaphambili, umanyano lwavavanywa lunyuko lwezopoliti (Federal Republic) ngaphandle kolwaphulo-mthetho.

Imfazwe Yamakhaya Nonyanzelo Lomanyano

Oluna vavanyo lunzulu "lomanyano olugqibelele ngakumbi" lwavela kwingxaki yomanyano yonyaka ka1860-1861. Ukusekwa kobukhoboka kwakuyisono sokuqala sovavanyo lwaseMelika, ukuphikisana okuthe ngqo neenjongo zokusekwa kwenkululeko nokulingana. Ukungavumelani konyaka ka-1850, iKansas-Nebraska Act, kunye ne [FLT]Dred Scott isigqibo [iiiiiimeko] [1857] bonke abazama ukubhala iphepha ngeenjongo ezinzulu zokwahlukana phakathi kwamazwe amakhoboka nazimeleyo, kodwa ingxabano yayingenamvano. Xa uAbraham Lincoln wathatha isikhundla, wanyanzelela ukuba i-Union yayingekho ncam kwaye i-ekho. Imfazwe yoluntu yayilinye ityala elininzi kwimbali yaseMelika, yayinokuxabana nobomi obunye.

IDilesi kaLincoln i-Gottysburg ime njengeyona njongo inamandla yokutolika iphambili. Ngokukhupha iSindululo senkululeko kunye nokuzalwa kwesizwe "isine seminyaka esixhenxe edluleyo," iLincoln yaphikisa ukuba "umanyano olugqibeleleyo" lwalungelolungiselelo lezobupolitika kodwa yayilishishini lokuziphatha. Wabiza ukuzalwa ngokutsha kwenkululeko" ukuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente wabantu, ngabantu, yaye abantu abasayi kutshabalaliswa yile nkonzo epheleleyo emhlabeni. [FLT:], 14 [15:5] kunye no-15] ukukhuselwa okusemthethweni okusemthethweni kwaqinisekisa ukuba ulawulo lwabantu, kunye nokukhuselwa komthetho osemthethweni, kumele ukukhuselwa phantsi komnye. [FOR.N.N.5]

IXesha Eliqhubekayo Nokwanda Kolawulo - melo

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 kunye nasekuqaleni kweye-20 kwazisa ucelomngeni olutsha. Inguquko yemizi - mveliso yabangela ukungalingani okukhulu kwengeniso, ukusetyenziswa kwemisebenzi, kunye nokonakala kwezobupolitika. INguquko yeNkqubela eqhubekayo yafuna ukugqibelela umanyano ngokwenza urhulumente athabathe ulawulo oluphezulu kubantu. [[FLT:]16] IsiHlamlisi seSiphendu [[[FLT:] se-16] savumela iBhunga ukuba liyinike irhafuthezo lengeniso, idala inkqubo yemali eninzi ekhoyo. [[FLT]]] Unyuso lwemali [FLT] 17th] [[FLT]] unyuso lweSinyuso-Santers, ukususa amandla kwimithetho yomthetho-mthetho-mthetho-siseko nokunika intengomelelo olusebenzayo. [[FLD] kunye nokunye ukufezeka okulungileyo kwe-Resolution."

IQumrhu Lamalungelo Abemi Nokuzaliseka Kwesithembiso

Inkqubela ebalulekileyo yenkulungwane yama-20 kumanyano olugqibeleleyo yavela kwiNtlanganiso yamaLungelo yamakhaya. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo . Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo[ [1954] [[FLT]] yaluguqula ulwahlulelo oluthi "lungalingani" imfundiso echaziwe kwaye yavakalisa ukungavumelani nomthetho. Esi sigqibo sasikusetyenziso oluthe ngqo lweSinyusi-14 sokhuseleko esiqhelekileyo sikaClauslaus, sibetha kwintliziyo yocaluvo-luvo-luvo-luvo. Iqela, elikhokelwa ngamanani njengoMartin King Jr., uRosalks, kunye no-Grackis, sasebenzisa ukungathobeki kwesizwe ukuba kubhedededelwa inkululeko ekwako yabemi bobuBlawu.

[[NTLT: 0] ICivil Act ka 1964 kunye [[FLT:] noMthetho wamaLungelo] ka 1965[[FLT:]] yayiyimpumelelo yemithetho yemithetho ebhaliweyo eyaphelisa ucalulo olusemthethweni kunye noMgaqo-siseko wamaMelika othe wanika izigidi-zigidi zabantu. [[FLT:]] [uMthetho we-FLT]] kunye noMthetho-onke [[FLT:]] Intetho, uKumkani wabeka umzabalazo njengemfuneko yokuba ilizwe linike intlawulo lwalo lokuqalisa kwalo. Wathetha ngomGaqo-siseko noMgaqo-siseko kunye noMgaqo-mvume weSigqilo njengephetshana "intekozo" [F6] [umbaso , [umbavuvuvulo oluqhubekeyo] [F4], [umthetho-okanye umbalelo oluthe waphinda ulwa, umbalelo oluthelelwe , oluthi oluthiyo] [F] [F] [F]]

Umsebenzi Ongazange Upheliswe: Umanyano Olugqibeleleyo Ngenkulungwane Ye - 21

Ibinzana elithi "ukubumba umanyano olufezekileyo" lihlala lingumgangatho onamandla nophikiswayo kwezobupolitika zale mihla. Licelwa kwizigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo, iintetho zomongameli, kunye neengcano zobuProfente. Lisebenza njengesikhumbuzi esizingisileyo sokuba umsebenzi wohlanga awukagqibi. Umanyano lujongene nocelomngeni olutsha oluvavanya ukuzimisela nokukwazi kwalo ukumelana nokusesikweni.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwezobupolitika Neentsomi Zolawulo

