Table of Contents

Amagosa eenkqubo zikarhulumente angoorhulumente abanyulwa njengabaphambili kwidemokhrasi kumgangatho wesizwe, besenza imithetho nemigaqo echaphazela ngokuthe ngqo izigidi zabantu baseMerika suku ngalunye. Ukusuka ekuxhaseni izikolo zikawonke-wonke nasekulondolozeni iindlela zokulawula ukunyamekela impilo kunye nokulawula ulawulo lolwaphulo-mthetho, abamisi-mthetho barhulumente babhale, bathathe ingxubusho, kunye nabo bavote imithetho echaphazela abemi kulo lonke ilizwe labo. Ukuqonda oko kwenziwa ngabavoti bemithetho-mthetho kuyimfuneko kubavoti abafuna ukwenza ngokunelisayo norhulumente wabo baze bagcine abameli babo benoxandukile.

Uyintoni Umthetho KaRhulumente?

Indlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe lisebe lowiso-mthetho kumazwe angama-50 ase-U.S., lenza imisebenzi karhulumente ngendlela efanayo neyoMbutho waseUnited States owenza ngayo imisebenzi yesizwe kumyinge wesizwe. Imithetho-mthetho yelizwe ngamalungu alo ngalinye abumba la maqela owiso-mthetho, amele imimandla ethile kumazwe awo.

Abaququzeleli bemithetho bamela izithili ezithile zomhlaba kwaye basebenza ngokukhuthaza iimfuno zabameli babo kumgangatho worhulumente. Ubungakanani bezi thili buhluka ngokuphawulekayo ngaphaya kwamazwana. Umzekelo, abaququzeleli belizwe laseKhalifoniya bamela malunga nesigidi esinye sabemi, xa izihlanganisi zoMntla Dakota zimela abantu abamalunga ne 16,500.

Amagama Ahlukahlukeneyo Aphesheya Kwamazwe

Ngeli xesha igama elithi "ummisi-mthetho wesigqeba" lisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo, kuma- 27 indlu yowiso-mthetho ibizwa ngokuba yindlu yowiso-mthetho okanye indlu yowiso-mthetho, ngoxa ngowe-19 ithe indlu yowiso-mthetho ibizwe ngokuba yindibano jikelele. EMassachusetts naseNew Hampshire, indlu yowiso-mthetho ibizwa ngokuba yinkundla jikelele, ngelixa umNtla Dakota no-Oregon bemisela indibano yemithetho-mthetho.

Kwamanye amazwe, abamisi-mthetho babizwa ngokuba ngabathunywa okanye amalungu endibano, ngoxa amalungu egumbi eliphezulu esoloko ebizwa ngokuba ngabaququzeleli bakarhulumente. Nangona kukho ukungqubana okubizwa ngamagama, iimbopheleleko ezisisiseko zihlala zifana kuwo onke amazwe.

Isakhiwo se Bicameral

Wonke amaphondo ngaphandle kweNebraska anendlu yowiso-mthetho ebizwa ngokuba yiBhunga le-arhente, ithetha ukuba anamagumbi amabini ahlukeneyo afana ne-urhulumente. Amagumbi amabini abizwa ngokuba yiBhunga okanye yiBhunga leRhulumente kwaye athathwa njenge "ndlu engaphezulu" amalungu eBhunga leRhulumente adla ngokumela abemi abaninzi kwaye akhonza ngamalungu amade kunamalungu egumbi elinye, nangona ubude bexesha buhluka ngokorhulumente.

Igumbi elisezantsi likhulu kwaye linoxanduva olwahlukileyo. Amalungu ale gumbi, abizwa ngokuba ngabameli belizwe okanye amaGaqo-mthetho kaRhulumente, adla ngokukhonza ngokweemfuno zeminyaka emibini kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo anamandla akhethekileyo okusungula umthetho orhafisayo kwaye abhale amanqaku onyanzelo.

Iimbopheleleko zamaqumrhu eMithetho yeSizwe

Abamisi-mthetho baseburhulumenteni babekela imigaqo-nkqubo emininzi ekwandiswa ngaphezu kokuvota nje ematyaleni. Umsebenzi wabo ubandakanya ukubekwa komthetho, ukusetyenziswa kwemisebenzi, ukulawulwa koqingqo-mali, nokuphuhliswa kwenkqubo.

Ukwenziwa Nokudlula Komthetho

Umsebenzi oyintloko wayo nayiphi na indlu yowiso-mthetho kukwenza imithetho. Le nkqubo iqala xa abamisi-mthetho bechaza imibandela efuna ukuqwalaselwa ngemithetho emitsha okanye ngeenguqu kwimimiselo ekhoyo. Abamisi-mthetho baseburhulumenteni bacebisa baze bavote amatyala anokuba yimithetho echaphazela lonke ilizwe, edala imigaqo yemfundo, imigaqo yolwaphulo-mthetho, ukhuseleko lukawonke wonke, ukhuseleko lwempilo, iinkonzo zempilo, ukuphuhliswa kwezoqoqosho nezinye izinto ezininzi.

