Ingcamango yokumela ngokusesikweni kwiinkqubo zokuvota ligumbi lolawulo-demokhrasi. Iqinisekisa ukuba onke amazwi aviwayo kwaye inkqubo yezobupolitika ibonakalisa umahluko wabemi. Ngaphandle komelo olulungileyo, unyulo lunomngcipheko wokuqhubekekisa ukungalingani nokucutha uluntu lonke. Kweli nqaku, siza kuhlolisisa ukubaluleka komelo olulungileyo, impembelelo yalo kwibutho labantu, kunye neenkqubo ezahlukeneyo ezizimisele ukufikelela kuyo. Siya kuhlola kwakhona uphando lwemeko lokwenene lwehlabathi, iingxaki ezizingisileyo, kunye nokuvela kwemikhwa ebumba ikamva loyilo lwezinyulo.

Ukuqonda Umelo Olufanelekileyo

Umelo olulungileyo luthetha ukuba inkqubo yonyulo ivumela onke amaqela aphakathi kwabemi ukuba abe namathuba alinganayo okuphembelela inkqubo yezobupolitika. Le ngcamango isekelwe kwingcamango yokuba ivoti nganye yommi kufuneka ithwale ubunzima obulinganayo kwaye amaqela amancinane (achazwa luhlanga, ubuhlanga, imeko yentlalo, okanye yezentlalo-ntle yezoqoqosho). Ukuqhelisa, ukumela okusesikweni kungaphaya kokubopha ibhola yomntu; kubandakanya indlela abavoti abaguqulelwa ngayo kwizihlalo nendlela abavoti abagcinwa ngayo benoxanduva kwabo babanyulileyo.

Ukubaluleka Komelo Olufanelekileyo

Ukumela okufanelekileyo kunendima ebalulekileyo ekukhuthazeni ukudibana nokulingana kwemeko yezobupolitika. Xa kumelelwa kakuhle inani labantu, kukhokelela:

  • Unyuso oluphezulu lomvoti: Abantu banokuba nenxaxheba kunyulo xa beva ukuba ulwamkelo lwabo lumelwe. Uphando lubonisa ukuba ukujika kwiinkqubo zolungelelwaniso kusoloko kuphezulu kuneenkqubo eziphumeleleyo. Umzekelo, [[FLT:] I-IDEA yehlabathi lonke ibonakalisa ukuba amazwe asebenzisa umelo lomlinganiselo ugqithiso anika ingxelo ephezulu yomvoti-goqo.
  • Iziphumo ezingcono zenkqubo: iimbono ezigqwethekileyo zikhokelela kwiinkqubo ezibanzi nezisebenzayo. Xa abenzi bomthetho bebonakalisa abemi, bazisa amava obomi nobuchule obuphucula umthetho. Ufundo lwama-2020 olupapashwe kwi Joral of Politics[ lufumanise ukuba iindlu zowiso-mthetho ezinemifuziselo eninzi zivelisa imigaqo engcono ethetha ngemfuno yemithetho ephucula imfuno yamaqela akhoyo.
  • Isivumelwano soluntu esithe ngqo: Ummeli wezobuGcisa ukhuthaza imvakalelo yokuba lilungu kunye noluntu phakathi kwamaqela awahlukeneyo. Xa abemi bezibona beseburhulumenteni, ukuthembana kumaqumrhu kuyakhula, kunciphisa ukwahlukana kwezobupolitika kunye noqhekeko lwentlalo.

Ngaphezu koko, ukumela okulungileyo kuyanceda ekukhuseleni ekucinezeleni kwenkoliso. Ngokuqinisekisa ukuba amazwi ambalwa anethuba lokwenene lokuviwa, iinkqubo zonyulo zinokuyikhusela kwiinkqubo ebeziya kuba zityeshela okanye zenze umonakalo abantu ababuthathaka.

