IRaje Sabba, indlu ephezulu yePalamente yaseIndiya, isebenza njengesakhiwo esibalulekileyo sokukhuthaza umelo lwamabhinqa kwilizwe lezobupolitika. Njengegumbi lorhulumente elimele amazwe kunye nemimandla yamaqumrhu, inika iqonga elikhethekileyo ukuze abafazi babe negalelo ekulungiseni inkqubo yesizwe, ukujongana nolawulo lomthetho, kunye nokuhlolwa kwemithetho-siseko, kunye nokuhlolwa kwemeko yobufana. Ngoxa i-Indiya iye yenza umgaqo-siseko kunye nomthetho wobuhlanga lwamalungelo abalulekileyo ekudibaniseni kwendoda nelungu, ubukho bamabhinqa kwiRajiya Sabha buye balandela umgangatho ophambili wesizwe. Nangona kunjalo, ukwenziwa kwegumbi lokunyulo-orhulumente kusetyenziswa ulawulo oluthe ngqo kusuka kwiindibano ze-ogravinion, kunye nobuchule bayo bokukhuthaza amathuba acacileyo kunye nocelomngeni olukhoyo ekukhuthazeni kwezopolitiko. Eli nqaku lihlola ukusetyenziswa kwe-Sabra kumelo logcino-mjiko, ukuchaza ukuhambelana kwemiqatha kwemiqatha, ukuquququku, ukuquququluku, ukuquququququququ

Imbali Ebonisa Umfanekiso Wamabhinqa EIndiya

ISebe libonise ukuba

Ukuzibandakanya kwamabhinqa kwezobupolitika eIndiya ngaphambi kokuba afumane inkululeko, ngamanani obuvulindlela anjengeSarojini Naidu, Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit, kunye neKamaradevi Chattopadhay asebenza ngenkuthalo kumzabalazo wenkululeko kunye neConstituent Constuent. KwiNdibano yokuqala yeSithaha (52/557), amabhinqa abamba kuphela izihlalo, ngelixa eRajeshimaha, inani limi malunga ne 6.9%. Amashumi eminyaka, umelo lwamabhinqa kuzo zombini izindlu lwahlala phantsi kwemiqathango yeshumi%, lubonisa ukufikelela kwemfundo enzulu, ukufikelela kwemfundo elinganiselwe, kunye nezakhiwo zezobupolitika ezisoloko zihamba ecaleni. Ukungakho kwamabhinqa asebenza kwiphulo lobupoliti yemithetho yakutshanje, ezangqinwa yimpumelelo yeqela lokuzithandela.

Iintaka Ezigciniweyo Nohambo Lwabafazi

Ukunyanzeliswa kwee-arhente zowiso-mthetho kwaphumelela kwiminyaka yee-1990. Izindululo zomgaqo-siseko wama-79 zonyaka-wesi-79 zagcina izihlalo ezisisihlalo ezisisithathu kwimibutho yamabhinqa yasemaphandleni nasedolobheni, zidala umbhobho ophumelelayo weenkokeli zamabhinqa ezithwele ingcambu. Noko ke, zandisa izithuba ezinjalo kwiPalamente kunye nezindlu zowiso-mthetho zangqinelwano. IBhili yeSinyuso-Sinyusi-108th Demendementmentment (10%) yafuna ukugcina izihlalo ezingama-33% kwizihlalo kwiLok Sabba neendawo zikarhulumente ze-Adbiya, kodwa zadlula amaxesha amaninzi ngenxa yokunqongophala kwesivumelwano somphiso. Yaye yadluliselwa nge-Rhab-Syahasha e-Rhavinceston, kodwa akuzange kurhobo, i-Rhafu yegunya layo elilandele ingu-Rosebupoliti, kodwa kwafuneka ngokusetyenziswa nakusetyenziswa ngumthetho, i-Rha.

