IsiHlanzi Seshumi Elinantathu: Ilitye Lesinyithi Kwidabi Lomgangatho

IsiHlaliso seshumi elinesithathu soMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States, esamkelwa ngoDisemba 6, 1865, simi njengenye yezona ziganeko zibalulekileyo eziguqulayo zomthetho kwimbali yaseMerika. Ngokuphelisa ubukhoboka kunye nokungalawulwa ngenkani . ngaphandle kokuba sisohlwayo ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho, kwachaza ngokuchanekileyo indlela eliqonda ngayo ilizwe inkululeko nesidima soluntu. Kubafundisi nabafundi ngokufanayo, ukuqonda ubunzima obupheleleyo bokulungisa kuyimfuneko ekuqondeni ingqokelela yamalungelo abantu baseMelika kunye nomlo oqhubekayo wokulwa nobunzima obuqhubekayo nokungalinganiyo kwenkqubo. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa iingcambulo zembali, imigaqo engokomthetho, kunye nokusebenza kwale mihla kwe-13, ukubonelela imbono ebanzi yokuhlazinzileyo.

Imbali YoMthetho Ohlaziyiweyo We - 13

UHlaziyo lweshumi elinesithathu aluzange luphume kwimposiso. Lwaluyincopho yamashumi eminyaka yokungalawuleki kwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha, imfazwe yezobupolitika, kunye nemfazwe yamakhaya ephalalayo igazi. Phakathi kwinkulungwane ye1919, ulungiselelo lobukhoboka laye laqina kakhulu kuqoqosho lwaseMazantsi kunye nolungelelwano lwentla, ngeli lixa intetho yokupheliswa kwelizwe lasemntla yaya ikhula. IMissouri yanikezela ngo1820, ukuhleba kukaKansaska ka-Nebraska ka-Act ka-1854, bonke bezama ukulawula ulwando lobukhoboka kwimimandla emitsha, kodwa la mazwi ezobupolitika asuka nje ekubaleni ukuthatha ixesha lokuzinza.

Unyulo luka Abraham Lincoln ngo1860 kwiqonga lolwandiso lobukhoboka lwaqhubela urhulumente weNtshona weshumi elinanye kumazwe asemazantsi ukuya kutsho kwi-secede, ebangela amaZwe aMazwe aManyeneyo aseMelika. Okulandelayo kwaba yimfazwe ebulalayo kwimbali yaseMelika . Imfazwe yabemi basekuhlaleni (1861-1861-1865). Njengoko imfazwe yayiqhubekeka, Lincoln yaza ukubona i-Lincoln ingeyomfuneko yomkhosi kuphela kodwa njengenyanzelo lokuziphatha. I-Emancipediation Proclation Procance kaJanua 1, 1863, yavakalisa ukuba abantu abakhotyo bangamakhoboka kumazwe akwimeko eqhekekileyo, kodwa yayingumlinganiselo wexesha lemfazwe ekufikelweni okulinganiselweyo ngokusemthethweni. Ukuthunyelwa komthetho-mthetho kwakuyimfuneko nje kuphela njengemfuneko yokuhlala umkhosi nobukhoboka boluntu bonke.

Umbutho wokuphelisa, okhokelwa ngamanani afana noFrederick Douglas, uWilliam Lloyd Garrison, noHarriet Tubman, bebenesantya kangangamashumi eminyaka. Ukungayeki kwabo ukulwa nokungapheli gwenxa ``ngokuthetha, iimpapasho,' kunye nezenzo zokuxhathisa'''. Kwadala ingcinezelo yezopolitiko nezokuziphatha efunekayo ukuze kutshintshe umGaqo-siseko. Xa uMphetho weshumi elinesithathu wadlula zombini wezindlu zeBhunga ekuqaleni konyaka we-1865 kwaye wavunywa kamva ngaloo nyaka, yayimela isiphelo esisesikweni senkqubo eyayikhoboshela izigidi zezigidi zesizwe kwaye ingcolise imilinganiselo yesizwe.