Iintlobo zeenkqubo zokujija

Kukho iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokuvota ezilungiselelwe ukuphakamisa umelo olufanelekileyo. Inkqubo nganye inamandla ahlukeneyo nobuthathaka, ichaphazela indlela amavoti aguqulelwa ngayo kwigunya lezobupolitika. Ukuqonda ezi mbono zingafaniyo kubalulekile ekuhloleni izicelo zokuguqula.

1. Ukuqala-Past-The- Post (FPTP)

Inkqubo yokuqala- yePast-The Post yenye yezona nkqubo ziqhelekileyo zonyulo, ezisetyenziswa kumazwe anjenge United Kingdom, United States, Canada, neIndiya. Kule nkqubo, ilizwe lahlulwe lizingingqi ezinabantu abahlukeneyo, kwaye umvoti onenkoliso yamavoti uyaphumelela, nokuba abaphumeleli beninzi. Ngelixesha ilula kwaye isoloko ivelisa icandelo elinye lorhulumente, iza nezithintelo ezibalulekileyo:

  • Umelo lweprojekti: amaqela amancinci asenokuzama ukufumana izihlalo, kwanaxa efumana isabelo esinentsingiselo sovoti yesizwe. Umzekelo, kunyulo lwamazwe ase Canada lonyaka ka-2019, iGreen Party yaphumelela 6.5% kwivoti ethandwayo kodwa kuphela 3 kwezihlalo ezi-338 (0.9%).
  • Ivoti ezivotiweyo: ivoti yabaphulukani nesiphumo kwisithili sabo. Kwizihlalo ezikhuselekileyo, iivoti ezininzi ziyalahlwa ngokunempumelelo. Unyulo lomongameli wase-U.U.20 lwabona izigidi zamavoti kumazwe angalawuli anzima angenasiphumo kwi-Electoral College.
  • ukuvota okuzenzekelayo: Ivoti zisoloko ziziva zinyanzelekile ukuba zivote ibhaqo lomntu ongathandwanga ukunqanda lowo ungathandwayo, zigqwetha izinto ezikhethwayo zokwenene.

2. Umelo oluzizo (PR)

Iinjongo zomelo lwepropotical zokwabela izihlalo kwindlu yowiso-mthetho ngokuhambelana nevoti efunyanwa liqela ngalinye. Le nkqubo ingathabatha iintlobo ezahlukeneyo, ezifana ne:

  • Uluhlu PR: Imihlaba inika uluhlu lwabathathi-nxaxheba, kwaye izihlalo zabelwe ngokwepesenti yevoti ezifunyenweyo. Iivoter zingakhetha phakathi kwemihlathi evaliweyo (apho iqela limisela umyalelo) okanye uluhlu oluvulekileyo (apho abavoti banokubonisa khona izikhethelo phakathi kwabatshati). Uluhlu lwe PR lusetyenziswa kwaSirayeli, Brazil, namazwe amaninzi aseYurophu.
  • IVote edluliswayo enye (STV): Abathathi-nxaxheba kwisithili ezinamalungu amaninzi. Ivotes zisasazwa de zonke izihlalo zigcwaliswe, ukuqinisekisa ukuba zilungelelanisiwe ngexesha kwakhona zivumela abavoti ukuba bakhethe phakathi kwabathathi-nxaxheba beqela elinye. I-STV isetyenziswa e-Ireland, eMalta, nakolunye unyulo lwasekuhlaleni eScotlani nase-New Zealand.

Iinkqubo zePR ngokuqhelekileyo zivelisa iipalamente ezingaphezulu. Umzekelo, kunyulo lwama-2022 eSweden, amaqela ali-10 afumana izihlalo, ebonisa uninzi oluninzi lweembono zobupolitika. Noko ke, i-PR isenokukhokelela kwizindlu zowiso-mthetho eziqhekeziweyo noorhulumente abamanyeneyo, abasenokungazinzi kwiimeko ezithile. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngokuthi i-PR isenokunika impembelelo engafanelekanga kumaqela amancinane angenamiqobo ukuba imiqobo isezantsi kakhulu.

