Ukuqonda Intambo Yenkundla Yezaphuli - mthetho: Isigwebo Esivuyisayo Nesokugwetywa

Ityala lenkundla lezaphuli-mthetho lidla ngokubonakala njengentlupheko eninzi yemigaqo esemthethweni kunye neenkqubo. Kubafundi bomthetho, bolwaphulo-mthetho, okanye nabani na ofuna ukucacisa indlela okunikelwa ngayo okusesikweni, iingcamango ezimbini zimi embindini wenkqubo: izicelo kunye nokugwetywa. Isibongozo sisisiphendu esisemthethweni sommangalelwa kwezi zityholo, kwaye isigwebo singukuzimisela kwenkundla kweso siziphumo ezifanelekileyo. Ezi ziganeko zimbini azizizodwa; zibumbani ngokunzulu, zibumba ityala ukusuka kwimbonakalo yokuqala ukuya kwimo yokugqibela. Eli nqaku linikela indlela ebanzi, enegunya yokuzijonga ezi meko zibalulekileyo, ukuchaza iintlobo zezicelo, ii-dipozingciso, iintanda-ntanda namalungelo emva koko kukhusela. Ngendlela yokusebenza kwakho, ukusetyenziswa kwezi ntlobo zokusesikweni.

Iintlobo Zeziphakamiso Ezimnandi Nezomthetho

Isibongozo asingoewe okanye hayi nje. Sisifungo esibophelelekileyo esisemthethweni esineziphumo eziphawulekayo. Izicelo ezintathu eziphambili ezikhoyo kwiinkundla ezininzi zolwaphulo-mthetho zinetyala, azinatyala, yaye akukho khuphiswano (nolo imattere).

Ukuziva Unetyala

Xa ummangalelwa efaka isibongozo esithe sangena ngempazamo , bayavuma kwiziphumo zolwaphulo-mthetho, banika ilungelo labo lokuvavanya. Ngokutshintshisana, inkundla iyasamkela isivumelo kwaye iqhubeke ngokungqalileyo igweba. Isibongozo masenziwe ngokuzithandela, ngobuchule, nangobuchule, ngommangalelwa owaziyo ngokupheleleyo, ewaziyo amalungelo abawanikayo, kuquka ilungelo lokuvavanywa kwetyala, ilungelo lokumangalelwa kwamangqina, nelungelo lokumelana nolwamgwebo oluzimeleyo. Ukuba umgwebi uthandabuza ngamacala, basenokungayamkeli kwaye bafune ummangalelwa ukuba avavanyelwe. Isingxengxengxezo esineyo siphumele kwisigqibo esikhawulezayo kwaye sikhokelele ekugwetyweni ngokuvala icala, kodwa emva koko, emva kokuba enziwenzile icala.

Asingomntu Onetyala

I- ayinatyala isicelo [ kukukhanyela ngokusesikweni izityholo. Alithethi ukuba ummangalelwa uzibanga engenatyala; kuthetha ukuba bafuna ukumangalelwa ukuze babonise zonke izinto zolwaphulo-mthetho ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni. Esi sicelo sigcina amalungelo ommangalelwa ekumangalweni ngabachopheli-mthetho, ukunikela ubungqina, nokuvavanya ukuba akukho mtshutshisi.

Akukho mbutho (Nolo Munconere) Plea

[[NTL:0] akafuni sicelo sokhuphiswano. (ngokufuthi kubhekiselwa kuso njenge i-lipetro imaterier) ingaqhelekanga. Ummangalelwa akavumi ukuba unetyala kodwa akaphikisi na ngetyala. Kwinjongo yetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho, inesiphumo esifanayo esiphakathi: inkundla ifumana ummangalelwa enetyala kwaye inikezele. Umahluko obalulekileyo ubekwe kwityala loluntu. Isibongozo esinetyala sisenokusetyenziswa njengobungqina betyala kwityala elilandelayo (ngomzekelo, ixhoba lengozi). Ukuba akukho mqhushekiselwano, ngokokuba ityala ayifanele isetyenziswe kwityala loluntu. [FLT:]