  • Umbutho wokupheliswa kwendalo wahambela phambili kakhulu kumashumi eminyaka awakhokelela ekuphelisweni, enamanani afana noFrederick Douglas neSojourner Truth ephambili.
  • UMongameli uAbraham Lincoln waba nendima enkulu ekukhuthazeni utshintsho, elunyanzela kwiBhunga elahluleleneyo yaye esebenzisa ikomkhulu lakhe lezobupolitika ukuvota.
  • IMfazwe Yamakhaya yabangela utshintsho oluqatha, inyanzelela uhlanga ukuba lujamelane nokungqubana okusisiseko okuphakathi kwemigaqo yalo yenkululeko nobukhoboka bomntu.
  • Inkqubo yokuhluza yayifuna imvume kumazwe amathathu ane, umqobo olucelomngeni onikwe imvukelo yakutshanje kunye nemfuneko yokwakhiwa koorhulumente basemazantsi.

ISibhalo Nokwakhiwa Kwasemthethweni KoMthetho Wohlaziyo We - 13

Umbhalo weSihlaziyo seshumi elinesithathu uchaza ngokufutshane intsingiselo yaso ebalaseleyo.

" Ukukhulula 1. Ubukhoboka okanye ubukhoboka obungaxhomekekanga semthethweni, ngaphandle kwesohlwayo solwaphulo-mthetho apho iqela liza kugwetywa ngokufanelekileyo, kuya kubakho eUnited States, okanye nayiphi na indawo ephantsi kolawulo lwalo. Icandelo 2. Iingqungquthela ziya kuba namandla okunyanzelisa eli nqaku ngomthetho ofanelekileyo."

Ulwimi lokulungisa luninzi kwaye luchanile. Alikwaleli nje ukukhotyokiswa kobukhoboka kodwa likwavalwa "ukubotshwa ngokwasemthethweni," igama elibanzi eliquka iintlobo zomsebenzi onyanzelisayo ngaphaya kobukhoboka bomnxeba. Oku kuchasene nesohlwayo solwaphulo-mthetho, noko ke, kwadala umngxuma obalulekileyo onokuba neziphumo ezinzulu kwixesha lasemva kokubhaliswa kwemithetho-siseko kwaye liyaqhubeka libumba iingxoxo malunga nokuvalelwa kwabantu abaninzi namhlanje.

Isohlwayo SikaClaus Nemiphumo Yaso

Igalelo elichaseneyo ." ngaphandle kokuba lisohlwayo lolwaphulo-mthetho apho iqela laloo mntu liza kugwetywa ngokufanelekileyo""" yayikukulungelelaniswa okufakwe ukuze kufumane inkxaso evela kwiiRepublic kunye nakumeli bomda. Ngelo xesha, abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba igcine nje umsebenzi okhoyo wokusebenza kwesohlwayo. Noko ke, ivulela ucango urhulumente wasemazantsi ukuba enze "Imithetho Emnyama" kwaye kamva "Jim Corow" imithetho ethi yakwenza ulwaphulo-mthetho oluncinane yazabela amatyala angekho mthethweni, izigcayiseli, kunye neziporo. Le nkqubo yokugweba iphumeza ngokunelisayo imo ebukhobo kwinkulungwane yama-20, ngokungaqhelekanga e-Afrika.

Umphengululi ongokwasemthethweni nombhali-mbali uDavid M. Oshinsky, kwincwadi yakhe yePulitzer Prining-wining Werse Thursyer uThandeka , wachaza indlela isohlwayo esasetyenziswa ngayo ukugcina ulawulo lobuhlanga kunye nokuxhatshazwa kwezoqoqosho kuMzantsi wesi sahluko. Ilifa lale binzana liseyindawo ephikisana ngayo kulwazi lwangoku olusemthethweni kunye ne-advocacy.