3. Iinkqubo ze-electoral ezixutyiweyo

Iinkqubo zokhetho ezixutyiweyo zidibanisa amalungu e FPTP ne PR. Voters zinevoti ezimbini: enye kumvotisi kwisithili sazo sobulali nesinye seqela. Le nkqubo ifuna ukulinganisa umelo lwengingqi nolwahlulo lwento nganye. Kukho iindidi ezimbini ezisezantsi:

  • [[NTL:0] Isetyenziswa eJamani, eNew Zealand, nase Scotland (kwipalamente yayo), iMMP ibuyisela ngqo ukususwa koluhlu ngokudibanisa izihlalo ukuhlenga-hlengisa iminqongo yeqela. Oku kubangela uthelekiso olusondeleyo phakathi kwevoti kunye nesabelo sesihlalo.
  • [[NTL:0] Prallel (okanye iMidityaniswe-Majoritarian) Isetyenziswa eJapan naseMzantsi Korea, iinkqubo ezinxuseneyo zisebenzisa iFPTP nePR ngokuzimeleyo, ngaphandle kwentlawulo. Oku kusoloko kukhokelela kwiziphumo ezincinci ezithelekisayo kune MMP.

Iinkqubo ezixutyiweyo zinokunikela ezona zinto zibhetele kuzo zombini ezikhoyo, kodwa zikwantsonkothile ngakumbi kubavoti yaye zifuna ukuba kwenziwe ngenyameko ukuze kuphephe ukubhaxeka.

4. Iinkqubo zokujija ezijijelweyo ze-Choice Voling (RCV) kunye nenkqubo yokujinga engezizo

Ngapha kweminye imiba emithathu ebanzi, ezinye iinkqubo zijolise ukuphucula umelo. Le nkqubo iyaqhubeka de kube ngukhetho olukhawulezayo olukhoyo. I-RCV isetyenziswa eOstreliya (kwiNdlu yabameli) kwaye kwizixeko ezininzi ze-U.

Ucelomngeni Lokumela Umfanekiso Ofanelekileyo

Nangona kubalulekile ukuba ngabameli abalungileyo, kukho iingxaki eziliqela eziqhubekayo ekuzifikeleleni. Olunye lwale mingeni lusekelwe ngokunzulu kwimicimbi yezobupolitika, ngoxa olunye lubangelwa kukungalingani kwentlalo nezoqoqosho.

  • Ukusetyenziswa kwemida yesithili sonyulo kunganciphisa amandla okuvota amaqela athile. EUnited States, omabini amaqela amakhulu aye asebenzisa ukukhuthaza inzuzo, ngokufuthi epakisha abavoti abambalwa kwimimandla embalwa okanye abahlulayo kwimimandla emininzi ukuhlisa impembelelo yabo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo iye yagqiba kwelokuba i-gerrymandering ngumbuzo wezobupolitika ngaphaya kokufikelela kweenkundla zelizwe, ishiya abavoti abambalwa beboleki-vota kumazwe ambalwa okanye bebophula imimandla emininzi ukucutha impembelelo yabo. Inkundla ephakamileyo iye yagqiba ukuba i-Rhovergerrymander ingumbuzo wezopolitiko, ishiya utshintsho lusiya kumazwe.
  • Uxinzelelo lweVoter: Imisebenzi edinisa abemi abathile ``imithetho ye-ID engqongqo, ecutha ukuvota kwangethuba, kunye nokukhutshwa kwerollar yevoti--undermine elungileyo. Ezi zenzo ngokungenakuthelekiswa zichaphazela inani elincinane, ingeniso ephantsi, kunye nevoti encinane.
  • Imiqobo yentlalo yezoqoqosho: Ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho kungachaphazela umvoti nonyulo. Abantu abafumana ingeniso ephantsi badla ngokungabi nazintloni zokuthatha ixesha lokusebenza, ukuswela iitranki, okanye ukumelana nemiqobo yolwimi. Ukongeza, ukungalingani kwezelelwa kwezemali ngokwezoqoqosho kunganika impembelelo egqithisileyo kwabavoti kunye nenkqubo.
  • Imiqobo ekhoyo: Kwezinye iinkqubo ze PR, amaqela kufuneka aphumeze ipesenti encinane yevoti ukuze afumane izihlalo. Ngelixesha imiqobo ithintela uqhekeko, bangawafaki ngaphandle amaqela amancinane asemthethweni. Umzekelo, umqobo we-10% wase Turkey ugxekwe ngokucinezela ukumela amaqela eKurdish.
  • Iindlela zokulawula ezisebenzisa amalungu enye ephondo zigqithiselwe ngaphezulu kweqela elikhulu kwisithili ngasinye, zisoloko ziphumela "kuninzi olufunyenweyo" apho iqela lizuza uninzi lwezihlalo ezinendawo ezingaphantsi kwesiqingatha sovoti ethandwayo.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala Kumfanekiso Omhle