Izimvo zetyala zingavela kumntu ngamnye kwaye inkqubo iqala xa umntu okanye iqela licenga ilungu loMthetho ukuba libhale ityala. Ilungu lithumela ingcamango nolwimi lwemali kwi-ofisi yeSiluleko soMthetho, apho libhaliswe kwityala lokwenene.

Inkqubo yokwenza umthetho iyasebenzisana kwaye kufuneka kwakhiwe isivumelwano. Kufuneka uninzi lwentsebenziswano nokucenga uninzi ukuba luxhase iingcamango kunye neerejista zabameli bemithetho yamatyala. Akukho mmisi-mthetho omnye onokuyila imithetho ngaphandle komphambili; endaweni yoko, kufuneka basebenze kwinkqubo yokuhlola kunye nolungelelwano oluyilelwe ukukhusela nawuphi na umntu okanye iqela elincinane ekusebenziseni amandla amaninzi.

Ukuvunywa koHlahlo-mali kunye noLawulo

Enye yeembopheleleko ezibalulekileyo zabamisi-mthetho bakarhulumente kukulawula amabinzana emali karhulumente. Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente ziyaluvumela uqingqo-mali lukarhulumente, zimisela ukuba ii-dola zabahlawula irhafu zabiwa njani kwiinkqubo neenkonzo ezahlukeneyo.

Abamisi-mthetho besizwe banceda ekulungiseni ubomi bukawonke-wonke ngeendlela ezinkulu, ngemisebenzi equka ukuvunywa koqingqo-mali lukarhulumente (ukuqeqeshelwa izikolo, ukunyamekela impilo, ezothutho, iipaki, nezinye). Eli gunya loqingqo-mali linika impembelelo ephawulekayo kwimimiselo yemithetho ngezinto zikarhulumente eziza kuqala kunye nomgangatho weenkonzo ezifunyanwa ngabahlali.

Inkqubo yoqingqo-mali isoloko ibandakanya iikomiti ezikhethekileyo ezihlola izicelo zocalulo nokuhlola indlela abameli beli lizwe abayisebenzisa ngayo imali enikiweyo. Ezi komiti zihlolisisa iinkcitho ezicetyiweyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba zisetyenziswa ngoxanduva lwezibonelelo zikarhulumente kunye nezinto eziphambili zikarhulumente.

Umelo olubalulekileyo kunye neenkonzo

Indima yabaququzeleli bomthetho ephambili kukulungiselela abaququzeleli babo, nangona benokuqwalasela indawo yeqela labo xa besenza izigqibo. Umthetho ngamnye kufuneka ajonge imbambano ngokweziphumo zayo kulo lonke ilizwe.

Ngapha koko kwenziwa kwemigaqo, abalawuli banikela iinkonzo ezithe ngqo kubantu abameleyo. Abameli banikela iinkonzo eziluncedo ukuzama nokunceda abahlali abajonge kwii-asterers okanye izisombululo. Oku kungaquka ukunceda abasebenzi bequmrhu ukuba bahambele phambili, bathethe ngenkxalabo yezorhulumente, okanye banxibelelane nabahlali ngoovimba abafanelekileyo.

Inxalenye ebalulekileyo yomsebenzi wommisi-mthetho ibandakanya ukudibana nabaququzeleli. Le ngxoxo ingenzeka kwi-ofisi yeqonga lemithetho nakuluntu. Abameli badibana nabaququzeleli ukuze baphendule inkcazo yabo, baqokelele impendumiso, baqonde iimfuno zesithili okanye ubuchule babo. Bangazibamba iintlanganiso zedolophu, bangene kwiziganeko zikawonke-wonke, batyelele isithili okanye urhulumente wabo ukuze babandakanye nee-APRCP.

Ulawulo lwezongxamiseko zikarhulumente

Indlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe, ngaphandle komsebenzi wayo wokwenza umthetho, ikwasebenza njengenkuselo kwisebe elilawulayo lesizwe, elinegunya lokuhlolisisa izenzo ze-rhulumente kunye nokuqhuba imicimbi. Lo msebenzi wolawulo uqinisekisa ukuba abameli bakarhulumente bamisa imithetho njengoko icetyiwe kwaye isebenza kakuhle.

Abaququzeleli bomthetho baqwalasela indlela abasebenzi besebe abaphetheyo abawenza ngayo umsebenzi wabo, baphande iingxaki ezinokubakho, baze bagcine abameli betyala ngempumelelo yabo. Le ndima ibalulekile ekulondolozeni inkqubo yee-checks nokulungelelana okuthintela ukuba naliphi na isebe likarhulumente libe namandla kakhulu.

Inkqubo Yomthetho: Indlela Iibhiliyo Eziba Ngayo Imithetho

Ukuqonda indlela abamisi - mthetho belizwe abaguqula ngayo iingcamango zibe yimithetho kuyanceda abavoti baqonde ukuba kuntsonkothile ngendlela yokulawula nokufumana amathuba amaninzi okuthetha noluntu.

Ukwazisa nodrafti

Lonke umthetho uqala njengengcamango, kwaye ezi ngcamango zinokuvela kuye nabani na kwaye inkqubo iqalisa xa umntu okanye iqela linyanzelisa ilungu loMthetho ukuba libhale umthetho. Oku kuthetha ukuba abemi abaqhelekileyo, amaqela eengcungela, amashishini, nabanye abagcini-matyala bonke banokuba nendima ekuqaliseni umthetho.

Kwizindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente, ukuqulunqwa kwamatyala akuphelelanga kubenzi bomthetho kuphela. Abantu ngabanye nemibutho engaphandle kwendlu yowiso-mthetho bangacebisa ukuba banikele amatyala okuphendula imibandela ethile. Xa ummisi-mthetho evuma ukuxhasa umthetho, kufuneka abhaliswe ngolwimi olufanelekileyo, ngokuqhelekileyo ngoncedo oluvela kwisiluleko somthetho okanye kwiinkonzo zokwenziwa kwezomthetho.

Ukuhlolwa nokuviwa kweKomiti

Emva kwentshayelelo, amatyala abelwa iikomiti ukuqwalasela iinkcukacha. Ikomiti nganye imiselwe ukuqwalasela amatyala anxulumene nombandela othile. Iikomiti ezikhoyo zibekwa ityala elibalulekileyo lokuhlola amatyala nokuncomela isenzo kwiBhunga okanye kwiNdlu yeNdlu.

IiKomiti zingundoqo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho, zisebenza njengezithuthi eziphambili zokuhlalutya nokubumba amatyala acetyiweyo. Kwindlu yowiso-mthetho, amatyala aphuma kwiikomiti ezahlukeneyo ngaphambi kokuba afike kumgangatho wegumbi ukwenzela ingxoxo kunye nokuvota. IiKomiti ziquka abenzi bomthetho abanobuchule kwimimandla ethile yemigaqo ethile. Ezi komiti zihlolisisa ngenyameko kwaye zihlolisisa iindleko zeengxoxo ezikhoyo, ziqokelela ubungqina obuvelayo kunye nokulungisa izinto njengoko kuyimfuneko.

Iikomiti zinika amathuba okuba nenxaxheba kuwonke-wonke. Abami banganikela ubungqina phambi kweekomiti, bevakalisa inkxaso okanye inkcaso kumthetho ocetyiswayo. Xa benikela ubungqina phambi kwekomiti, bachaze igama lakho nentlangano oyimeleyo okanye uyibonise ukuba ungummi oxhalabileyo okanye ungummi apho uhlala khona. Amalungu ekomiti ayakunomdla wokuva oko umele ukukuthethe kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo abangenzi abemi abanikela ubungqina ngendlela efanayo.

Ingxoxo yeNkcubeko noLuvo

Xa isibhengezo sidlula kwikomiti, sisiya kwigumbi elipheleleyo ukuze kuqhutywe ingxoxo kunye nokuvota. Kufundo lwesithathu, umbhali unika ityala lokudlula ngendlu yonke. Amatyala amaninzi afuna ivoti enkulu (imele idlule ngeevoti ezingama-21 kwiBhunga kunye namavoti angama-41 kwiNdibano), ngoxa imilinganiselo yongxamiseko kunye neendleko zokukhupha izicelo zifuna ukuvota okubini (27 kwiBhunga, 54 kwiNdibano).

Nanini na ngexesha lenkqubo yowiso-mthetho ityala lingalungiswa, mhlawumbi kwikomiti okanye kwiFloor. Emva kokuba iintlawulo zinikezelwe kumbhali, ityala lisiya komnye ushicilelo ukuze libonise utshintsho olwenziweyo. Izinyibilikiso zinokuba ngqiqweni okanye ziphucule indlela oziphethe ngayo.

Isebe Lesibini kunye neRhuluneli

Ngokufanayo nenkqubo ekhompyutheni yase-U.S., omabini amagumbi owiso-mthetho kufuneka avote ukudlulisa umthetho ngaphambi kokuba ufaneleke ukuba ngumthetho. IiBhili ezidlulayo zombini amagumbi zidla ngokutyikityelwa nguRhuluneli.

IRhuluneli ineentsuku ezili-12 zokusayina, ukuvuma ngaphandle kokutyikitya, okanye ukufowunela i-ofisi ye-ofisi yeRhuluneli. Ileta okanye umnxeba oya kwi-ofisi yeRhuluneli ufanelekile ukuchaza indawo yakho kwityala. Ukuba ityala lityikitywe okanye livunywe ngaphandle kosayino, liya kuNobhala weSizwe oza kwalathwa. Ukuba iRhuluneli ikhupha ityala, ivoti eneemitha ezimbini kwindlu nganye iyafuneka ukurhoxisa i-veto.

Umsebenzi weKomiti: Intliziyo Yomsebenzi Womthetho

Uninzi lomsebenzi ocuphiweyo wezindlu zowiso-mthetho zesizwe uyenzeka kwiikomiti kunokuba ube kwigumbi eliphantsi. Ukuqonda umsebenzi wekomiti kubalulekile ukuze kuqondwe indlela abamisi-mthetho abachitha ngayo ixesha labo baze benze izigqibo.

Iindidi zeeKomiti

Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zephondo zimisela intabalala yeekomiti zokusingatha intabalala yeembambano ezidibana nazo, eziquka iikomiti zejaji, iikomiti zemfundo, iikomiti zezothutho neekomiti zezocalulo, phakathi kwezinye.