Amandla okunyanzelisa kunye neGunya loLawulo

ICandelo 2 linika igunya lokunyanzelisa ukulungisiswa komthetho "ofanelekileyo". Eli binzana lokunyanzelisa lalibalulekile ngenxa yokuba laseka igunya lorhulumente lokungenelela kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni ukukhusela amalungelo abantu. Eli lungiselelo laseka isiseko somGaqo-siseko somthetho-siseko somthetho wamalungelo abantu, kuquka iSivumelo samalungelo abantu sonyaka wama-18666, iSivumelo samaLungelo samaLungelo sangaphakathi sowe-1875, kwaye, ngokungakumbi, iSigunya somthetho wamaLungelo lwabantu esingu-1356 uMthetho wokuLamlathiswa koMphetho-mthetho we-mthetho we-14958 kwiminye imibandela ngenxa yokuba asipheleli kwisenzo somthetho somthetho-ukungamelanga, sisebenza ngokunjalo, sisenza isisixhobo esinamandla nxamnye neentlobo zangasese zocalucalucalu-calulo nokusebenza.

Impembelelo Ekhawulezileyo Nexesha Lokwakhiwa Kwayo

Ukuhlaziywa koMphetho weshumi elinesithathu kwalandelwa lithuba lokuguqulwa okunzulu kwentlalo kunye nezobupolitika ezaziwa ngokuba yiReconstructon (1865-187). Ngeli xesha, urhulumente wesizwe wazama ukudibanisa abantu ababengamakhoboka kwibala labantu baseMerika njengabemi abakhululekileyo abanamalungelo alinganayo. Utshintsho lwalungisa indlela yokuHlaziyiswa kweMimiselo yeshumi elinesine (1868), eyaqinisekisa ukuba ubumi kunye nokhuseleko olulinganayo phantsi komthetho, kunye noMthetho weSiHlamlelo seshumi elinesihlanu (1870), owalwalela ucalucalulo lobuhlanga ekuvoti.

Noko ke, isithembiso sokubuyiselwa kwakhona sona sona sona sona sifutshane. Ukurhoxa kwemikhosi karhulumente ukusuka eMzantsi ngonyaka ka-18877, ngokulandela ukuThotywa kuka-1877, kwavumela amazwe aseMazantsi ukuba aphinde abeke ubukhosi obumhlophe ngogonyamelo, usoyikiso, nomthetho wokukhupha ulawulo. Umthetho wokunyanzelisa iSindululo seshumi elinesithathu sashiywa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo eyayichaza ukulungiswa okuncinane [[FLT: 0]] ukurhoxiswa kweNdlukwano [1873]] imigaqo yokunyanzelisa i-mthetho yomthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho wasetyenziswa ngokuphakamileyo, kunye ne-United States v. Crushkank [FLT] [18]] [18]).

  • Le ngxaki yanikela isiseko esisemthethweni seBreau yeFreedmen, eyayinceda abantu ababengamakhoboka ngemfundo, umsebenzi nokukhuselwa ngokusemthethweni.
  • Kwabangela ukuba kudlule uMthendeleko Wamalungelo Abantu ka - 1866, owathi bonke abantu abazalelwe eUnited States babengabemi kungakhathaliseki uhlanga lwabo.
  • Ingxelo yokunyanzelisa yabasebenzi yasetyenziswa ukuvavanya imithetho eBlack Code j jqq ethintela inkululeko nokuhamba kwama-Afrika aseAfrika kuMzantsi.
  • Naphezu kwale nkqubela, utshintsho lwezithintelo lwabonakala njengokuba amazwe aseMazantsi afumana iindlela ezintsha zokulawula umsebenzi omnyama nokucinezela igunya lezobupolitika elimnyama.

UMthetho Ohlaziyiweyo Weshumi Elinantathu Nemibutho Yamalungelo Abemi Yale Mihla

ISindululo Seshumi Nesithathu siye samisela isiseko esingokwasemthethweni nesokuziphatha kwimibutho yamalungelo abantu ukutyhubela imbali yaseMerika.