Uhlolisiso lwetyala lungasenza siqonde indlela eyahluke ngayo impembelelo yenkqubo yokuvota. Nantsi imizekelo emine ebalulekileyo evela ehlabathini jikelele:

1. Utshintsho lwaseNew Zealand

Ngo-1993, emva kwengxoxo ende kawonke wonke kunye nee-arhente ezimbini, i-New Zealand yamkela inkqubo ye-Mixdient Alungu Proportonal (MMP) yokuthatha indawo ye-FPPP. Utshintsho lwaphumela kwipalamente engakumbi yabameli. Amaqela amancinane anjengeGreens ne-New Zealand Kuqala afumene izihlalo, anyanzela amaqela amakhulu ukuba athethe ngemidibaniso. Ngenxa yoko, inkqubo yaba yenzeka ngakumbi, kwaye urhulumente ngoku ubonisa uludwe olubanzi lweembono. [[FLT: 0] iKhomishini yezorhwebo yaseNew Zealand inika ushwankathelo olunembali olubhaliweyo lwezinguquko.

2. Inkqubo exutyiweyo yeJamani

IJamani isebenzisa inkqubo exubeneyo yemiqathango yeBoundag yayo. Ivote ezimbini: enye yezabelo zobulali (FPTP) nenye yoluhlu lwamaqela (PR). Ivoti yePR imisela ukwenziwa jikelele kwepalamente, nezihlalo zoluhlu ezikhutshiwe nakuphi na ukurhoxa kwemiqathango yokuqala. Le nkqubo ibangele ukuba inkqubo yecandelo elininzi eliquka iDemocrates, iSocial Democrates, Greens, Free Democrates, kunye neKhohlo, iqinisekisa ukuba iimbono ezahlukahlukeneyo zezobupolitika zimelwe yiNkundla yezobuzwe laseJamani ilawula kwiinkqubo ezininzi, iqinisekisa ukudityaniswa kwayo.

3. Isibonelelo esinye esidluliselweyo sase-Ireland (STV)

I-Ireland iye yasebenzisa i-STV ukususela ekusungulweni kwesizwe ngo-1922. Abathathi-nxaxheba bavelisa oorhulumente abanezigxina ezizinzileyo (ngokuqhelekileyo 3 ukuya kwezihlalo 5). Oku kuvumela zombini ulwahlulo lolwahlulo kunye nokhuphiswano lwe-intrapartey. Unyulo lwase-Ireland lwaziwa ngomgangatho ophezulu wemirhumo yengca ephunyeziweyo kunye nenkonzo eyomeleleyo. I-STV ivelise oorhulumente ababumbene abazinzileyo kwaye inconywe ngokubonakalisa iinketho ngokuchanekileyo. [ Iproject ye-ACE inika ugcino-data oluthelekisayo lothelekiso lwendlela i-STV kwezinye iinkqubo.