Ubuchule Nemilinganiselo Yokwenziwa Kwezinto Ezininzi

I-Plea inguwona matyala axhaphakileyo aconjululwayo eUnited States. Ngokwe-Bureau of Justice Statistics, ngaphezu kwama-90% eepesenti karhulumente kunye netyala lorhulumente libangelwa zizicelo zetyala, ezininzi zazo ezilandela uhlobo oluthile lwengxoxo. Le nkqubo ibandakanya ukutshutshiswa nokuthethwa kwengxelo apho ummangalelwa ethetha ngetyala (okanye kungekho mphicothi-mphicothi-mphicotho) ukutshintshisana ngetyala elingumvande-"ukuhlawulwa kwesigwebo esilula, uncitshiswa, okanye ukurhoxiswa kwezityholo ezithile.

Iingenelo Zokuhlahlela

Ukuthelekisa kunika iingenelo eziliqela ezisebenzisekayo kuwo onke amacandelo. Kwinkqubo yenkundla, kunciphisa ngokuphawulekayo ukuthwaliswa kwetyala kwaye kugcina ubuncwane obuza kusetyenziswa ekuvavanyeni. Kubamangalelwa, kunganika umlinganiselo wokuqiniseka ngeziphumo kwaye ngokufuthi kuphumele kwisohlwayo esingenzima kakhulu kuneso sisenokubekwa emva kwetyala. Kumaxhoba, kungabangela ukuvaleka ngaphandle kweziphumo ezingokweemvakalelo zokuvavanywa. Abatshutshisi nabo bangenelwa ngokukhusela iinkolelo ngaphandle komngcipheko wokuzimela.

Iingozi Nenkxalabo

Nangona kuxhaphakile, ukucelw'imposiso akunampikiswano. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukunyanzeleka kokuba ibangele ukuba bafumane intsebenziswano. Oku kuphakamisa iziphumo ezinzulu. Abamangalelwa basenokuwagweba amatyala okuphepha umngcipheko wexesha elide, into ebizwa ngokuba “irhafu.” Ngaphezu koko, ubuchule bokucetyo lwezicelo bungalula ukuthob'alwa kwanokuba bakholelwa ukuba abamsulwa. Abagxeki bobucala banokuyifaka phambili iziphumo ezisekelwe kwiziphumo ezisekelwe kwi-mfezeko. Abamangalelwa-mthetho bangawayalela ngetyala nje ukhuseleko lwexesha elide, ityala elibizwa ngokuba “ityala... Ngokubhekele phandle, ukupheliswa kwezicelo zezicelo zoburhulumente. [enye iingcebiso ze-Applitionstion, ze-Gene]

Ukugwetywa: Iinjongo, Izakhiwo Nentanda - bulumko

Xa ummangalelwa egwetywa − nokuba ugwetyelwe ngesicelo okanye ngetyala — inkundla kufuneka ibeke isigwebo. Isigwebo asikokusebenza nje okuqhelekileyo kwetafile yesohlwayo. Sibonakalisa imilinganiselo yebutho labantu, uhlobo lwetyala, nembali yomenzi wobubi. Iinkqubo zesigwebo zanamhlanje zenzelwe kwiintanda-bulumko ezikhuphisanayo, ezisoloko zidityanisiwe ekuqheliseni.