IQumrhu lamaLungelo laBami leMidlalo yoMsebenzi woMzantsi Afrika

Ngoxa iziHlaliso zeshumi elinesine nezeshumi elinesihlanu zazisoloko zisesazuluni sesiko lokulwa amadabi asemthethweni ngexesha leMbutho yaMalungelo e-Politiki, iSindululo seshumi elinesithathu sasebenza njengoxwebhu olusisiseko esigxininisa ukungamiselwa kakuhle kwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha yobuhlanga. Iinkokeli ezifana noMartin Luther King Jr. kunye nemibutho efana neNAACP eyathiwe kwisithembiso sokulungisa inkululeko yehlabathi lonke sokuphikisana nenkululeko yoluntu, ukuchasa intenga, ukusetyenziswa kwezoqoqosho. Kwintetho yakhe edumileyo "IneFileveremostyy", uKumkani wavusa i-promission ye-promistion kunye neSindululo se-Implistment, kodwa isiHlamvo-105 yaba linyathelo lokuqala lokuzalisekisa eso sithembiso kuMntlanga.

Imigudu Yanamhlanje: Ubomi Obumnyama Bubalulekile Nangaphaya Kwayo

Kwinkulungwane yama-21, iSichibiyelo seshumi elinesithathu soMphetho siye sasetyenziswa yimibutho enjengeBlack Lives Matter, ebalaselisa ifa eliqhubekayo lokungalingani kobuhlanga kwinkqubo yezomthetho. Isigwebo sesohlwayo siye saba sisiqalo sabagxeki bentolongo emhlophe, abathi ukusetyenziswa kwesigwebo sengqeqesho ye-13th complivert kuqhubeke kusetyenziswa njengendawo yokungagunyaziswanga ngokusemthethweni. Ngokwendlela yokusebenza yeNtolongo, ngaphezu kwe-1.9 lezigidi zabantu bavalelwe eUnited States, nge-Black America ivalelwe phantse kahlanu isantya sokuvalelwa kwabantu abamhlophe baseMerika. I-13th Resordermentation iyaqhubeka iyindawo yokuchasana engomthetho neyasemgangathweni, njengoko iinkqubo zentolongo zihlawula abasebenzi abahlawulwayo ngeyure nganye abaqeshwe kwinkonzo.

Ifilimu ebhaliweyo th (2016) ngu-Ava DuVernay wazisa ingqalelo kawonke-wonke kulo mba, elandela umgca othe ngqo osuka kwisigwebo sesohlwayo ukuya kwixesha lokuvalelwa kwabantu abaninzi. Le filimu yaphikisa ukuba inkqubo yezobulungisa isetyenziswe njengesixhobo sokulawula uhlanga, ngokunempumelelo iqhubekisa ukulawulwa kwe-A250 Depressivement ejongwe ukuba i-Admin-presed iye kupheliswa.

Ucelomngeni Olungokwasemthethweni Nemimandla Emitsha

Amatyala angoku ayaqhubeka evavanya imida yoMmiselo weshumi elinesithathu. Iinkundla ziye zasebenzisa ulungiso kumatyala abandakanya ukurhwetyelelwa kwabantu, ukunyanzeliswa, kunye namatyala. Amaxhoba akhuselwayo akhuselekile ngo 2000 kunye nokuphinda agunyaziswe kwakhona kwaloo matyala alandelayo kusetyenziswa kugunyaziso lweBhunga elikwicandelo 2 ukulwa nohlobo lobukhoboka lwangoku. United States v. Kozminski (1988), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathiswa yiNkuqinisekisa ukuba ukuLawulwa kweQelaniso kweshumi elinesithathu kukwalela zonke iintlobo zobukhoboka obuzenzekelayo, nokuba kusini nangabomgatya urhulumente, nokuba unokubatshutshisa abo banyanzela abanye ukusebenza ngoomzimba okanye ngokunyanzelwa ngokwasemthethweni.

