Umthetho ngumgaqo osisiseko oxhasa uluntu lwedemokhrasi kwaye usebenza njengesiseko solawulo lwale mihla. Iqinisekisa ukuba umntu ngamnye, ukusuka kwigosa eliphakamileyo likarhulumente ukuya kweyona mmi iphantsi komthetho, ubekelwe ityala ngokulinganayo kwisiseko esinye semithetho. Le ngcamango ibalulekile ekulondolozeni okusesikweni, ukukhusela amalungelo abantu ngabanye, nokukhuthaza ucwangco lwentlalo-ntle. Ngaphandle komthetho, ibutho labantu lizibeka esichengeni sokuthoba amandla angenalusini, ukonakala, kunye nengxabano. Njengoko iPhondo yeSicwangciso soLawulo soMgaqo-siseko sehlabathi, umthetho asingomthetho nje kuphela owenkqubo esemthethweni kodwa umgaqo olawula ubomi babantu abangamawaka ezigidi emhlabeni wonke.

Uyintoni uMthetho?

Umthetho ubhekisela kumgaqo wokuba imithetho isebenza ngokulinganayo kubo bonke abantu kwaye akukho namnye ongaphezulu komthetho. Iligumbi ledemokhrasi kwaye inika isiseko sokulawula ngokusesikweni, ngokuzimela, nangokusesikweni. Ingcamango ikwisiseko samandulo, ebuyela kwingcamango ka-Aristotle yokuba "umthetho ungcono kunaye nawuphi na umntu." Kwiminyaka engamakhulu, yavela ngoMagna Carta ngo1215, imibhalo yokukhanyiselwa kukaJohn Locke noMontesquieu, kunye nomthetho weminyaka yasemva kwemfazwe yehlabathi II. Namhlanje, umthetho uqwalaselwa ngokuba ngumthetho olungileyo jikelele, okhutshwe kumaxwebhu anjengoMthetho wehlabathi lonke wamaLungelo oluntu noweZizwe Ezimanyeneyo.

Imigaqo Efanelekileyo Yomthetho

Umthetho uquka izinto eziliqela ezingundoqo ezidibanisa inkqubo yokuziphendulela ekulawuleni nasekuqiniseni umthetho. Le migaqo ixhomekeke kwintsebenziswano; umntu utsho angakwazi ukwenza nto.

Ukulingana Ngaphambi KoMthetho

Ukulingana phambi komthetho kuthetha ukuba wonke umntu, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ubutyebi, imeko yentlalo, ubuhlanga, okanye igunya lezobupolitika, uphantsi kwemigangatho efanayo esemthethweni. Akukho namnye okhululekileyo ekuphenduleni ngokusemthethweni, kwaye akukho namnye ofumana amalungelo akhethekileyo okanye ukugonywa. Lo mgaqo ubalulekile ekukhuthazeni ukuthembana kwabantu nokuqinisekisa ukuba okusesikweni akuboni. Noko ke, ukufikelela umlinganiselo wokwenyaniso kufuna ukuphaphakanyiswa okuqhubekayo nxamnye neemfanteko zenkqubo ezinokubonakaliswa kumthetho, imicimbi yenkundla, kunye nomthetho.

Ukuphendula kukarhulumente neziko

Umba ongundoqo womthetho ngowokuba amagosa karhulumente kunye namaziko akwimigangatho efanayo esemthethweni njengabemi abaqhelekileyo. Oku kuquka ulawulo oluphezulu, indlu yowiso-mthetho, kunye nejaji. Ngaphandle kokuphendula ngolo hlobo, abo banegunya bangalisebenzisa kakubi igunya labo ngaphandle kokufumana isohlwayo. Amaqumrhu azimeleyo, uhlolo lomthetho, kunye neenkqubo zolawulo ezicacileyo zinceda ekunyanzeleni oku kuphendula. Umthetho weSigqibo soMthetho weWorld Project ubalazekethisi njengonobangela ongundoqo ekulinganiseleni umthetho wempilo kuwo onke amazwe.