Iintsika Ezine Zesigwebo

  • [[NTL:0] Ingcamango yokuba isohlwayo kufuneka sithelekiswe kwingozi ebangelwa lulwaphulo-mthetho. Le “entlango” ijonge ekubekeni ityala ngokokuziphatha. Ityala elisekelwe kwimpindezelo kukujonga emva kwaye igxininisa ubungqnamba besono.
  • [[FLT: 0] Icebo lokunqanda ulwaphulo-mthetho lwexesha elizayo. Ukunqanda unqandelwa koluntu ngokubanzi kukwenza umzekelo womoni. Ukunqanda ukunqanda ukuqhliswa kwempazamo ethile kukudimaza lowo wanxaxhileyo ukuba angaphinde aphendulise. Izigwebo eziqinileyo zigwetyelwe kwimiqathango enqandayo, nangona uphando lubonisa ukuba ukuqiniseka kwesohlwayo kusoloko kusebenza ngaphezu kobukhali.
  • Ukususa umenzi wobubi kwibutho labantu ukukhusela uluntu. Ukuxilonga yeyona ndlela iqhelekileyo yokukhupha intloko-moya. Uhlolo lwendlela yombane, ukuvalelwa kwendlu, nemiqathango kwimisebenzi zezinye iindlela. Icapafication ijonge phambili, ibhekisa kwingozi yexesha elizayo, hayi kulwaphulo-mthetho oludlulileyo.
  • Ingcamango yokuba abaphunyezi bangatshintshwa ngemfundo, ngonyango, nangolwakhiwo lobuchule. Iinkundla zeziyobisi, iinkundla zezempilo yengqondo, kunye neenkqubo zomsebenzi ziyimizekelo yongenelelo olusemgangathweni wokubuyisela umva. Intengiso zisoloko ziquka iimeko ezifana nokugqiba inkqubo yonyango okanye ukufumana i-GED. Rehabilita ibone ukubuya kwakhona njengobungqina obuthi ukufikelela kwemiqathango ye-parea-eject kusoloko kungaphumeleli.

Izigqibo ezininzi zogwebo zilungelelanisa ezi njongo zine. Ijaji inganyanzela isigwebo sasentolongweni (umnikelo kunye nokufakwa kwemiqathango) kodwa ikwayalela unyango lokusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi (ukubuyiselwa) kunye nexesha lokukhutshwa (ukubuyiselwa nokubuyiselwa).

Iintlobo zezigwebo

  • Uququzelelo: Ukuvalelwa entolongweni (ngokomzekelo ukwenzela amagama amafutshane, ngokufuthi ngaphantsi konyaka omnye) okanye intolongo (ukuze kuchazwe amaxesha amade). Ubude budla ngokuchazwa ngokwemimiselo. Eminye imiqathango inezivakalisi ezinyanzelisayo ezisusa isigwebo somthetho kwityala elithile.
  • I- Iprojekthi: Ixesha elilungelelanisiweyo lenkundla yolawulo kuluntu, elineemeko ezithile (umz., ii-check-in, uvavanyo lweziyobisi, ukubuyiselwa kwexesha). Ukuba umenzi wobubi wophula iimeko, inkundla ingacinezela ukuvavanywa kwetyala ize inyanzelise isigwebo sentolongo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Iziphoso ze-monetic ezihlawulwayo kurhulumente. Iintle ziqhelekile kwizenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezincinane kwaye zingasetyenziswa zodwa okanye zidityaniswe nezinye ingqeqesho.
  • Inkonzo yekomyunithi: Umenzi wobubi wenza umsebenzi ongahlawulwayo kwisebe elingangeni ngeniso okanye elinorhulumente. Le isoloko iyimeko yokulingwa.
  • [[FLT: 0] I-Hybrid Sences: izivakalisi ezininzi zidityanisa iziqalelo. Umzekelo, isigwebo sokwahlula-hlula [ siquka ixesha elifutshane lokuvalelwa elilandelwa lixesha elide lokuvavanywa. izivakalisi ezinikezelweyo [ zibandakanya ibinzana lentolongo elingasetyenziswanga ngaphandle kokuba ityala liphumele iimeko zovavanyo.

Kwisikhokelo somthetho esinenkcukacha kwimiqathango yokugweba, iSebe leJaji le-U.S. linika ucaphulo oluluncedo logwebo lwengingqi yesizwe.

Izinto Eziphembelela Izigqibo Zokubethwa

Abagwebi abagwebi bengenamdla, balinganisa izinto ezininzi, ezinye zichazwa ngomthetho, ezinye ngengqiqo yabo.