  • Ukulungisa kuye kwasetyenziselwa ukucel ’ umngeni ubukhoboka bamatyala neenkqubo zokuhlawula, ingakumbi xa kukho abasebenzi abavela kwelinye ilizwe nabasebenzi bezolimo.
  • Amaqela angoosomashishini njengeSizwe Ilungelo lokusebenza kwiFomati yoKhuselo-mthetho aye acela ukulungiswa kwamatyala abandakanya ukunyanzeliswa kwamaqhina, ephikisa ngelithi imfuneko ezinjalo zibukhoboka obungeyomfuneko.
  • Le ngxaki inika isiseko somgaqo-siseko sokulwa nolwaphulo-mthetho, uvumela urhulumente wephondo ukuba abatshutshise abo bafumana ingeniso ngokunyanzelwa nokuthengiswa kwesondo.
  • Abaphengululi abasemthethweni baye bahlolisisa enoba le ngxaki inokusetyenziswa kusini na kwimibandela efana nokunyanzeleka ukuba ubani asebenze emkhosini okanye asebenze kunye neqela elingekho mntwini, nangona ezi mpikiswano zisaxhatshazwa.

Ukungalingani Kwenkulungwane Ye - 21

UMthetho-wiso-nkqubo weshumi elinesithathu usasebenza kakhulu njengoko iUnited States izama ukumelana nokungalingani okuqhubekayo kobuhlanga nokwezoqoqosho. Ilifa layo liyabonakala kwiingxoxo zokuguqula ulwaphulo-mthetho, amalungelo emisebenzi, nokurhwebelana kwabantu. Ukuqonda ukubaluleka kokulungisa okuqhubekayo kufuna ukuhlolisisa indlela amalungiselelo ayo aqhubeka ebumba ngayo umthetho nebutho labantu baseMerika.

Ukungcungcuthekiswa Kwabantu Bonke Nesohlwayo SikaClaus

Eyona mbambano idibeneyo enxulumene noMphetho-mval'eshumi elinesithathu yingxaki yokuvalelwa kwabantu abaninzi. Isigwebo, esivumela ukubotshwa ngokungenanjongo njengesohlwayo solwaphulo-mthetho, siye sadala isakhiwo esisemthethweni apho abantu abavalelweyo benokunyanzeleka ukuba basebenze intlawulo encinane okanye bangahlawuli. Kumazwe amaninzi, ukubulaleka kusetyenziselwa ukuvelisa iimpahla neenkonzo ezikhuphisana noshishino lwabucala, luvelisa ingeniso eninzi kwizakhiwo zokulungisa. Abahlalutyisi bathi le nkqubo inguhlobo lokuxhaphaza kwesizwe okuchaphazela ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto abantu ngemibala.

Amatyala amaninzi aye amisela umthetho wokulungisa umgaqo-siseko wawo ukunqanda ngokucacileyo ubukhoboka kuzo zonke iimeko, kuquka njengesohlwayo solwaphulo-mthetho. I-Colorado, i-Nebraska, i-Utah, i-Alabama, i-Oregon, iTennessee, ne-Vermont onke agqithise amanyathelo okususa igalelo elingaqhelekanga kwimimiselo yesizwe sawo. Le migudu ibonakalisa ukuqwalaselwa okukhulayo ukuba irhintyelo lwe-1350 Dempramenting iyangqubana nemilinganiselo yale mihla yesidima yomntu kunye nolingana.

Amalungelo eSebe neMithetho

Ulungiso lokwaliwa komsebenzi ngokungekho mthethweni lunentsingiselo yamalungelo okusebenza ngaphandle kwenkqubo yentolongo. Iingxoxo malunga neemeko zengqesho, ukuhlawulwa kwemali, kunye nokunyanzelwa ukuba kusetyenziswe imigaqo yeSigqibo seshumi elinesithathu soLawulo olutsha. Ingcamango "yobukhoboka" iye yasetyenziswa ngabaxhasi bemisebenzi yokusebenza ngokungekho mthethweni ukufanisa imisebenzi exhatshazwayo kunye nokungavunyelwa kwenkonzo yobukhoboka obungavunyelwanga. Ngoxa iinkundla ngokuqhelekileyo ziye zayamkela iimpikiswano zokuba imivuzo ephantsi okanye iimeko zokusebenza ezingekho semthethweni zibukhoboka obungabophelele, ukupheliswa kwemithetho esemthethweni inika ilungiselelo lokuziphatha nelokuthethelelwa kwezoqoqosho.