Ukucaca Nokubaluleka Komthetho

Imithetho kufuneka icace, ifikeleleke ekuhleni, kwaye izinze. Abemi namashishini kufuneka bawazi amalungelo abo nezibopho zabo kusengaphambili ukuze bacwangcise imicimbi yabo ngokufanelekileyo. Imithetho yentsithelo okanye yemfihlelo idala ukungaqiniseki nokuvula umnyango wokunyanzelisa okuzimisiweyo. Ukucaca gca kwakhona kufuna ukuba iinkqubo ezisemthethweni zivuleke ukuze kuqwalaselwe uluntu, kuvumele abemi babone indlela izigqibo ezenziwa ngayo nokuze baphendule abasemagunyeni.

Ukufikelela Kokusesikweni

Ukufikelela kokusesikweni kuthetha ukuba abantu kufuneka bakwazi ukufuna nokufumana unyango kwiinkqubo zomthetho ezisesikweni nezingakhethi buso. Oku akufuni kuphela ukuba iinkundla zisebenze kodwa kukwafuna ukufikelela imvume esemthethweni, amaxesha okulungiselela imicimbi, kunye nezindlela zokubhena. Izithintelo ezifana neendleko eziphezulu zomthetho, umgama wengingqi, imiqobo yolwimi, kunye nocalulo zithintela abantu abaninzi ekusebenziseni ngokunempumelelo inkqubo esemthethweni. Iinkqubo zoncedo olusemthethweni kunye nemfundo yoluntu esemthethweni zibalulekile ekupheliseni lo msantsa.

Isiseko Somthetho Embalini

Umthetho awuzange uvele ngesiquphe; wakhula kaninzi kwiinkulungwane zemfazwe yezobupolitika nengxoxo yentanda-bulumko. Enye yeziganeko zokuqala yaba yiMagna Carta ka-1215, eyaqinisekisa ukuba ukumkani wayengengangaphezulu komthetho kwaye abantu abakhululekileyo babenamalungelo athile. Lo Nkosi Bingham, owayesakuba yinkosi ephambili kwilizwe laseUnited Kingdom, wabhala kakhulu ngentsingiselo yale mihla yomthetho, echaza indaleko yakhe ngeSixeko samaNgesi iBhili samaLungelo (1689), iSindululo samaMerika samaLungu, kunye neSindululo samaFrentshi samaLungelo oMntu nowamanyene. Ngenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, izenzo zobuGawulayolo zemfazwe yehlabathi II, wabalaselisa ngokutsha ukugxininisa ulawulo lomthetho njengendlela yokukhusela ubuzwi bobuzwi, ngokukhuthulisa ngokuchasene nokwamkela kweMithetho yeMithetho yezizwe.

Namhlanje, umthetho ungundoqo wenkqubo yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo. IZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ziyichaza njenge "umgaqo wokulawula apho bonke abantu, amaziko kunye nezinto ezikhoyo, uwonke-wonke kunye norhulumente ngasese, kuquka noRhulumente, iyakuphendula kwimithetho ebhengezwa esidlangalaleni, enyanzeliswe ngokulinganayo kwaye ezimeleyo." Le nkcazelo ibonisa ukuba umthetho awungokuba nemithetho nje kuphela, kodwa ngokuba nemithetho enyanzelekileyo, enyanzelekile, kwaye ephantsi kokuzigocacalula.

Indima Yolawulo Lomthetho Ebutholweni

Umthetho unendima ebalulekileyo ekukhuthazeni ibutho labantu elizinzileyo, elichumileyo nelisesikweni.

Ukukhuselwa Kwamalungelo

Umthetho ukhusela amalungelo nenkululeko yomntu ngamnye ngokumisela imida ecacileyo yokuba urhulumente okanye abadlali bobuqu abanakunqumla. Iqinisekisa ukuba abemi bayakwazi ukusebenzisa inkululeko yabo, ukuthetha, unqulo, kunye nempahla ngaphandle koloyiko lokuphazamisana okuzenzekelayo. Xa amalungelo ephulwa, inkqubo esemthethweni inika iinkqubo zokulungisa. Kumazwe alawulwa ngamandla omthetho, iinkundla ezizimeleyo zinokungquzulana nemithetho echasa amalungelo asisiseko. Umzekelo, iinkundla zomgaqo-siseko zisoloko zihlola umthetho ukuqinisekisa ukuma kokhuseleko lwamalungelo abantu. Ngaphandle komthetho, amalungelo angenanjongo anokuba sengozini yokuchaphazeleka kwizithembiso zabo basemagunyeni.