Izinto Ezifudukayo Nezibangela Uxinezeleko

Izinto ezibangela ukuba ixhoba liphathwe-phandle ziimeko ezinyusa ubungqwabalala bolwaphulo-mthetho okanye ukubekwa ityala kommangalelwa. Imizekelo iquka: indlela yenkohlakalo okanye embi yokuqhuba ulwaphulo-mthetho, ukusetyenziswa kwesixhobo, ukuchanabeka kwexhoba (umz. umntwana okanye umntu omdala), indima yokhokelo kwityala, okanye kwingxelo yolwaphulo-mthetho yangaphambili. iinkalo ezibonisa inkohlakalo okanye ezimanyumnyeziyo zokulwa [ zityekele ukunciphisa isohlwayo. Ziquka: ubutsha okanye ubudala obuphezulu, imbala, irekho ephambili, impembelelo ephambili kulwaphulo-mthetho, okanye impembelelo yemigxalabo, okanye intsebenziswano yemithetho ephakathi kwemithetho-mthetho, okanye iziphumo ezinqikeleyo, ezithe zanyaniswa kakhulu, ezixekweni, iintya, ingakumbi, iimeko ezingathi, ezonazo ezona.

Imigaqo-sikhokelo ethoba ityala kunye nooncinanana

Ukukhuthaza ukungaguquguquki nokunciphisa umahluko, imigaqo emininzi yezolwaphulo-mthetho iye yamkela izikhokelo ezinconyelwayo. Ezona zidumileyo zinguMkhokeli oPhakamileyo kwisigqibo se-U.S. uNqanda-ntlel Sevalines, esebenzisa inkqubo yegridi edibanisa ubukhali bolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nembali yolwaphulo-mthetho eqalayo. Imigaqo yetyala eyathi yavelisa uludwe olunconywayo. Ngelixa ezi migaqo zaba yi-adivingx emva kwetyala eliPhakakhulu lonyaka ka-555], kwisigqibo se-[FLT. iB. iBreader v. [iiglarms transtivel, ing, ingg. okanye iinshobostero yolwaphulo-mthetho, ityala olungeluvo oluqhelekileyo, ityala lobuhlanga, i-luthi oluthelela iziphumo oluthe lela iin, olungeluthi lwezo oluqhelekileyo, lwe

Indima Yomgwebi Nesigwebo Setyala

Ukuva isigwebo kuyinto eyahlukileyo emva kokuqiniseka. Isoloko ingekho semthethweni kunetyala kodwa isalawulwa yimithetho yobungqina kunye nenkqubo. Indima yomgwebi ingundoqo.

Ingxelo yophando lwangaphambili

Kumatyala amaninzi anzima, inkundla iyalela i- yangaphambili ingxelo yophando olugunyazisiweyo (PSI) elungiselelwe ligosa elilungisa ityala. I-PSI iqulethe iinkcukacha ezineenkcukacha ngetyala, ityala lommangalelwa kunye nembali yobuqu, imeko yemali, kunye neziphumo kumaxhoba. Ingaquka isigwebo esinconyelweyo esisekelwe kwimigaqo. Uxwebhu lwe-PSI luxwebhu olunempembelelo enzima ephembelela kakhulu kwisigqibo somgwebi, nangona ummangalelwa enelungelo lokuhlola nokuvavanya okuqule kulo.

Ubulumko Bokugweba Nemida Yabo

Abagwebi banobuchule obuphangaleleyo kuludwe olusemthethweni ukwenzela ityala, kodwa ingqiqo ibotshelelwe ngumthetho kunye nemigaqo yomgaqo-siseko. Umzekelo, isigwebo esingalinganiyo nolwaphulo-mthetho singabalelwa njengesohlwayo esinenkohlakalo nesingaqhelekanga phantsi kwe-Eighth Amendment. Kwimeko ezingezizo ezingoba ntloko, umgangatho awufane uhlangatyezelwe, kodwa kwiimeko ezinkulu ungundoqo ekuhlalutyweni kwesigwebo. Abagwebi kufuneka balumkele ikhethe, baqwalasele zonke izinto eziyimfuneko, baze banike izizathu zesigwebo esibhaliweyo. Oku kukhankanyiswa kokuzinzisa isahluzo ukuba isigwebo sicelwe ngokungaqiqini.