Iikomiti ezimiyo zingamaqumrhu asisigxina akhoyo kulo lonke ixesha lowiso-mthetho kwaye asingatha amatyala anxulumene nemimandla yawo yemibandela ethile. Ezi komiti zivelisa ubuchule kwimiqathango yazo yezomthetho, zizenza zixhotyiswe kakuhle ukuvavanya umthetho ontsonkothileyo.

Iimbopheleleko zeKomiti

Ngeekomiti ezimileyo, ityala ngalinye libhekiswa kwiqela lamalungu anolwazi olukhethekileyo lombandela walo. Amanye amalungu endlu yowiso-mthetho anolwazi olunzulu ngemibandela ethile yomthetho, yaye la malungu adla ngokubekwa kwiikomiti ukuze axhase olu lwazi lukhethekileyo. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, indlu yowiso-mthetho idla ngokwamkela ukunconywa kokugqibela kweekomiti zayo ezimileyo.

IiKomiti zineengxelo zokuchonga eziqulunqweyo nemibono engomthetho ocetyiswayo. Ukuhlola iikomiti, ngokufuthi ukuchonga ukuqokelela ulwazi neembono, kwaye zinokucebisa ukuba kwenziwe izivumelwano ezifana neziqumrhu zemithetho ehlabathini lonke. Ezi ngxelo zivumela abawi-mthetho ukuba beve kwiingcali, abagcini-mthetho, namalungu abantu basekuhlaleni ngaphambi kokuba benze izigqibo.

Impembelelo yeSebe

Inkoliso yamatyala ayinakufakwa emthethweni de kubhekiswe kuwo, kuthathwe kuwo, kubuyeke, ikomiti emileyo kwindlu nganye. Oku kunika iikomiti amandla aphawulekayo okuthi kungene amatyala aphambili nangawaphi abo bafayo bengakhange bavotelwe ngokupheleleyo.

Ngokufuthi ngeentsuku xa indlu yowiso-mthetho ingekho kwintlanganiso, iikomiti zendlu nganye ziyadibana zize ziqwalasele amatyala eziye zabhekiswa kuzo ukuze zigqibe enoba amatyala anikiweyo afanele achazwe ukuba athathe inyathelo elibhekele phambili na. Kwiindleko ezininzi, kulandelwa iingcebiso zekomiti, nangona nayiphi na indlu ikhululekile ukwamkela okanye ukugatya isenzo sekomiti.

Izahlulo zexesha v. Imithetho yexesha elipheleleyo

Umahluko obalulekileyo phakathi kwendlu yowiso-mthetho yeyaseburhulumenteni kukuba basebenza inxalenye yexesha okanye ixesha elipheleleyo. Lo mahluko uchaphazela indlela abamisela imithetho abawujonga ngayo umsebenzi wabo kunye neminye imisebenzi yezobugcisa abayifunayo.

Imodeli Yomthetho Wabemi

Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente zisebenza inxalenye yexesha, zidla ngokuhlanganisa iinyanga ezimbalwa nje ngonyaka. Oku kunika abamisi-mthetho iingxaki namathuba akhethekileyo, kuquka imfuneko yokulungelelanisa imisebenzi yabo yowiso-mthetho nezinye iimbopheleleko zobuchule nobuqu.

Lo mkhwa wokunyulwa kwezikhundla zomthetho zikarhulumente kuba zizibopho zexesha elithile usoloko ubhekiswa kuzo njenge "indlu yowiso-mthetho esemthethweni" ekubeni, kuninzi lonyaka, abamisi-mthetho abanayo nayiphi na imisebenzi esemthethweni yezikhundla zabo ezinyuliweyo. Ekuqaleni izindlu zowiso-mthetho zamiselwa ukuba zibe liqela elingacwangciswanga labemi abahlawulelwa ngokuthozamileyo — phantse njengokuthengwa kwemali ixesha labo elithile — kunokuba abameli bakarhulumente babe ziindawo ezipheleleyo zexesha labo.

Iingenelo Nocelomngeni

Ngaphandle kwemisebenzi yabo yowiso-mthetho, abamisi-mthetho basoloko besenza imisebenzi yexesha elipheleleyo, ebaxhobisa ngolwazi nangobuchule bobuqu kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo.

Abaxhasi bendlu yowiso-mthetho yabemi baphikisa ngelithi amava obomi abanawo abaququzeleli bomthetho ngokuba nomsebenzi wangaphandle ababangela ukuba badibane kakuhle nabantu abanokudibana nabo baze bamele abameli babo. Olu nxulumano kubomi bomsebenzi wemihla ngemihla lunganceda abalawuli bemithetho baqonde indlela imigaqo echaphazela ngayo abemi abaqhelekileyo.

Noko ke, uhlobo lwexesha elithile lomsebenzi lubangela iingxaki. Ekubeni abamisi-mthetho bendlu yowiso-mthetho yephondo benolunye ulawulo, kunokwenzeka — yaye kuyinto engaqhelekanga — ngabo ukuvota ukuze bangenele imigaqo eya kunceda amashishini abo okanye ushishino. Ngenxa yoko, abanye baphikisa ngelithi, izindlu zowiso-mthetho zabemi zichanabeke ngakumbi kwiingxaki zemilinganiselo yokuziphatha kunye neengxwabangxwaba zomdla.

