Ukwazisa: Uphawu Lwentlalo - ntle

NgoSeptemba 2013, iNational Food Security Act (NFSA) imela elinye lamanyathelo aphambili oluntu kwimbali yamaIndiya. Ngokuqinisekisa ngokusemthethweni ukuba indlala encinane ikwizigidi ezingama-80 zabantu ikwindawo emalunga ne-800, isenzo saguqula ilungelo lokutya ukusuka ekufuneni imfuno yezomthetho libe yilungelo elifanelekileyo. Lo mthetho wakha amashumi eminyaka okufumana uNkqubelano lwamaLuntu (PDS) kwaye usabela kwiingxaki ezingapheliyo zendlala nokungondleki eziye zaphazamisa inkqubela ye-Indiya. I-NFOSA asiyo nkqubo nje yokusasa ilungelelanisa ukutya; icelele ukuqinisekisa ukulondolozwa kokhuseleko olulolo hlobo lokhuseleko loluntu, kuquka amabhinqa, abantwana, nabadala.

Intsingiselo yale nto idlulela ngaphaya kokukhululeka kwendlala ngokukhawuleza. Oku kubonisa ukutshintsha kwendlela urhulumente wase-Indiya alufikelela ngayo ukhuseleko lwentlalo-ntle-ntle . Ukusuka kwintlalo-ntle elawulayo ukuya kugunyaziswa ngokusemthethweni. Ngokunika imvume, i-NFSA inika abemi amandla okufuna ukuphendula nokufuna ubuchule bokulungisa imicimbi. Eli nqaku lihlola indlela engasemva, amalungiselelo angundoqo, impembelelo yenkqubo, imingeni, kunye nobuchule bexesha elizayo, linikela uhlolo oluneenkcukacha ngendima yayo kwinkqubo yoluntu ekhuthaza i-Indiya.

Imeko - bume Nejiyeni

Ukhuseleko lokutya lwangaphambi kwe-NFSA

Ngaphambi konyaka ka-2013, ulungiselelo lokutya lwe-Indiya luxhomekeke kakhulu kwinkqubo yoKhuthazo loLuntu oluBaluliweyo (TPDS) eyasekwa ngo1997, eyathatha indawo ye-PDS jikelele. Ngoxa iTPDS ijolise ekunikeleni inkxaso-mali kwiintsapho ezingaphantsi kwe-plover (BPL), yagula ngeempazamo ezinkulu, iimposiso, kwaye yahlulwa ngokweemfuno zeentsapho ezininzi ezifanelekileyo. Uqikelelo lwasemthethweni lwabonisa ukuba phantse ama-40% eeeeeeee-asethi ye-PDS aziphumelelangafikeleli abazamkelekileyo, kwaye amanani okungondleki ahlala ephezulu ngokumangalisayo. [[FLTL:0] Uvavanyo lwezempilo lwentsapho (NHS3, 2005-0, 2005) lwabonisa ukuba abantwana abangaphantsi kwesihlanu kunye namazwe abekwe phantsi kwe-48]

Ukunyuka kwexabiso lokutya ekupheleni kowama- 2000 kwakwenza ukunganqabiseki kokutya. Ingxaki yokutya emhlabeni wonke ngowama-2007-08 yabangela izigidi zabantu ukuba zibulawe yindlala, kwaye imigaqo-nkqubo yasekhaya yazama ukuhlangabezana nayo. Ngo-2009, ekuphumeleni iphulo lokutya [, umbutho wamaqela ebutho lasekuhlaleni, wafaka umdla kawonke-wonke wonke (PUI) owakhokelela iNkundla Ephakamileyo ukuba icebise imiyalelo eyayalela urhulumente ukuba athintele ukufa ngendlala. Eli nyathelo lokugweba lenkundla libeke isiseko sesenzo somthetho sokwenza umthetho, liphele ekuqaliseni kwenkuthazo lwe-National Food Secut Bill Bill ngo-2011.

IGenesis Esemthethweni Nesivumelwano Sezobupolitika

INFUSA yayalelwa ngurhulumente we-United Errocement Alliance (UPA) phantsi koMphathiswa oPhakamileyo uManmohan Singh, edwelisa ngamandla kwincopho ze- ne-National Advisory Council (NAC), ebekwe isitulo nguSonia Gandhi. Imali yajongene nengxoxo enzulu yepalamente, enenkxalabo malunga nexabiso lemali, ukuzalisekisa umthamo, kunye nokurhoxaxa-mali enokwenzeka kwimveliso yezolimo. [[FLT]] Umanyano ye-FLTYPURC(FCI) ye-FLD)[F:3] norhulumente wavakalisa iimbambano malunga nokufumana kunye nokusasazwa kwemali. Noko ke, isenzo sadluliselwa ngenkxaso ekufuphi ne-ebhusayithi yemi, ebonakalisa inkxaso yemithetho yezo zezopolitiki ebonakala kwimithetho elungeleneyo.