I-International Labor Organization iqikelela ukuba abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-40 emhlabeni wonke ngamaxhoba obukhoboka banamhlanje, kuquka ukunyanzeliswa nokunyanzelwa komtshato. UMthetho oLandelwayo we-13th unika isiseko somGaqo-siseko wemigudu yokulwa nokurhwebelana, kwaye iBhunga lisebenzise amandla alo okugunyazisa ukudlulisela umthetho owenzakalisayo owenzela ukurhweba nokuxhasa abasindileyo. Intlangano enjengoPolariss neBhalic kwi-Alish Slard and Trafficking (CAST) isebenza ukuchaza nokunceda amaxhoba, ukutsala umthetho osungulwayo omthetho owenziwe yi-ATrentiment.

Ubuhlanga Nokungabikho Kokulingana Okuqhubekayo

Ngoxa isiHlaziyo seshumi elinesithathu soHlaziyo seMimiselo yeMimiselo yeSigqibo sathi saphela ngokusemthethweni, asizange siphelise isiseko sobungangamsha bobuhlanga obuye badalwa bubukhoboka. Isithembiso sokulungisa inkululeko sathotywa lucalucalulo, ucalulo, kunye nokuxhatshazwa kwezoqoqosho okwaqhubeka ngaphezu kwenkulungwane emva kokudityaniswa kwayo. Elifa lale nguqu-guqu-guqu-guqu engagqitywanga liyabonakala kwimida eqhubekayo yobuhlanga, imfundo, impilo, kunye neziphumo zolwaphulo-mthetho. Ngokwe-mthetho yezentengiselwano zezoqoqosho, ubutyebi bezindlu zamakhaya abamhlophe buphantse ngezihlandlo ezisibhozo ezingenzekanga zizenzeki ngengozi. Ezi zinto zingumphumo zemithetho kunye nezenzo zokuba ulawulo lweshumi elinesithathu lomthetho zazingahlolelwa ukuthi zingathintelwa kodwa zingabi ziziphumo, ngokokwanenokwalo, ngokuzitshabalalisa.

  • Inguquko isebenza njengesikhumbuzo sokuba utshintsho olungokwasemthethweni lodwa alwanelanga ukufikelela kulingana-------ukutshintsha kwentlalo nezoqoqosho kukwayimfuneko.
  • Imibutho enjengeWest Aumetic Justice Initive isebenzisa iSihlaziyo se - 13th Amendment njengesiseko somsebenzi wayo wokucel ’ umngeni ukungabikho kokusesikweni kobuhlanga nokubanjwa kwabantu abaninzi.
  • Ingxelo yokunyanzelisa inika isiseko somgaqo-siseko senyathelo lorhulumente lokulungisa ucalucalulo lwenkqubo, nangona lungafezeki.
  • Imigaqo yamalungelo abantu ehlabathini lonke, kuquka iSindululo Somhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Abantu, isebenzisa imigaqo efana naleyo ikwiSihlaziyo se - 13.

Indlela Yokufundisa Emfundoni Yokufundisa Umgaqo - siseko We - 13

Kubafundisi-mfundo, ukufundisa ngoMphetho-mda weshumi elinesithathu kunika ithuba lokubandakanya abafundi ngemibuzo entsonkothileyo ngenkululeko, okusesikweni, nomsebenzi ongagqitywanga wedemokhrasi. Indlela esebenzayo iquka okungaphezulu kokukhumbula iimini neendinyana, ukukhuthaza abafundi ukuba babambe inkcazo yembali, ukulinganiselwa kwayo, nokusebenza kwayo okuqhubekayo.