Indima Engaqhelekanga YeRaje Sabra Ekukhuthazeni Isabelo Samabhinqa

Ukwakhiwa kunye nendlela yokhetho

IRaje Sabba inamalungu angama-245, apho ama-233 enyuliweyo ngamalungu eendibano zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente, kwaye ama-12 atyunjwa nguMongameli ngenxa yobuchule bawo kuncwadi, inzululwazi, ubugcisa, kunye nenkonzo yentlalo. Inkqubo yonyulo engangqalanga ithetha ukuba amalungu eRajiya Sabha akhutshwe kwiqumrhu labezobupolitika abanamava, kuquka abo babe ngabefundisi bephondo, abaphathi-mikhosi, namaqela esizwe. Oku kunganceda kwaye kuthintele umelo lwamabhinqa: kwelinye icala, isoloko ikhupha amabhinqa amancinane okanye anxulumeneyo kakhulu; kwelinye icala, inika amabhinqa akha umgangatho omelele kwezopolitiki.

Ngaba IRaje Sabha IneeSeats Ezigciniweyo Zamabhinqa?

Ngokwahlukileyo kwingcamango eqhelekileyo, iRaje Sabha ngokwayo ayinawo umsebenzi ogciniweyo wokuhlala amabhinqa. Inqaku lokuqala likhankanye "izihlalo ezigciniweyo", kodwa alichananga. IRajiya Sabba ayinaso isigxina esisesikweni kumabhinqa. Noko ke, amaqela ezobupolitika adla ngokunikezela ngomlinganiselo we Rajiya Sabba nominalistries yawo kumabhinqa. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, lo msebenzi unyukile, phantse wonke amaqela angundoqo aqinisekisa ubuncinane ukuba umelo lwawo lwamabhinqa phakathi kwe Rajiya Sabra Yabha abatsha abatsha abatsha abatsha abatsha abatshayo. Amaqela amabhinqa anxulumene noMthetho we-2023 kuphela nomthetho we-Lok Sabbaha kunye neendibano; uRajya Sabra uhlala engekho mfi, eye yakhokelela ekudluliseleni kweminye indlela okanye ukuvelisa indlu ephezulu.

Iingxoxo Ezimandundu Nomsebenzi Wekomiti

IRajiya Sabba ixatyiswa kakhulu kwinkqubo yayo yekomiti enenkcukacha, apho amalungu ahlolisisa amatyala kwaye ahlola imiba yenkqubo. Amabhinqa aye asebenzisa ezi ndawo ukunyusa izinto ezisukela kubomi bukamama kunye nemfundo ukuya kugonyamelo nxamnye namabhinqa kunye namandla ezoqoqosho. Igumbi lincinane kakhulu ekusebenziseni i-antinance. Eli gumbi lithelekiswa neLok Sabbah(a) livumela iingxoxo ezincinci ezingokwasemthethweni kwimithetho elawula ubufana nomntu ngamnye. Amabhinqa anokungawasebenzisiyo uRajiya Sarhaj, Brinda Kariti Irani, neJaya Bachchan anezikhundla ezipheneyo eziphembelela impembelelo kugonyamelo lwasekhaya, ukukhathazwa ngokwesini, ukuxhatshana kwamabhinqa amalungelo empahla.

Ingongoma Engobukho Bamabhinqa KwiRaje Sabba

Utyekelo Lweminyaka Engaphezu Kwamashumi Amathandathu

Ukwandisa amanani: Ukusukela ngo1952 ukuya ku1970, umelo lwabafazi kwiRajeya Sabha oluphakathi kwe 6% ne 8%. Inani laqala ukunyuka nge-intshi ngo-1980, lifikelela malunga ne-10% ngo1990. Unyuko oluphawulekayo: ukusuka ku-8.7% ngo-2002 ukuya ku-14. Ngo-2014. Kulo lonke ukwakhiwa (ngowama-2024), amabhinqa abamba izihlalo ezingama-349, okanye malunga ne-13.9%. Oku kumela unyuko oluthetho kodwa olubonakalayo, nangona kusuka kwisigaba esiphezulu. Ipesenti ephezulu yayimalunga ne15% ku-2017. Ugcino lubonisa ukuba ngaphandle kwenkqubela, i-RGeneackity.