Amalungiselelo oMthetho woKhuseleko lokuTyelwa kokutya weSizwe

Igalelo kunye nezihlomelo

INFSA inika ilungelo elisemthethweni lokufumana ukutya okuncinane okuphekiweyo ngePDS. Incopho yayo iqinisekile: 75% yabemi basemakhaya nama-50% abantu basezidolophini, amalunga nama-67% kubemi belo lizwe.

  • Izindlu eziphambili (PH): Ihlombe ukuya kwisihlanu seekhilogram zokutya umntu ngamnye ngenyanga ngamaxabiso anzima kakhulu (33 kwikhilogram yerayisi, 762 ngekhilogram ngengqolowa, kwaye 761 ngeklogram yamarhabaxa.
  • Izindlu ze-Antoya Anna Yojana (AAY): Oyena usweleyo, ofumana iikhilogram ezingama-35 zokutya ngenyanga ngamaxabiso afanayo.

La maxabiso aye ahlala engatshintshwa ukususela ekuzalisekisweni kwesi senzo, phezu kwako nje ukunyuka kwamaxabiso emali, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ukuhla kwemali kubaluleke ngakumbi.

Inkxaso Engokwezondlo Kumabhinqa Nabantwana

Ekubeni iqonda ukuba unqabiseko lokutya kuphela alwanele, iNFSA iquka amalungiselelo athile okutya okutya okusempilweni komama nomntwana:

  • [[NTL:0] Amabhinqa afakelwe imo yempatho kunye nokuwafaka amabhinqa : Ngokubhekiselele kwingenelo yobembizo olungengaphantsi kwama-76,000, ahlawulwa ngamacandelo, ukuxhasa iimfuno zokuzola ngexesha lokukhulelwa kunye neenyanga ezintandathu emva kokuzala.
  • [[FLT: 0] Abantwana abakwiminyaka emithandathu eneenyanga ukuya kwi 14 : Ngokubhekiselele kwisidlo esikhululekileyo, esinesondlo ngaku Isidlo sosuku esineMid (isidlo sesikolo) kunye [[FLT:] ne [FLT] Inkonzo zophuhliso lwabantwana (ICDS) [iindawo zokutyela kwesikolo].
  • Ezinye iziko zokutya zichaza ukuba ukutya kufuneka kunikezele iikilojoule ezingama-500 kunye neegram ezili-12 ukuya kwi15 zeeprotini kubantwana abaneminyaka emithandathu ukuya kweyi-14 ubudala.

La malungiselelo ajolise ekupheliseni umjikelo wokungondleki ngokuqinisekisa ukuba oomama nabantwana abancinane bafumana ukutya okwaneleyo ebudeni beefestile eziyingozi zokukhula.

Izixhobo eziphambili zokuphendula

Ukunyanzelisa ilungelo elisemthethweni, iNFSA imisela izikhuseli eziliqela:

  • IKhomishini yeSizwe yeFood: Urhulumente ngamnye kufuneka amisele iKhomishoni yeSizwe yeSidlo seRhulumente ukuqwalasela ukwenziwa komsebenzi, ukuphanda izikhalazo, nokucebisa urhulumente.
  • [[NTLA] I-Giievance Redress Abaphathi-mikhosi (DGROs): Kumgangatho wesithili, abaphathi-mikhosi bamiselwa ukuphendula izikhalazo ezimalunga nokungavunywa kwegunya, ukonakala, okanye amahlalutye angemahle.
  • Uphicotho-zincwadi lwequmrhu : Ukugadwa koluntu ngophicotho-zincwadi lwentlalo kukhuthazwa ukwandisa ukubonakala nokuphendula koluntu.

Ezi nkqubo zibonisa utshintsho oluphawulekayo kumacebo angaphambili awayengenazikhalazo ezisesikweni, ezanika abaxhamli - line ukuba bafune amalungelo abo.