Ukuthintela Ukusetyenziswa Kakubi Kwegunya

Ngokubeka bonke abantu kunye namaziko abekek'ityala, umthetho uthintela ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya. Usebenza njengovavanyo kumandla olawulo, ufuna ukuba izenzo zikarhulumente zisekelwe kwigunya elisemthethweni kwaye ziphindwe. Lo mgaqo ubaluleke ngokukhethekileyo kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi apho ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kusasaza igunya phakathi kolawulo oluphezulu, lowiso-mthetho, namasebe agwebayo. Xa umthetho ubuthathaka, ukunganyaniseki, kunye namagosa angenza into engenasohlwayo. Imizekelo yembali evela kumazwe aye afumana ukuphenjelelwa kwedemokhrasi ibonisa indlela ukupheliswa komthetho okukhokelela ngayo ekunikezelweni kwegunya kunye nokucinezelwa kokuchasa.

Isisombululo Esichaseneyo

Inkqubo yomthetho inika ubuchule bokucombulula iingxabano, enoba ngabantu ngabanye, amashishini, okanye urhulumente kunye nabemi bayo. IiNkundla, iinkundla zokwahlula ityala, kunye neenkundla zolawulo zinikela iinkqubo ezicwangcisiweyo zokukhupha izikhalazo nokufumana amayeza. Oku kunciphisa amathuba ogonyamelo, ukuphaphazanyiswa, kunye nokungalawuleki kwentlalo. Kulwalamano lwamazwe ngamazwe, umthetho uxhasa ukuqhuba imicimbi kunye nokunyanzelisa izivumelwano, ukunceda ekuthinteleni imfazwe. Inkundla yezizwe ngezizwe yeJaji nezinye idlala indima ekucombululeni iimpikiswano phakathi kwamazwe, nangona ukuphumelela kwawo kuxhomekeke ekuthotyelweni.

Uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho

Umthetho onamandla okhuthaza imeko-bume entle yeshishini notyalo-mali ngenxa yokuba unika ukuqiniseka okusemthethweni, ukhusela amalungelo empahla, kunye nezivumelwano zokunyanzelisa. Abanikeli-mali bakulungele kakhulu ukunikezela ngekomkhulu xa besazi ukuba izinto zabo ziya kukhuselwa kwaye bangafuna uncedo olusemthethweni ukuba izivumelwano ziyaphulwa. Ingxelo yonyaka yeBhanki yeBhanki eSebeni leBhizini ibonisa ukuba amazwe anomthetho omeleleyo omeleleyo anemigangatho ephezulu ye-GDP ngomnyaka kunye nemigangatho esezantsi yokunganyaniseki. Ngokuphikisana noko, umthetho obuthathaka uya kuthintela ukuveliswa kwemali yamazwe angaphandle kwaye athintele urhwebo, ukulondoloza urhwebo kumazwe ahlwempuze ubuhlwempu.

Iinkqubo zehlabathi zokwenene kunye neStudies Case

Umthetho awuyonjongo engaqhelekanga; unentsingiselo ecacileyo kwindlela ezisebenza ngayo intlalo. Qwalasela ijaji ezimeleyo kumazwe anjengeJamani, iKhanada, neJapan, apho iinkundla zihlola ngokukhutheleyo izenzo zikarhulumente zize zikhusele amalungelo amancinane. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, amazwe apho umphathi olawulayo eye wabeka umthetho njengesazulu — njengeHungary nePoland kwiminyaka yakutshanje — aye abona ukuphambuka kwedemokhrasi kunye nokugxekwa kwezizwe ngezizwe. I-Europe Union iye yathatha amanyathelo okungawavumeli ukuba athomalathise amagunya ajongele ekujongeni inkululeko enkundla, iqonda ukuba umthetho umele ingqibelelo yemanyano epheleleyo.