Ukuthelekiswa namaBhunga eMthethweni weSizwe neLok Sabha

ILok Sabba, enomelo lwangoku lwamabhinqa amalunga ne-15% (semva konyulo lwamashumi amabini anesine), iphakame kancinci kune Rajiya Sabha. Kodwa, umlinganiselo wehlabathi lonke wamabhinqa kwizindlu ezisezantsi ubhabhabha jikelele macala angama-26%, ibeka iIndiya emva kweedemokhrasi ezininzi. Phakathi kwamabhunga esizwe (i-Vidhan Parishads), umelo lwabafazi luyahluka-hluka kakhulu: kwibhunga le-Utar Pradesh, abafazi babambelele malunga ne-18% yezihlalo, ngelixa ibhu yeBihar' ikhomba malunga ne 10%. Ngokucacileyo, umelo lweRapya Sabha' lukwindawo enkulu kunye neLobab, icebisa ukuba omabini amagumbi afuna utshintsho kwi-primeoth-month.

Ukwahlulwa Kobulumko Kweqela Lezobupolitika

Amaqela amakhulu esizwe abonise izibophelelo ezithobayo. Ngokomzekelo, iNgqungquthela yeSizwe yaseIndiya iye yabala inani eliphezulu lamabhinqa kwiRaje Sabhaha (malunga no-18-20%) xa ithelekiswa neBaratiya Janata Partium (malunga ne12-15%)%). Amaqela eengingqi ayahluka; iDravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) kunye neTrinamool Congress ziye zawahlula amabhinqa ngamanani angaphezulu kwe-20%, zibonakalisa ukugxininisa kwawo iqondo lombuso ekunikweni amandla. Amalungu angenawo abafazi, akhethwa nguMongameli ekuthetheni norhulumente, ngokufuthi aquka amabhinqa asuka kumazwe anjalo, urhulumente, umatshini, kunye nomsebenzi wentlalo-odmishorentil-ach.

Impembelelo Yamabhinqa AkwiNtsimbi YaseRaje

Iminikelo yoMthetho

Amalungu ebhinqa uRajiya Sabba aye asetyenziswa ekulungiseni imithetho ephawulayo. Ukukhusela kwamabhinqa kuMthetho wobuKapa (2005) kwabonwa kusetyenziswa ngamandla ngabenzi bomthetho wamabhinqa ukunqumla imigca yeqela. I-Scom Asterehazed of Women eWorkpo (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act (2013) iqinisekiswe ngenxa yokungenelela ngamalungu kaRajaya Sabba. Ngokungakumbi, ukudlula kwamabhinqa eRajya Sabra Resavement Bill kwiRaj Sabra ngo-2023 kwaba ngumzuzu obalulekileyo, namalungu amaqela awahlukahlukeneyo athetha ngokubonakalisa inkcotha. Amabhinqa aye axhasa iimbambanobuzo ezinjengobucocelo, ukuthengisa, ukukhusela, nokunyusa inzuzo.

Amanyathelo okusungula umgaqo-nkqubo wokusebenzisa isini

Ngaphandle komthetho, amabhinqa kwiRaje Sabha aye asebenzisa imibuzo yepalamente, iintshukumo zentethe, kwaye athetha ngokukhethekileyo ukuzisa ingqalelo kwizithuba zesini. Umzekelo, amalungu amabhinqa aye asoloko ephakamisa imbambano yokumela intloko-mgangathweni kwijaji kunye nequmrhu eliphantsi, imfuneko yokungacoceki kwabantwana, kunye nempembelelo yemigaqo-siseko yezoqoqosho emsebenzini wamabhinqa. Iinkqubo zoBulungiseleli bamabhinqa noPhuhliso lomntwana ziye zahlolisiswa zaza zaqukwa kwaye zaqulunqwa eRajya Sabbah, nto leyo ekhokelela kwikomiti ebalulekileyo yokulungisa.

Umelo lwabafazi Abagwetyelwe Imida

I-Raje Sabra ikwalungiselele iqonga kumabhinqa akwindawo ephantsi. Umzekelo, uShobhana Bhartia (owathatyathwe) wazisa iimbono ze-media, ngelixa amalungu angaphambili anjengo Mohsina Kidwai noNajma Heptulla ayemela amabhinqa ambalwa. Noko ke, umelo lukaDalit, uAdivasi, kunye noobhishophu abambalwa bonqulo bahlala besezantsi kakhulu, kunye neqaqobana lamabhinqa akhonza ngalo naliphi naliphi na ixesha. Oku kubonisa ukuba u-socina Kidwaiallal exhulument kunye nemfuno yokungena ekuboniseni i-mfono.