Ukusebenzisa Imithombo Esisiseko

Imithombo ephambili inika abafundi unikezelo olungqalileyo kumalizwi neengxoxo zexesha elidlulileyo. Ugcino-lwazi lobuzwe lunika imibhalo edityanisiweyo yoMgqino-mva weshumi elinesithathu noluvo lwe ngqungquthela, kunye neengxelo zentlanganiso, iileta, kunye neentetho ezivela kwingxoxo yokudityaniswa kwenqanawa. Iintetho zika-Douglas, njengedilesi yakhe yo1865 "Oko Umda Omfunayo," zinika ukuqonda okunamandla kumathemba kunye namathemba abantu ababefudula bengamakhoboka. Idilesi yesibini ka-Abraham Lincol' yeIntalial, edluliselwe iiveki nje phambi kokubulawa kwakhe, zinika ingcebiso lokuziphatha nezolwazi lwezonqulo lokuqonda imfazwe ye-ominiversent.

Ukuthelekisa umbhalo weSigqibo seshumi elinesithathu kunye neSigqibo soHlaziyo seEmanciption kuvumela abafundi babone umahluko phakathi komlinganiselo wemfazwe kunye notshintsho olusisigxina lomgaqo-siseko. Uhlalutyo lwemithetho eBlack egqithwe ngamaphondo aseMazantsi ngo1865-18666 kuchaza indlela ekwathi ngayo kwakhawuleza ukuphenjelelwa kwesithembiso sokulungisa. La maxwebhu anceda abafundi baqonde ukuba imbali ayiyo ingxelo elula yenkqubela kodwa yindawo ekhuphisanayo yezilangazelelo nemibono.

Ingxoxo Ekhuthazayo Neingcinga Ezirhabaxa

ISichibiyelo seshumi elinesithathu siphakamisa imibuzo enzulu yokuphikisana nengxoxo. Ingaba isigwebo sifanele sisuswe kumGaqo-siseko? Ingaba ukusetyenziswa kwentolongo kuluhlobo oluthile lobukhoboka bale mihla? Ziziphi iimbopheleleko urhulumente wengingqi amele azinyanzelise isithembiso senkululeko? Le mibuzo ayinazimpendulo zilula, kodwa ukuxakeka kwayo kunceda abafundi bahlakulele ubuchule bokucinga obugxeka kunye nokuqonda ngokunzulu indlela engokomGaqo-siseko ocaciswa ngayo.

Imisebenzi yokudlala inokuba luncedo ngokukhethekileyo. Abafundi bangathatha indima yeqela eliqhubana notshintsho lonyaka ka-1865, okanye abaxhasi bexesha elililo abaphikisana notshintsho lwempangelo yasentolongweni. Le misebenzi ifuna abafundi baqonde iimbono ezininzi baze bakhe iingxoxo ezisekelwe kubungqina.

Ukuqinisekisa iiVimba zoMjelo-mali

Ubuncwane bezixhobo zosasazo-mali bungazisa uHlaziyo lweshumi elinesithathu ebomini kubafundi. Isehlo th sikhona ku-Netflix kwaye sinika uphando olukhawulezileyo lwelifa lokulungisa. Iividiyo ezifutshane kwimithombo enjenge PBS, iNkangeleko yembali, okanye uMgaqo-siseko wesizwe [[] zinika isiqalo esifikelelekayo kwimbali yesiphelo nokubaluleka. Iividiyo ezisebenzisa ixesha kunye neemaphu zinokuba luncedo kubafundi bacingele ukwandiswa kobukhoboka, indlela yemfazwe yelizwe, kunye nenkqubo ye-ratting.

Ingxolo enjenge Iphepha kunomathotholo ' i "Ukubona Mhlophe" ungcelele no Ihamba ngebhastile ukusuka kwi NPR inikeza ngomngxube onzulu wovavanyo lwembali lokungalingani kobuhlanga eUnited States. Ezi zixhobo zingadibanisa incoko yeklasi ze zinikezele iingcambu ezininzi zabafundi ezinendlela ezahlukeneyo zokufunda.