Omnye umzekelo yindima yamaqumrhu alwa nokonakala kumazwe afana neBotswana neSingapore, aye anciphisa ngokunempumelelo ukuxhumela ngokuvavanya amagosa omgangatho ophezulu nokuqinisekisa ukuba ubuchule bokufumana uluntu. Ezi mpumelelo zibonisa ukuba umthetho ungomelezwa ngokuthanda kwezobupolitika nangokwenziwa kombutho. I-Ofisi yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo yeziyobisi neCrime inika uncedo lobugcisa kumazwe afuna ukuguqula iinkqubo zawo zomthetho nokulwa nokonakala.

Ucelomngeni Lomthetho

Nangona kubalulekile, umthetho ujamelana neengxaki ezininzi ezinokubenza bangakwazi ukuzenzela themba.

Urhwaphilizo

Ukunganyaniseki kumaziko angomthetho nawezobupolitika kulolona lusongelo lukhulu kumthetho. Xa abagwebi, abatshutshisi, okanye amagosa amapolisa evuma ukunyotywa okanye efuna intsebenziswano enamandla, umgaqo wokulingana ngaphambi kokuwa komthetho. Ukunganyaniseki kugqwetha inkqubo kawonke-wonke, ukuphazamisa ubuncwane, kwaye kunciphisa ukufaneleka kwayo yonke inkqubo. Ukunganyaniseki akufuni nje ukunyanzeliswa okunamandla kodwa kukwanokubonakala, ukukhuselwa kwempempe, ukukhuselwa kwempepho, kunye nenkcubeko yengqibelelo.

Umahluko Wezobupolitika

Xa izicwangciso zezobupolitika ziphembelela ukunyanzeliswa komthetho okanye umthetho, inkululeko efunekayo ukwenzela inkqubo esesikweni yomthetho iyahlaziywa. Oku kusenokuthatha uhlobo lokumisela amagosa anyanisekileyo kwizikhundla zokugweba, ukunyanzela abagwebi ukuba balawule bexhasa urhulumente, okanye ukusebenzisa umthetho wokujolisa abachasi bezobupolitika. Ukuphazamisa okunjalo kuphelisa ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kwaye kunokuthi kukhokelele kulawulo lolawulo lobuzwilakhe. Amaqumrhu amazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe afana neVenice Commission of the European athel

Ukungabi Nandlela Yokufikelela Kokusesikweni

Izithintelo zokufumana ubuncwane obusemthethweni zithintela abantu abaninzi ekufuneni okusesikweni, ingakumbi abantu abaphantsi kwemibutho efumana imali encinane, abantu abambalwa, abavela kwiintlanga ezincinane, nabantu abaneziphene. Iimali zenkundla eziphezulu, uncedo olulinganiselweyo olungokwasemthethweni, iinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo, nemiqobo yolwimi, ziyakwazi ukulikhanyela ngokunempumelelo ilungelo labo lokuchonga. I-United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) iqikelela ukuba abantu abangaphezu kwamawaka ezigidi ezi-5 ezigidi abanako ukufumana ukufikelela kobulungisa obunentsingiselo ehlabathini lonke.

Ucalucalulo Neenkqubo

Ucalucalulo olulawulwa ngendlela elungelelanisiweyo lungakhokelela ekuphathweni ngendlela engalinganiyo phantsi komthetho, ukuqhubekekiswa kokungekho sikweni kwentlalo. Umzekelo, ucalucalulo lobuhlanga ekujoliswe kulo ekuchongeni nasekugwebeni luye lwangqinwa kumazwe amaninzi, lunciphisa ukuthembana kwenkqubo esemthethweni. Xa imithetho ngokwayo ibonakalisa ulwaphulo-mthetho — ngokomzekelo, isekelwe kwisini, okanye kwinkangeleko yesini — ayawuphula umgaqo osisiseko wokulingana. Ukuguqula loo mithetho nokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kokungacalulisani kungumzabalazelo oqhubekayo kumalungelo abantu.