Intlanganiso

Iintlanganiso zomthetho zahluka ngokuphawulekayo ngokwemeko. IMinnesota, njengamazwe amaninzi, inendlu yowiso-mthetho yenxalenye. Intlanganiso yowiso-mthetho imalunga neenyanga ezintlanu ubude ebudeni beminyaka enamanani angaqhelekanga neenyanga ezintathu ebudeni beminyaka enamanani aphezulu.

Ngexesha lentlanganiso yowiso-mthetho ummisi-mthetho ugqibelele ngeentlanganiso zekomiti, iintlanganiso zomgangatho, apho onke amalungu eNdlu yeNdlu yeeNtlanga okanye iNdlu yeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNkonzo, iintlanganiso zeofisi kunye nabaququzeleli, kunye namanye amalungu, kwakunye nokuphendula kwifowuni, kwiposi nakwizicelo ze-imeyili.

Iindima zokhokelo loMthetho

Kulo ngalinye igumbi lowiso-mthetho, amanye amalungu anezikhundla zokhokelo eziza neembopheleleko ezongezelelekileyo nempembelelo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho.

Abaphathi-mikhosi abakhokelayo

Umongameli weNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtsimi zeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso yinkokeli ephambili yeNdlu yeNdlu, isithethi seNdlu siyintloko kwiNdlu okanye kwiNdibano.

Ukumisela izihlalo namalungu ekomiti yenye imbopheleleko ebalulekileyo yamagosa awongamelayo. La madinga aphawulekayo aphembelela abenzi bemithetho ukuba babe negunya elingakumbi kwimimandla ethile yezomgaqo-nkqubo.

Kumaphondo angama - 26, igosa elingumongameli weNdlu yeeNtlanganiso.

Iinkokeli Ezikhulu Neenkokeli Ezincinane

Inkokeli enkulu sisithethi esikhokelayo seqela loninzi xa kuxoxwa. Kwakhona baphuhlisa ikhalenda kwaye bancedisa umongameli okanye isithethi ngokuphuhlisa inkqubo, ukusekwa kwemigaqo kunye nezigqibo zenkqubo.

Ezi ndawo zokhokelo zinceda ekuququzeleleni icebo leqela kwaye ziqinisekisa ukuba amalungu eqela ngalinye asebenza kunye ngokunempumelelo ukuhambisela phambili inkqubo yawo ephambili.

Indima Yamasebe Omthetho

Abamisi-mthetho baseburhulumenteni abasebenzi bodwa. Baxhomekeke kumalungu angoomasipala anika inkxaso efunekayo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho.

Iimbopheleleko

Abasebenzi bomthetho baluncedo kakhulu ekusebenzeni kakuhle kweendlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente, bezisa ubutyebi bobuchule, uphando nolwazi oluqulunqileyo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Badlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuguquleni iinkqubo zomthetho kulwimi oluchanekileyo lwemithetho nokunceda abenzi bemithetho ekwenzeni iindleko zokwenziwa kweepeyinti kunye nokulungisa. Ngaphezu koko, abasebenzi bomthetho-mthetho banikela inkxaso ebalulekileyo kwiikomiti ngokulungiselela ukuva, ukuqokelela ubungqina nokuqinisekisa ukusebenza okugudileyo kwenkqubo yemithetho-wistom.

Imbopheleleko yabo idlulela kwiinkonzo ezidityanisiweyo, esebenza njengemida phakathi kwabenzi bomthetho kunye noluntu kunye nokubandakanyeka kwimigudu yokufikelela uluntu. Ngokugxininisa kwinkxaso yomthetho, balawula imisebenzi yeofisi, balungelelanisa ucwangciso kwaye banceda abasebenzi bomthetho ukuba banikele ingqalelo kwimisebenzi yabo yemithetho.

Uguqu-guquko Ekuqeqeshini

Umgangatho wenkxaso yabasebenzi abakhoyo kubenzi bemithetho uyahluka-hluka ngokuphawulekayo ngokorhulumente nokuba indlu yowiso-mthetho isebenza ixesha elipheleleyo okanye inxalenye yexesha. Kwamanye amazwe, abalawuli bemithetho abanabo abasebenzi bexesha elipheleleyo, nto leyo ethetha ukuba baphathe imisebenzi emininzi ngokwabo ukongeza kumsebenzi wexesha elipheleleyo.

Izindlu zowiso-mthetho ezinkulu, zexesha elipheleleyo zinika abasebenzi inkxaso ebanzi, kuquka abahlalutyi benkqubo, iingcali zothungelwano, kunye nabameli benkonzo yecandelo. Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zexesha lesibini zinokuba noovimba abalinganiselweyo abasebenzi, zifuna ukuba abamisi-mthetho bathathe iimbopheleleko ezithe chatha.

Ukulungelelanisa Iindima Ezininzi

Abamisi - mthetho bamele balungelelane ngeendima ezininzi ngexesha elinye, ngamnye ufuna ubuchule neembono ezahlukeneyo.