Impembelelo kumgaqo-nkqubo wamaIndiya noLawulo

Isihloko Esisemthethweni Njengotshintshi Womdlalo

Eyona mpembelelo inzulu yeNFSA kukuguqulelwa kokhuseleko lokutya ukusuka kwiinjongo zomgaqo-nkqubo ukuya kwilungelo elisemthethweni. Abami bangasondela kwiinkundla ukuba abanikwa ilungelo labo. Oku kuye kwanyanzelisa oorhulumente ukuba bamisele iprojekthi ye-PDS, kwandise ulwabelo loqingqo-mali, kwaye baphucule ukunikezelwa kwamatyathanga. Esi senzo sikwanika isiseko senkqubo se- National Food Security Act (NFSA) Umthetho wePortl kunye ne- Ilungelo lokufumana i-Foolmarket , apho abemi banokulandela amakhadi abo okwabelwa noxolo.

Ulwakhiwo lwesakhiwo lukhuthaze iimeko zokutshintsha. Umzekelo, iChattisgarh yenze utshintsho lwe-PDS olunempumelelo kakhulu olunciphisa ukuvuza ngeengxelo zoquluno kunye nokwazisa uqinisekiso lwe-biometric. Tamil Nadu kunye [FLT:] kunye [FLT]] ne Pradesh i-PDS igcine i-PDS epheleleyo intempfix, ehambisana nomoya we-NFUSA, nangona umsebenzi ngokwawo uqukiwe.

Ukuzibophelela Ngokwandiswa Koqingqo-mali

INFSA ikhupha urhulumente osembindini kwimali eninzi esetyenziswayo. Imali encinane yokutya ikhule ukusuka kwi-761,20 000 crore ngo-2013-14 ukuya ngaphezu kwe-76,00 000 ye-crore kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ityala malunga ne-1% ye-GDP. Oku kuquka ixabiso lokuqokelela amabele kubalimi ngexabiso eliphantsi lenkxaso (MSP), indawo yokugcina, kunye nokusasaza. Ngoxa abagxeki bephikisa ukuba izihlwele ezingaphantsi kwemibutho ezithengeniswa kwezinye iindleko zentlalo, abaxhasi baphikisa ngelithi ukuveliswa kokutya okuziisela ukutya kuyimfuneko ekuphucuthelweni kwenkosazo nokuncitshiswa kobuhlwene.

Isenzo sikwanyusa iminikelo yabo efanayo, ikhokelela ekusebenziseni kakhulu ukutya kuwo wonke umgangatho kuwo onke urhulumente. Ingxelo yeBhanki yehlabathi (2017) yaphawula ukuba inkqubo encinane yokutya yaseIndiya, xa idityaniswe ne-ICDS kunye nokutya kophakathi, ifikelela kubantu abangaphezulu kunaye nawuphi na omnye umnatha wokhuseleko lwentlalo kumazwe asakhasayo.

Ulungelelaniso nosukelo lophuhliso oluzinzileyo (SDGs)

INFSA inegalelo ngqo kwimiba emininzi yoPhuhliso oluNcinezelekileyo, ingakumbi i-SDG 2 (Indlala yeZaro), i-SDG 1 (Abuhlwempu), ne-SDG 3 (Impilo entle nentlalo). Ukuzimisela kwe-Indiya ukunikwa igunya kuyenza ibe yinkokeli yomhlaba wonke ekukhuseleni ukudla okulawulwayo, ngokulingana nocelomngeni. Isenzo sikwahambelana noMkhosi wezentlalo (Poshan Abbiyan) eveliswe ngo-2018, enenjongo yokunciphisa i-SCitling, phantsi kwe-active, kunye ne-AS.

Ucelomngeni Nokugxekwa

I-Vinsion kunye neDiversion

Ngaphandle kokhuseleko olusemthethweni, iNFSA iyaqhubeka ifumana iziphumo ezibalulekileyo zokuvuza. Ingxelo ye-2015 ye Comptroller kunye ne-Pinteral (CAG) ifumanise ukuba malunga ne-24% yeenkozo ezincinci azizange zifikelele kwinjongo yokufumana iingenelo ngenxa yekhadi lobhaso, ukunganyaniseki, kunye ne-pilfera ngexesha lothutho. Ngelixesha i-computection kunye noqinisekiso olusekelwe kwi-Aadhaar luhlise ilahleko, ingxaki iyaqhubeka, ingakumbi kumajelo olawulo olubuthathaka.

  • Isiqinisekiso : Abagcini makhadi aphinda-phindiweyo okanye abangagqibekiyo bahlala beyingxaki phezu kwayo nje imigudu yokukhutshwa kwedata.
  • Urhwebo olumnyama : Abanye abarhwebi baphambukisa izidlo ezincinane ezithengiswe ngokufihlakeleyo ukuze bafumane ingeniso.