Ukomeleza Umthetho

Ukuqinisa umthetho kufuneka kudityaniswe imigaqo engokwasemthethweni, yemfundo, neyezibonelelo. Le migudu kufuneka ibandakanya zonke iinkalo zebutho labantu, ukusuka kurhulumente nakwizigwebo ukuya kuluntu nakubemi abaqhelekileyo.

Imfundo yasemthethweni

Ukufundisa abemi ngamalungelo abo nendlela inkqubo yomthetho esebenza ngayo kubanika amandla okufuna okusesikweni nokugcina amagunya enobutyala. Izikolo, amaziko oluntu, namajelo eendaba anokuba nendima ephambili ekusasazeni ulwazi olusemthethweni. Iinkqubo ezifundisa abantu indlela yokubhala izikhalazo, yokufumana uncedo olusemthethweni, nokuthabatha inxaxheba kwiinkundla zomthetho zinokukwandisa ngokuphawulekayo ukufikelela kokusesikweni.

Inkululeko Yomthetho Noovimba

Ukuqinisekisa ukuba abagwebi neengcaphephe ezingokwasemthethweni zisebenza ngaphandle kwempembelelo yezobupolitika kuyimfuneko ukuba kukhuselwe ukungacaluli. Oku kufuna ukuba kukhuselwe, kuhlawulwe ngokwaneleyo, kuhlawulwe, kubekwe imigaqo ecacileyo, kwaye kukhuselwe kwimiqathango eyoyikisayo. Iinkundla zikwafuna oovimba abaneleyo, kuquka ubugcisa kunye nabasebenzi, ukusingatha ukuthwalwa kwetyala ngokunempumelelo nokunciphisa iindleko.

Amanyathelo Okulwa nokukhetha

Ukusebenzisa iinkqubo ezomeleleyo zokulwa norhwaphilizo olukwinkqubo yomthetho kungabuyisela ukuthembana kwabantu. La manyathelo aquka izibhengezo zexabiso lamagosa, amaziko azimeleyo alwa nokunganyaniseki, ukukhusela abavuli-mpempe, nokusebenza ngamandla kwemithetho elwa norhwaphilizo. Intsebenziswano yezizwe ngezizwe, njengeNdibano yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo echasene noHlabathi, anceda amazwe abe nezenzo ezintle aze alandele amatyala anqamleza imida.

Ukubandakanyeka nolawulo loLuntu

IiNtlanganiso zamapolisa ziyakwazi ukuqwalasela ukuthethwa kwenkundla, ukusetyenziswa kakubi nokuxhaswa kwemibutho yasekuhlaleni. Amaqumrhu ajongene nokuphendula kwemicimbi yamapolisa, njengeebhodi zokuphendula amatyala namabhunga agweba, anika amathuba okuba nenxaxheba kuwonke-wonke nokuhlola igunya.

Isiphelo

Umthetho ubalulekile ekulondolozeni ukuphenduliswa nokusesikweni kwibutho labantu. Ngokuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho isetyenziswa ngokulinganayo nangokufanelekileyo, singakhusela amalungelo abantu ngabanye, sikhusele ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya, sikhuthaze intsebenziswano engokwentlalo. Kubalulekile ukuba abemi, oorhulumente, namaqumrhu asebenze kunye ukuze baxhase umthetho kunye nokucombulula iingxaki ezijongene nazo. Kwixesha lokukhula kobupopu, ukukhutshwa kwenkcazelo, kunye namanqamlezo ehlabathi lonke, umthetho uhlala usisicwangciso esithembekileyo sokukhusela inkululeko nesidima. Njengoko iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo zithethile, umthetho awuyo kuphela indlela yokuphelisa kodwa ukuphela kwayo — imo esisiseko yoxolo, ukuphuhlisa, ukuphuhliswa, ukuhambela inkqubela, namalungelo abantu.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, jonga iProjekthi yeProjekthi yehlabathi yoLawulo loMthetho kuhlolo lwelizwe-jongo, uLawulo lweZizwe ezimanyeneyo lwephepha loMthetho, kunye neBhunga le-Europe's [[FLT:] iKhomishini yeVence [ yemilinganiselo yenkululeko yekomiti.