Umelo lweSithili

Ummisi-mthetho ngamnye umele indawo ethile okanye isithili. Kulo msebenzi kubalulekile ukuba ummisi-mthetho adibane nezilangazelelo ezithile kunye neengxaki ezinxulumene nesithili sakhe. Oku kufuna ukuqonda iimpawu ezizodwa zesithili sabo, nokuba sisemaphandleni, idolophu, idolophu, idolophu, okanye umxube wamazwe awahlukahlukeneyo.

Abaququzeleli-mthetho kufuneka bahlale benxibelelana nezithili zabo kwanaxa indlu yowiso-mthetho iseqeleni, begcina unxibelelwano oluthe rhoqo nabaququzeleli nokuhlala benolwazi ngemibandela nenkxalabo zasekuhlaleni.

Ilungu leQela

Inkoliso yabamisi-mthetho ingamaDemocrates okanye amaRiphabliki. Indima yabo ephambili kukunceda abo basebenza kunye nabo, nangona besenokuqwalasela ukuma kweqela labo xa besenza izigqibo. Oku kunokubangela ukuxinezeleka xa ibutho lingqubana nezilangazelelo zesithili okanye iinkolelo zobuqu.

Ukunxulumana neqela elithile kuchaphazela izabelo zeekomiti, amathuba okhokelo, kunye nokuphumelela kokuwisa umthetho. Amagosa azimeleyo kufuneka asebenzise ezopolitiko zeqela ngoxa egcina inkululeko yawo nokuzibophelela kwabo kubantu abawasebenzisayo.

Umenzi-nkqubo weRhulumente ngokubanzi

Ummisi-mthetho ngamnye kufuneka ajonge imbambano enxulumene neziphumo zayo kulo lonke elo lizwe. Ngoxa bemela isithili sabo esikhethekileyo, abamisi-mthetho nabo banembopheleleko yokuqwalasela impembelelo ebanzi yomthetho kubo bonke abemi beli lizwe.

Le mbono ibanzi iyimfuneko kuba imithetho edluliswa yindlu yowiso-mthetho isebenza kulo lonke elo lizwe, hayi kwisithili ngasinye.

Ukubaluleka Kokulalanisa

Ukulungisa izakhiwo ngokunempumelelo kufuna ukwazi ukufumana izinto ezivumelanayo uze uvumelane phakathi kwezinto ezahlukeneyo.

Ulwandiso kunye nolwakhiwo

Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho yimfuneko yokulalanisa. ummisi-mthetho ngamnye uchitha iiyure ezininzi ehlalutya amatyala, exubusha ngawo ngokweenkcukacha, kwaye njengenyathelo lokugqibela, elungisa umahluko ongundoqo namanye amalungu kwakunye namanye amalungu.

Akukho mmisi-mthetho unokulungisa yonke into ngokwakhe. Kufuneka intsebenziswano enkulu nokucenga uninzi ukuba luxhase ingcamango okanye isibhengezo. Oku kuthetha ukuba abamisi-mthetho kufuneka babe ngabaququzeleli abanobuchule abanokufumana imimandla yesivumelwano kwanakwabo baneembono ezahlukeneyo.

Ukwakha Iimali

Umthetho owiswayo udla ngokufuna ukuba kwakhiwe imibutho engqubanayo enqamleza amaqela ize ihlanganise abamisi-mthetho abaza kuqala.

Le mibutho isenokutshintsha isuka kwimbambano, kunye nentsebenziswano eyahlukeneyo yabalawuli abahlanganisanayo ngokuxhomekeke kummandla othile wenkqubo. Ukukwazi ukusebenza namaqela ahlukahlukeneyo kubalulekile ukuze kuphumelele imithetho.

Iimfaneleko Neemfuno

Ngokuqhelekileyo, iimfuneko zokusebenza njengommisi - mthetho wesizwe azilingani noko abantu abaninzi basenokukulindele, nto leyo eyenza ezi zikhundla zifikeleleke kubemi abaninzi.

Iimfuno Ezisisiseko

Akukho mfundo okanye ziqinisekiso zobugcisa ezifunekayo ukukhonza kwindlu yowiso-mthetho karhulumente. Iimfuno zahluka-hlukeneyo ngokwemeko kodwa ziquka ngokuqhelekileyo: Ubuncinane beminyaka: Ngokuqhelekileyo 18-30 kumalungu endlu yorhulumente; 18-25 kumalungu endlu karhulumente · Reisency: Mabaphile kwisithili nakurhulumente (ubude bexesha elifanelekileyo) ubumi base-U.S. kunye nobume bomvoti obhalisiweyo.

Ezi mfuneko zincinane ngokuthelekisayo zibonakalisa imodeli yendlu yowiso-mthetho yabemi, apho injongo ikukuba noonozakuzaku ababonakalisa iinguqu zabemi ngokubanzi kunokuba bafune ii-arhente ezikhethekileyo.

Ubude Begama

Abaququzeleli bomthetho basebenzisa imiqathango emi-2, emi-4, okanye emithandathu yeminyaka, exhomekeke kurhulumente. Ubude begama buyahluka phakathi kwamaziko akurhulumente omnye, kunye neziququ zisebenza ngokwemiqathango emide kunamalungu endlu.