Izibheno kunye nonyango lwezonyango lwasemva

Ukuqiniseka nesigwebo asisoloko singumbhalo wokugqibela. Abakhuseli banelungelo lokubhenela, nangona umlinganiselo wophinda-phindo lwe-appellate ulinganiselwe.

Iziseko Zokubhenela

Izibheno zijolise kwiziphoso ezingokwasemthethweni ezichaphazelekayo kwisiphumo. Izibheno eziqhelekileyo ziquka: iimpazamo ekuvumeni okanye ekususweni kobungqina obungafanelekanga, imiyalelo yabachopheli-tyala, ukuziphatha okubi, ukungaphumeleli koncedo lwesiluleko, okanye isivakalisi esigqitha umlinganiselo ongaphezulu okanye esisekelwe kwizibalo ezingalunganga. Izibheno zisenokucel ’ umngeni isicelo setyala esingeso sokuzithandela okanye esingalulo olunobuchule ngokwenene.

Inkqubo Yesibheno

Le nkqubo iqala nge-[[FLT: 0] ithetha ngetyala lobheno elibekwe kancinane emva komgwebo wokugqibela. Inkundla (iqela elinomtsalane) inikezela [ imposiso emfutshane [[[[FLT:]]] iphikisana ngesizathu sokuba inkundla evavanyiweyo iphambuke. Inkundla egwebayo (ngokuqhelekileyo ingcaphulo) iphendula ngokufutshane kwayo. Inkundla yetyala ingava iimpikiswano zomthetho eziphezulu phambi kokukhupha uluvo olubhaliweyo. Inkundla yetyala inokuqinisekisa ukuthembeka, ibuyisela (ukuvavanywa okutsha okanye ukurhoxiswa), okanye ukurhoxiswa kwesigwebo esiphezulu. okanye ukurhoxilonga kwetyala.

Ezinye izicombululo zeposi

Ngapha koko, abamangalelwa bangafuna isiphumlisi izibongozo ezithi zifumaneke ngokulula [i-corpus, ezivavanya ubukho bomgunyathi bentolongo yabo. Izicelo ze Habeas zibandakanya ukwaphulwa komgaqo-siseko (umz., uncedo olungancediyo lwesiluleko) ezingaphakanyiswanga kwisibheno esithe ngqo. Imithetho ye-habeas intsonkothileyo kwaye yahluka-tshintsha-tshintsha-tshintsha. Kwizicwangciso ezininzi ze-appelta kunye nenkqubo ze-post-vition, jongana nocando yeProjectalment-FOct:2]

Isiphelo: Ukulungelelana Okufanelekileyo Kokusesikweni

Uhambo olusuka ekuceleni ukugwetywa luqheliselo olunzulu lokulinganisela amalungelo abantu ngabanye, ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, kunye nokufuna okusesikweni. Isibongozo asilogama nje; kukunikezela ngokhuseleko olusisiseko lomgaqo-siseko okanye ukuqukunjelwa kwazo. Umthetho ucebisa, ngoxa usebenza kakuhle, ufuna ukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho mmangalelwa onyanzelwayo ukuba avume ityala. Ukunyanzelelwa, isindululo sokugqibela, sibonakalisa iinjongo ezintsonkothileyo zebutho labantu yaye ngamanye amaxesha ziphikisana neenjongo eziphikisanayo, ukukhusela ulwaphulo-mthetho lwexesha elizayo, ukukhusela uluntu, nokunikela indlela yokukhulula. Ukuqonda ezi zenzo kuyimfuneko kungezizo zolwazi olusemthethweni kuphela kodwa kumntu ngamnye obandakanye noluntu olunenxaxheba kubomi obumele luzimisele ukuba kungabikho bulungisa. Ngokutsala intembeso esiphekelweni esinentsingiselo, siyakwazi ukuququzelela ngobulungisa nokwenza utshintsho oluneluvo oluneluvo olufanelekileyo. [Folls Institutestions]