4. Ulingelo lwaseKhanada lokukhupha ezinye iindlela

IKhanada ifumene ii-arhentes ezininzi zephondo kutshintsho lwezinyusi, eziphawuleka kakhulu eBritish Columbia (2005, 2009) nase-Ontario (2007). Kwi BC, icetyiswe ukuba kutshintshelwe kwinkqubo eyodwa ye Vote yafumana 57.7% yemvume ngo-2005 kodwa yasilela kufutshane kumda ofunekayo wama-60%. Ingxoxo yabalaselisa ukunqwenela utshintsho kodwa kwanobunzima bokufikelela ekufikeleleni kwesivumelwano esithile. I-Canada ingumzekelo obalulekileyo welizwe apho i-FPTPP iqhubeka khona nangona isandi sisakhula.

Ikamva Lomelo Olufanelekileyo

Njengoko iinguqu ziguquka, incoko ejikeleze ukuma kobulungisa iyaqhubeka. Ukudibanisa ubugcisa nokutshintsha kwamanani abantu kungayichaphazela inkqubo yokuvota yexesha elizayo. Uqwalaselo oluphambili lwekamva luquka:

  • Inkqubela-phambili yobugcisa: kwi-Online vucation kunye nobugcisa bokuvala bunganyusa ufikelelo nokhuseleko. Noko ke, ziphakamisa inkxalabo malunga yimfihlo yabavoti, ukuqhekeza, kunye nolwahlulo lwamanani. Iinkqubo zesikhokelo kumazwe afana neEstonia zibonise isithembiso, kodwa ukufunyanwa komntwana okusasasazekileyo kusenempikiswano.
  • Ukuqonda okuthe chatha: ukuqonda okuthe kratya okusemgangathweni kwenkqubo yonyulo kungenza imfuneko yotshintsho. Imithombo yezonxibelelwano nemfundo yentlalo inceda abemi balapho bafunde malunga nezinye izinto ezifana nokuvota okusemthethweni kunye nomelo lolwahlulo.
  • Imbono ye-Global: Ukufunda kwimizekelo yezizwe ngezizwe kungazisa iinkqubo zasekhaya. Iintlangano ezifana ne eCebekileyo uLungelo loLutsha [ kwi UK ne Fairvote kumncedisi we US wendlela ezikhuthaza ubulungisa nenxaxheba.
  • Iinguqu zobudala: abemi abalupheleyo, ukufuduka, kunye nokufuduka kutshintsha ukuhonjiswa kweevoloti. Iinkqubo eziphendula ezi nguquko ```````Imidiza''' yoluntu oluninzi.'
  • Utshintsho olwakha ukuthembana, njengemisebenzi yokuzimela nokuzimela kwimali yephulo, lubalulekile ngokukhula.

Ekugqibeleni, ikamva lomelo olulungileyo lixhomekeke ekulinganiseni ulungelelwano nokulawulwa. Akukho nkqubo igqibeleleyo, kodwa incoko eqhubekayo kunye novavanyo lungakhokelela kwinkqubela-phambili eyomeleza idemokhrasi.

Isiphelo

Ukumela okufanelekileyo kwiinkqubo zokuvota kubalulekile kwidemokhrasi esempilweni. Ngokuqinisekisa ukuba onke amazwi avakalayo kwaye axabisekile, ibutho labantu lingakhuthaza ukungavumelani nokungaguquguquki. Ukuqonda iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokuvota(FPTP, PR, iinkqubo ezixubeneyo, kunye nezinye iindlela ezifana ne-RCV, kwaye impembelelo yazo ekumela ibaluleke kakhulu kubafundisi, abafundi, kunye nabemi ngokufanayo. Ngoxa iingxaki ezifana ne-gerrymanster kunye nokhupholo zihleli, ukuba izifundo ezivela eNew Zealand, i-Ireland, nezinye iindawo zibonisa ukuba utshintsho lunokwenzeka kwaye luyingenelo. Indlela ephambili ifuna ukuqhubekeka komsebenzi wolawulo oluluvoti olufanelekileyo, kunye nokuzinikela kumgaqo womgaqo womthetho wokuvota olinganayo. Njengoko abemi abahlala besazi kakuhle nokukhuthaza umelo olufanelekileyo belungekho nje umsebenzi we-compustism.