Imaphu yesithili iyaphinda itsalwe emva kweminyaka eli-10 emva kokuba ubalo lwase-U.S. lubonise utshintsho lwabemi. Le nkqubo yokuphinda idityaniswe ichaphazela imimandla yowiso-mthetho kunye noluntu olumeleyo.

Ukusebenzisana NabaLawuli Bemithetho Yelizwe

Ukuqonda oko kwenziwa ngabamisi-mthetho besizwe lelona nyathelo lokuqala. Abalawuli bangaya kusebenza kunye nabameli babo ukuqinisekisa ukuba amazwi abo avakala kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho.

Ukudibana Nomphathi Wakho

Zininzi iindlela zokunxibelelana nabaphathi-mithetho bakarhulumente. Ungabiza iofisi yabo, uthumele iileta okanye ii-imeyili, okanye ucwangcise iintlanganiso zokuxubusha ngemibandela onayo. Abasebenzi beOfisi yeSithili balapho ukuze bancede iimfuno ze-accom. Banokuba luncedo kakhulu ekwenzeni uqhakamshelwano nokufumana ulwazi kwi Sacramento. Kuyingcinga elungileyo ukucwangcisa intlanganiso nemmisi-mthetho wakho xa esesithilini.

Xa uqhagamshelana nabaqulunqi bemithetho, yiba nembono ecacileyo nangendlela ozijonga ngayo iindleko ezithile okanye imibandela ethile.

Ukuthabatha Inxaxheba Kwinkqubo Yomthetho

Abami bangathatha inxaxheba ngqo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho ngokuya kwikomiti echophela amatyala nokunikela ubungqina kumatyala. Amatyala amaninzi avelisa inkxaso kunye nenkcaso kumaqela ahlukahlukeneyo. Fumana ukuba ngoobani aba maqela okanye abantu abakwiofisi yombhali apho uluhlu lweeleta kunye nonxulumano lwefowuni olufunyenweyo kwityala ngalinye lugcinwa khona. Ubuchule obulungileyo kukuzifanisa namaqela abambelele kwindawo yakho aze asebenze kunye ukuncokola namalungu ekomiti BESDOURC.

Ubungqina basesidlangalaleni kwiikomiti ezichongiweyo bunika ithuba lokuphembelela inkqubo yezowiso-mthetho. Abasemagunyeni baphulaphula ubungqina xa bevavanya amatyala, kwaye igalelo lobumi lingenza umahluko wokwenene kwiziphumo zowiso-mthetho.

Ukuhlala Unolwazi

IFayili yeDaily ingumsebenzi weshishini lemini, kunye nesaziso sikawonke-wonke setyala elimiselwe ukuchongwa kweekomiti. Ngokukhangela iFayili, ungagcina umkhondo wemali ehlawulwayo ecwangciselwe ikomiti. Ngoku izikhululo zendlu zowiso-mthetho zinika abemi abaninzi oovimba be-intanethi apho iindleko ze-odoli zinokulandela khona, ukubukela imicimbi yowiso-mthetho, kunye nokufikelela ulwazi malunga nabameli babo.

Ukuhlala beyazi imisebenzi yowiso-mthetho kunceda abavoti ukuba baphendule abameli babo baze babandakanyeke ngokunentsingiselo kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi. Ukuqonda xa kuqwalaselwa amatyala kwaye oko bakuquletheyo kuvumela abemi ukuba banikele ingcebiso elifike ngexesha elifanelekileyo.

Impembelelo Yomthetho Karhulumente Kubomi Bemihla Ngemihla

Abenzi bemithetho baseburhulumenteni benza izigqibo ezichaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi bemihla ngemihla, ngokufuthi ngokungqalileyo ngakumbi kunomthetho karhulumente.

Umgaqo-nkqubo wemfundo

Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zesizwe zimisela imigangatho yemfundo, zimisela imilinganiselo yokufundisa, zimisela iimfuno zokufundisa, zize zenze ezinye izigqibo ezininzi ezichaphazela umgangatho wemfundo karhulumente.

Imfundo imele enye yeenxalenye ezinkulu zoqingqo-mali zikarhulumente, isenza izigqibo zowiso-mthetho malunga nenkxaso-mali yesikolo ebangela iziphumo ezikhethekileyo kuluntu. AbaLawuli-mthetho balungelelanisa izinto eziphambili ezikhuphisanayo ezifana nobukhulu beklasi, imivuzo yootitshala, utyalo-mali, neenkonzo ezikhethekileyo zemfundo.

Unyango nempilo kawonke-wonke

Abenzi bemithetho yezomthetho benza izigqibo ezibukhali malunga nokufikelela kwezempilo, umgaqo we-inshorensi, ulwando lweMedicaid, iinkqubo zonyango lukawonke-wonke, kunye nokufakwa kwezixhobo zonyango. Le nkqubo ichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukukwazi kwabemi ukufikelela kwi-asethi ephezulu, ukunyamekela impilo.