Ucelomngeni Oluqhubekayo Kumfanekiso Wamabhinqa KwiRaje Sabha

Iqela Lezobupolitika Liza Kukhetha

Umqobo oyintloko kukungaqiniseki kwamaqela ezobupolitika kukungathandi kwamabhinqa afuna ukunyulwa eRajeya Sabba. Ekubeni uRaje Sabha akhethwa yi-MLA, kwaye ukhokelo lweqela ludla ngokubeka imilinganiselo yamadoda akwizinyuko, abalandeli abanyanisekileyo, kunye nobunzima obunzima, amabhinqa asoloko engahoywa. Icandelo lolawulo-melo lwangaphakathi libuthathaka; izigqibo zokukhetha zenziwa liqela elincinane leenkokeli eziphezulu, ezisoloko zikhuthaza iimbono ezikhoyo. Ngaphezu koko, indleko ephezulu yokukhuphisana nonyulo olungangqamanisekiyo (ngokuya kuMLMLS) ingawathintela amabhinqa ngoovimba bemali abambalwa. Intevers zokhutha amabhinqa ukukhuthaza uxinzelelo lwevoti okanye iimfuno-mthetho zihlala zilinganiselwe de zihambele utshintsho.

Izithethe Nezithintelo Zokwakha

Amabhinqa kwezobupolitika ajongene nemithwalo entlu - ntathu: iimbopheleleko zasekhaya, ukulindela kwezezemali, kunye nocalucalulo lwamaqumrhu. Ucwangciso lukaRaje Sabha, logama lungekho ngqongqo kakhulu kuneLok Sabha, kusafuneka ahambe rhoqo ukuya eDelhi kunye neentlanganiso ezinde, ezinokungqubana neembopheleleko zentsapho kumaziko oobhishophu. Amabhinqa amaninzi anikela ingxelo yokuchasa izimo zengqondo kumadoda asebenza nawo, nokungabi namaziko axhasayo (njengezinyuko kunye nokunyamekela abantwana) kwisakhiwo sePalamente. Ngaphezu koko, igathelela iminikelo yamabhinqa esoloko ijongelwa phantsi kwemibutho, igxininisa kwimbonakalo okanye izibopho zentsapho kunokuba asebenze.

Ukungabikho kogcino-lwazi nokungaphenduleki

Akukho mfuneko yonyanzelo yokuba amaqela ezobupolitika atyhile ukwenziwa kwemihlathi yoluhlu lwawo lobufanasini lukaRajeya Sabba. IKhomishini yoNqumo yaseIndiya igcina ugcino-lwazi kubahlohli kodwa ayinyanzeli naluphi na umlinganiselo we-screen. Ngaphandle kokubonakala ngokucacileyo, kunzima ukuba amaqela aphendule phantsi kokungatyunjwa kwamabhinqa. Uphando lwe-endex luyi-PRS Legislative Research kunye ne-Parliament Union lunika ugcino-lwazi oluluncedo, kodwa iikomiti zepalamente azikancomeli amaxhoba aluncedo eRajiya Sabra.