Iimpazamo Zokuphelisa

Inkqubo ye-NFSA ejolise kuyo ixhomekeke kwiSocio-Economic kunye ne-Caste Censurecs (SECC) 2011 ugcino-lwazi, ngoku olungaphezulu kweshumi leminyaka lukho. Iintsapho ezininzi ezifanelekileyo ziye zasuswa kuba zahlulwa ngokuphosakeleyo njenge-poor. INITI Ayog icebise uhlaziyo lwexesha, kodwa amaziko ambalwa aqhube imithambo yokuzihlaziya. Le mpazamo inciphisa injongo yesenzo.

Ugcino nobuchule

IFood Corporation of India (FCI) isoloko ijongene nezithintelo zokugcina, ezikhokelela ekuboleni kwengqolowa ekuvulweni. Ngo-2020, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yePunjab neHaryana ithathe i-suo motu ivavalwa kwesijungqu esikhulu sengqolowa esilele ekuvulweni kwePunjab, ibangela ukulahlekelwa okukhulu. I-NFA intengisa ugcino olufanelekileyo kodwa iphumeza izithintelo ezifanelekileyo ngenxa yoqingqo-mali kunye nemiqobo ye-bhurecutaci.

Inkxalabo Ngokwasempilweni

Abahlalutyi bathi i-NFSA igxininisa kakhulu ekutyeni ii-calories (amahlalutye anokuzondla) kunokuzondla amancinane. Amarhasi asasazwayo asoloko engalunganga kakuhle, "azele, afumileyo, okanye aphantsi kweprotini. Eli nyathelo aligunyazi ukuba inqanwa lenkozo zentsimbi, i-ccinc okanye i-falic acid iqale iinkqubo zomqhubi wenqwelo-moya. [[FLT: 0] IFOTITIZALIZELE [ phantsi kwe-FSSA abaxhasi bempulayisi eqinileyo ye-PDS, kodwa ihlala ithe thathiwe.

Ukuzinziswa kwenqanawa

Imali encinci yokutya ekhulayo ibeka uxinzelelo kwimali karhulumente. Ezinye izazi ngezoqoqosho ziphikisa ngelithi izihlwele ezincinane zikhupha inkcitho kwimpilo nemfundo. Uvavanyo lokutya 2021-22 lubalaselisa ukuba i-Indiya ichitha imali eninzi kakhulu kwinkxaso yokutya kuneyonyango, iphakamisa imibuzo malunga nokuzinziswa kwemali okuninzi. Noko ke, abaxhasi baphawula ukuba ukhuseleko lokutya luzibophelelelo olusemthethweni olungenakulahlwa. Indlela engaphambili ingabandakanya ukujolisa, ukunciphisa iimpazamo ezingenisiweyo, nokusebenzisa ubugcisa ukulinganisela iindleko.

Ulwalathiso Notshintsho Oluzayo

Ukudityaniswa nodibaniso lwe-Aadhaar

Urhulumente wenze inkqubela ebalulekileyo ekunxibeleleni amakhadi okuphatha komxhesho kwiAadhaar amanani kwaye usebenzisa incopho yeSale (Pos) kwiivenkile zamaxabiso afanelekileyo ukuqinisekisa abaxhamli ngokwemizimba. Le nkqubo, ebizwa Inkqubo yokuphatha i-Elgs ezenzekelayo (AGMS), ihlise ukuvuza kumazwe amaninzi. Utshintsho lwexesha elizayo lunganwebisa i-PoS kuwo onke amazwe kwaye lufakelele uhlolo lwexesha lokwenene lokukhusela iprojekthi.

Uhlanga Olunye Ikhadi Lentambo Eyodwa (ONORC)

Iqaliswe ngo-2020, isicwangciso se-ONORC sivumela abo bangenelweyo ukuba bafumane iinkozo zabo ezinomxholo wokutya nakweliphi na ishishini elinobulungisa nakweliphi na iphondo, besebenzisa ikhadi labo lokwabela abakhoyo. Oku kuluncedo ngokukodwa kubasebenzi abafudukileyo ababengakwazi ukufikelela kwiPDS kwiinzuzo zelizwe labo. Ngo-2024, i-ONORC iqaliswe kumaphondo angama-6, igquma ngaphezu kwama-80 eecrorecuties. Uzalisekiso olupheleleyo lwesizwe luzakufuna ukusetyenziswa kwesiseko sogcino-lwazi jikelele.