Enye yezisongelo ezinkulu "egqibelele ngakumbi" namhlanje kukungalingani okugqithiseli kwezobupolitika. Eli lizwe lahluleke kakhulu ngokweengcamango, imimandla, kunye nezithethe. Unyulo 2016 no-2020 lwatyhila uhlanga olwahlukene phantse ngokwesiqingatha kwimibuzo esisiseko yokulawula. Ubuchule borhulumente wesizwe bokucombulula iingxaki eziqhelekileyo/zezoqoqosho, ubuchule bokungalingani kwezezimali, ukufuduka, ukutshintsha kwemozulu, ukutshintsha--andleka okusoloko kwenziwa yi-demokhrasi. Ukulahleka kokholo kumaqumrhu edemokhrasi, ukunyuka kwenkohliso, kunye nokwanda kwemiqathango yonke yemixokelelwano. Ucelomngeni lwenkulungwane yama-21 e-21 kukufumana iindlela zokufumana ezi bhulokhwe ngoxa kuhlonelwa ngokwahlukana okusemthethweni. "Umanyano olugqibeleleyo" lufuna ukungakhathalelwa komthetho wentlalo-ntle kunye nokurhoxisana.

Ukuchaza "Thina Bantu" Kuhlanga Olwahlukileyo

Umbuzo wokuba ngubani ongowomanyano ngumbandela ohlala uhleli. Ingxaki yokuqala "Thina bantu" yayingumsebenzi omncinane wabemi: abamhlophe, amadoda aphethe impahla. Kwiinkulungwane zokulwa, ingcaciso ikhulele ekuqukezeni amabhinqa, amancinane, nabantu beemvelaphi ezingafaniyo. Namhlanje, olu hlanga luhlukene kakhulu kunanini na ngaphambili, kwaye impikiswano yokuqukwa kwelizwe iyaqhubeka ingundoqo kwiphulo lokwakha ubunye obugqibeleleyo. Inkqubo yokuvota, amalungelo okuvota, kunye nokulungisa ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho kukwindawo apho intsingiselo yokukhusela okulinganayo ikhuselwa kukhuphiswa khona. Iziphumo zezi ngxaki ziya kugqiba enoba uhlanga luphila kusini na olusezincotsheni. Umsebenzi wokuyila ubunye obugqibeleleyo obuqhubekayo ukwandisa ubunye ubuhlanga obunetyala, kuquka nokusetyenziswa kobungendawo obuziinko.

UmGaqo-siseko ophefumlelwayo nendima yeeNkundla

Isebe lejaji linendima ebalulekileyo ekuchazeni intsingiselo "yomanyano olugqibeleleyo kakhulu. Ingcamango ye " Ephilayo uMgaqo-siseko" ikholelwa ukuba intsingiselo yoxwebhu iguquka ngexesha elithile ukuhlangabezana neemeko ezintsha. Ngaphantsi kwale mbono, iinkundla zinembopheleleko yokwandisa ukusetyenziswa kwemigaqo engundoqo efana nomlinganiselo nenkululeko. Izigqibo ezikhoyo ezifana nomlinganiselo kunye nomthetho okhoyo. Izigqibo zendalo zenkulungwane ezingama-20 kunye nezingama-21 zingu-[FLT] [[FLT] [2]] [bronn] v.[FT].[FT]

Isiphelo: Ilifa Lomsebenzi Ongenantabalala

Ibinzana elithi "ukwenza umanyano olugqibeleleyo" asiyonkcazelo emileyo yokuphumelela okugqityiweyo. Lubizo lokusebenza, umgangatho oluthi uhlanga lulinganisele inkqubela yalo, nethemba lekamva elingcono. Abaseki banika uxwebhu olugqibeleleyo, kodwa olugqibeleleyo. Baqonda ukuba umanyano luyakufuna inkathalo engapheliyo, ukhuseleko oluphaphileyo, kunye notshintsho lwexesha elithile. Imbali yeUnited States ingqinelana namandla ale ngcamango. Ukusukela ekuphelisweni kobukhoboka ukuya kunyuselo lwamalungelo okuvota, ukusuka kumsebenzi omtsha wokusebenza kuMalungelo oMbini, isizukulwana ngasinye sithabathe umsebenzi wokwenza umanyano lugqibelele ngakumbi.

Njengoko uhlanga lusiya lungena nzulu kwinkulungwane yama-21, ucelomngeni luhlala lufana. Uqhelaniso lwezobupolitika, ukungalingani kwentlalo, nemibuzo yesizwe iya kuvavanya amaqhina omanyano. Kodwa imaphu icacile. Inikeza ikhampasi. ] thina bantu singababhali kunye nabalawulwa balo mba uluntu oluqhubekayo. Uxanduva alusuki kurhulumente kuphela; luhlala kumntu wonke; luhlala kumntu wonke. Ukuyila umanyano olugqibeleleyo lufuna ukudibana noluntu, incoko enyanisekileyo, kwaye ukuzimisela ukudlulisela iintsikelelo zenkululeko kuzo zonke. Ngumsebenzi ongapheliyo owenziwa yinjongo epheleleyo. [FLT.[FL:]