Ukuqinisa Umfuziselo Wamabhinqa: Iindlela Notshintsho

Utshintsho Olucetyiswayo KwiRaje Sabha

  • I-Internal Party Quotas: amaqela ezobupolitika kufuneka ngokuzithandela amkele iiyunithi zangaphakathi ukuqinisekisa ukuba ubuncinane 33% yeRajiya Sabha nominees yawo ngamabhinqa. Amanye amaqela, njengeBhunga, abonise imbopheleleko kwimiqobo yangaphakathi, kodwa ukuzalisekiswa kuye kwatshintsha.
  • [[NTL:0] Ukufuna ukuba kuthathwe i-Reservation Act: Nangona umThetho wama-2023 ugquma kuphela i-Lok Sabha nendibano zikarhulumente, ukupheliswa komgaqo-siseko okufanayo kweRapya Sabhaha kungaqwalaselwa. Oku kuza kufuna ingxoxo yepalamente kunye nokuvumelana.
  • Amalungu afunyanisiweyo Iqhinga: UMongameli, ngecebiso likarhulumente, kufuneka asebenzise udidi lwamalungu atyunjwe intloko-mntshum ukuzisa ngokucacileyo kumabhinqa avela kumasimi angaphantsi komgangatho, ingakumbi lawo akwimimandla ephantsi komgaqo-siseko. Oku kungasebenza njengomlinganiselo wokulungisa wokwexeshana.
  • [[NTL: 0] IKhomishini yoNnyuso mayigunyazise ukuba amaqela apapashe ulwenziso lwezini lobufanasini lwawo iRajiya Sabhaha adwelise nezizathu zokwahluka. Ibutho labemi linokusebenzisa le data ukuxhasa utshintsho.

Indima Yoluntu Nemibutho Yamazwe Ngamazwe

Imibutho enjengeZiko leZizwe Ezimanyeneyo loManyano lweGener Eaty (UN Abafazi) kunye neInter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) inikeze inkxaso yobugcisa kunye nokukhuliswa kwemithetho-siseko yokwandiswa kwamabhinqa kwizindlu zowiso-mthetho zaseIndiya. Iinkqubo zokuqwalasela ukuqeqesha amabhinqa angoopolitiko, ukucebisa iinkokeli eziselula, kunye nokuqhuba uphicotho-zincwadi lwepalamente. Iphulo lomkhosi wamaMediya olubalasekileyo uRajiya Sabra anokuba luncedo ekuceleni ucelomngeni ubuchule bomdlalo loPhuhliso lweziselo lweziko lwe-Phondo 5 (Umgangatho oPhezulu) lunika izibheno zomdlalo ezisisiseko kwinkqubela engoko.

Owona Mkhwa ulungileyo ovela kwezinye Izindlu Eziphezulu

ICathenal yase-Australia, umzekelo, inomlinganiselo ophezulu wamabhinqa (malunga nama-38%) ngenxa yokusebenza komlinganiselo wobulungu kunye nenkqubo yomelo olulungelelanisiweyo. IBoundesrat yaseJamani, emele oorhulumente, ibone ukutshintsha komelo lwamabhinqa kodwa inzuzo kwimithetho yobudoda bobufana. I-Indiya ingafunda le mizekelo ize ilungelelanise imeko yayo yoluntu. I-Rajya Sabra'ethambileyo inkqubo yokulinganisa imodeli enokuthi isetyenziswe ukuxelisa imodeli 'yenzululwazi eqinisekisa ukuba kukho amazwi ahlukeneyo.

Isiphelo

IRajiya Sabha ithatha indawo ekhethekileyo nenentsingiselo kwinkqubo yepalamente njengegumbi lokucinga, lobuchule, kunye nomelo lwamazwe. Ithuba lokukhuthaza ukuma kwamabhinqa libalulekile, kodwa lihlala liphantsi. Inkqubano yembali ibonisa inkqubela ecothayo kodwa enentsingiselo, eqhutywa yimigudu kwaye yexesha elithile inyathelo lokuqala kunexesha elithile lokulungisa ulawulo lwezicwangciso zenkqubo. UMthetho wokuzinzisa nokuguqula kwamabhinqa umele uphumelele kakhulu kwindlu esezantsi, kodwa ayithethi ngeRajiyahahahaha. I-glasi ephezulu ngaphandle kolawulo olunentsingiselo elungileyo. Ngoko ke, ukukhuthaza lo mqobo kuya kufuna ukudityaniswa kweqela lozibophelelo lweqela, ulawulo olusemthethweni, kunye notshintsho olusemthethweni lwe-India. Njengoko i-Dicerayyahab imele i-democracki ye-democki, imele ukukhokelwa yimeko elungele zonke iimeko ezifanelekileyo zemithetho ezilawulayo. Ngoko ke, kufuneka kungene ubuchule obunamandla lobuchule obupheleleyo.