Utshintsho Oluthe Xa Kuthe Tye

Ukuthetha ngezithuba zomgangatho, urhulumente ubhekisa phambili kwinkozo ezinqatyisiweyo. INkqubo yokuKhuthaza iFomatity injongo yokusasaza irhasi elinqatyisiweyo kwiPDS kunye nezinye izicwangciso. Phantsi ko Poshan 2.0 umsebenzi womsebenzi, urhulumente uceba ukudibanisa ukutyiwa ngokuditya ngokucebisa ngezondlo kunye neenkonzo zempilo. Ukwandisa unyuso lwe-mqukumbelo ku-6,000 (de ngoku kusetyenziswe kumazwe amaninzi) kwaye uqinisekisa ukuba ukugutyungenye into ephambili.

Ukubonelela

Ukunciphisa ukulahlekelwa, urhulumente utyalo-mali kwi isiso sendawo yokugcina kunye iinkqubo zokuphatha indlu ye-injini. IFCI ifumene abadlali babucala bolwakhiwo lwe gesi zangoku. I-los ephuculiweyo, iquka iziporo ezingcono kunye noqhagamshelwano lwendlela, zinganciphisa ukulahleka kwezithuthi. Ukusetyenziswa kwe iblockchain[ yemikhondo yengqolowa iyaqhutyelwa kwimimandla embalwa.

Iimodeli ze Hybrid: Imali yokudlulisela iposi/ ii-vs. in- Kind

Ingxoxo iyaqhubeka ukuba ngaba ukugqithiselwa kwemali kungayithatha indawo yohlobo lwe-PDS. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngelithi imali inika abaxhamli ukhetho kwaye inciphisa amaxabiso asetyenziswayo. I-Direcct Benefit Transrection (DBT) abaqhubi benqwelo-moya ekutyeni kwamanye amangingqi baye babonakalisa iziphumo ezidityanisiweyo. Abahlalutyi, noko, baphikisa ukuba kuhlobo oludluliswayo lukhusela ekutyhafini kwemijelo enikayo nokuqinisekisa ukusetyenziswa kwezidlo ezines ezinesondlo. Imodefidi ezixubileyo, iinkozo ezithile, iinxalenye zezidlo eziphuma njengendawo eziphakathi.

Uhlalutyo lokuthelekisa: NFSA kwimeko yomhlaba wonke

I-NFLA yiNFA phakathi kweenkqubo ezinkulu zokhuseleko lokutya ehlabathini, iinkqubo ezingaphezulu eBrazil (Bolsa Família), eMexico (PROSPA), nase Indonesia. Iyabelana ngeempawu ze- Udweliso Lokhuseleko lokutya [[[FLT:] [[FFLP]] [1] kunye nenkqubo ye-CIIAN [[FLT]] i-CISTNAS[[FLT]] udweliso olukhethekileyo kumsebenzi walo olusemthethweni nomlinganiselo. [FLT][5][5] Uphando olufanayo luye luye lwazinziswayo, kodwa lukwakunye oluphawulweyo luye lufuna ezinye iziko. [FT][5]

Isiphelo: Umthetho Ophilayo Oneshishini Elingenazinjongo

INational Food Security Act isengundoqo wokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zentlalo-ntle yaseIndiya. Ngokuguqula ilungelo lokutya libe yigunya elisemthethweni, iye yanika amakhulu ezigidi zabemi ukhuseleko kubemi abasengozini yokubulawa yindlala nokungafumani nxaxheba. Esi senzo sinezinguqu ezidityanisiweyo kwezolawulo, izibophelelo zolawulo, kunye nokungatyiwa kweengca. Kodwa, iingxaki zokuvuza, ukuphuma kwemifuno, ukuphuma kwemichiza, ukunqongophala kweento ezinokutyiwa komzimba ziyaqhubeka.

Icandelo elilandelayo lohambo lokukhusela ukutya eIndiya kufuneka lijolise ekuvaleni umlinganiselo wokusebenza kwemeko-ntle, ubugcisa bokuxhathisa nokusuka kwilungiselelo lecalorie ukuya kukhuseleko olupheleleyo lwezondlo. Njengokuba iIndiya izabalazela ukufumana i-SDGs kwaye ibe luhlanga oluphucukileyo ngo-2047, i-NFSA iza kugwetywa kungengoyilo lwayo olunephulo eliphambili, kodwa ngamandla ayo okuphelisa ukungondleki nokuqinisekisa isidima sabemi bonke.

[[FLT: 0] Iziqinisekiso zolwazi oluneenkcukacha kwi-NFS, tyelela i- ekwi-offical National Security Food Porter. Uhlalutyo lwemikhwa yokutya encinci, lubhekiselele kwi Uvavanyo lwe-Economic ye-Indiya[[[FLT:]]]. Ukuthelekisa neenkqubo zokhuseleko lokutya, bona iditya kwehlabathi i-[FLT] Iphepha lokhuseleko loluntu [[FLT]]