Udibaniso lwexesha elidlulileyo nale yangoku

Enye yezona ndlela zinamandla zokufundisa uHlaziyo lweshumi elinesithathu kukudibanisa ulwazi olumalunga nokubanjwa kwabantu abaninzi, ukuxubusha ngemigudu yangoku yokuphelisa ukusetyenziswa kwentolongo, okanye ukuhlalutya amatyala okurhwebelana kwabantu banamhlanje kunceda abafundi babone ukuba ukulungisa oku akuyonto nje engokwembali kodwa luxwebhu olusebenzayo olunentsingiselo. Ukufundisa ngenkonzo kunye nemibutho yasekuhlaleni esebenza ekuguquleni imicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho okanye ekuthinteleni abantu kunganika abafundi amathuba okubandakanyeke kule mibandela.

I IJaji eQumrhu inika ugcino-lwazi lwemfundo kunye namava amakhulu eMyuziyam eMontgomery, e-Alabama, abonisa imbali yokungalingani kohlanga ukusuka kubukhoboka ukuya ekuboshweni kwabantu abaninzi. Ingxelo yabo ngelifa lobukhoboka nemfuneko yoxolelwano inika isiseko sokuqonda ukuHlonzeka kweMpulo weshumi elinesithathu njengenxalenye enkulu yebali lokulwa nokuzinzisa.

Isiphelo: Umsebenzi Ongapheliswanga Wenkululeko

IsiHlanzi seshumi elinesithathu soMphetho-mvandedwa simi njengenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo kwimbali yomgaqo-siseko waseMelika. Siye saphelisa ngokusemthethweni ukumiswa kobukhoboka bobukhoboka kwaye samisela umgaqo wokuba ubukhoboka obuzimeleyo abunandawo kwibutho elikhululekileyo. Kodwa isithembiso sokulungisa sihlala singesokuphelela. Isigwebo sadala umngxuma oye wasetyenziswa ngelinye ixesha elingaphezu kweminyaka eliyi- 150 ukukhuthaza iindlela zomsebenzi onyanzelekileyo nomgangatho ophantsi wobuhlanga. Oku kuthintela ukunyanzeliswa komsebenzi, ngoxa kuthe kwanda kwingcamango, kusoloko kulinganiselwe ngenkcazelo yezogwebo kunye nokuthanda kwezobupolitika.

Ukuqonda iSichibiyelo seshumi elinesithathu kufuna ukuvuma ukubaluleka kwaso okukhulu kunye nezithintelo zaso ezinzulu. Kwakuyimfuneko kodwa kwakungeyomeko eyaneleyo ukuze kufunyanwe ukulingana kwesizwe nezoqoqosho. Umsebenzi wokwakha ibutho labantu eliphila ngokuvisisana nesithembiso sokulungisa inkululeko yendalo yonke uyaqhubeka namhlanje. Kubafundisi-lwazi, ukufundisa ukuhlaziywa kweSihlaziyo seshumi elinesithathu asiyondlela nje yokuziqhelisa ekuhlalutyeni okungokwembali. Kubafundi ukukhuthaza ukuba abafundi ukuba bafumane ulwazi nabathembisileyo abanokukwazi ukuqhuba umsebenzi ogqityiweyo wokusesikweni.

Ilifa loMphetho-mda weshumi elinesithathu lisikhumbuza ukuba inkululeko ayilungiswa kwakanye iphela. Kufuneka ikhuselwe, ichazwe, ize yandiswe kwisizukulwana ngasinye. Ngokufunda imbali yokulungisa, impembelelo, kunye nokubaluleka kwayo okuqhubekayo, thina nabafundi bethu sixhobisa ukuba sibe nenxaxheba ngokunentsingiselo kulo projekthi yedemokhrasi ibalulekileyo.