Ngexesha longxamiseko lwezempilo kawonke wonke, izindlu zowiso - mthetho zifeza indima ebalulekileyo ekugunyazeni amanyathelo ongxamiseko, ekumiseni oovimba, nasekumiseleni iinkqubo zokukhusela impilo yoluntu ngoxa zicombululeni ezinye izinto ezixhalabisayo.

Izithuthi Nezakhiwo

Izigqibo eziphathelele inkxaso-mali yendlela, iinkqubo zokuthutha abantu, ukulungiswa kwebhulorho nezibonelelo zemali zisetyenziswa ziindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente.

Abameli kufuneka balungelelanise iimfuno zezothutho ezikhuphisanayo, ukusuka ekulungisweni kwendlela yasemaphandleni ukuya kwiinkqubo zokuthutha ezidolophini, ngoxa besebenza ngokwemiqathango yoqingqo-mali kwaye beqwalasela iziphumo zemekobume.

Okusesikweni Kolwaphulo - mthetho

Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zichaza iziphako ezininzi zolwaphulo-mthetho, zimisela imigaqo yokugweba, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho wentsebenziswano kunye neenkqubo zokulungisa iinkqubo zokubuyisela nokubuyisela umva.

Inkqubo yobulungisa ibandakanya ukulungelelanisa inkxalabo yokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke nokuqwalasela okusesikweni, ukubuyiselwa kokhuseleko, neendleko zokusetyenziswa kwemali ekubotshweni.

Uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho

Abamisi-mthetho baseburhulumenteni baseka iinkqubo ezichaphazela imozulu yezoshishino, inkqubela yomsebenzi, izikhuthazo zerhafu, nokukhula kwezoqoqosho.

Umthetho wenkqubela yezoqoqosho ungaquka imigaqo-nkqubo yerhafu, imithetho yezoshishino, iinkqubo zokuqeqesha abasebenzi, kunye nezihlomelo zokutsala okanye zokugcina abaqeshi.

Iipeksi kunye nolungelelwano kumgangatho weRhulumente

Jikelele, inkqubo efanayo yokuhlola nokulinganisela ekhoyo kumgangatho wesizwe ikwakho phakathi kwendlu yowiso-mthetho karhulumente, umphathi-mikhosi (igovernor) kunye nejaji yesizwe. Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe linye likarhulumente elinamandla kakhulu.

Ulwalamano loMthetho

Ulwalamano phakathi kweendlu zowiso-mthetho nejaji-mthetho lubandakanya zombini intsebenziswano kunye noxinezeleko. Iijaji zicebisa imithetho kunye noqingqo-mali, kodwa izindlu zowiso-mthetho zinamandla okulungisa okanye ukwala ezi zindululo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, abalawuli banokuwugunyazisa umthetho odluliswe yindlu yowiso-mthetho, nangona iintlawulo zowiso-mthetho zinokuwulawula amavoti aphezulu.

Le nto inamandla yenza inkqubo apho amasebe omabini kufuneka asebenze kunye ukuze afeze usukelo lwenkqubo, ithintele nokuba kusini na ukuba asebenze ngaphandle kwesizathu kwimiba emininzi.

Uqinisekiso

Ngokuqhelekileyo iNdlu yeeNtsimbi zikaRhulumente — kodwa kungekhona rhoqo — inamandla akhethekileyo okuqinisekisa ukuba irhuluneli imisela oorhulumente abaza kulawula abameli yaye bakhonza kwezinye iindawo eziphambili.

Le nkqubo ivumela abamisi-mthetho ukuba bahlolisise abamiselwe yiqumrhu elilawulayo baze baqinisekise ukuba bafanelekile kwaye balungelelaniswa nezinto eziphambili zowiso-mthetho. Eli gunya lisebenza njengovavanyo olubalulekileyo kwigunya eliphetheyo.

Ikamva Lemithetho Karhulumente

Iindlu zowiso-mthetho ziyaqhubeka ziguquka ngenxa yokutshintsha kwemiqathango yamanani, ubugcisa, kunye nemigaqo - siseko. Ukuqonda la maziko nendlela asebenza ngayo kubalulekile ukuze kungenelwe ubumi.

Ukwandisa Ukubonisa ngaphaya

Ubuxhakaxhaka buye benza ukuba imithetho yowiso-mthetho ifikeleleke ngakumbi kunanini ngaphambili. Ngoku amaphondo amaninzi anika abameli bawo ungenelo kwi-intanethi kwiincwadi zemali, kwiinkqubo zeekomiti, kwiirekhodi zokuvota, kwanakwiingxelo ezikhoyo zemigaqo yowiso-mthetho. Oku kunceda abavoti bahlale benolwazi kwaye baphendule abameli babo.

Ukucombulula Iingxaki Ezintsonkothileyo

Abamisi-mthetho baseburhulumenteni bajamelana neengxaki ezithe chatha, ukutshintsha kwemozulu nokuncitshiswa kwempilo, ukukhuselwa kwekhompyutha nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo.

Izahlulo-mali ezimele abantu

Abameli abaqanjiweyo, abafak' isandla kwiimbono namava ahlukeneyo, babumba la maqumrhu; basuka kwiimvelaphi ezahlukeneyo ezifana nomthetho, ishishini, imfundo nempilo. Njengoko amazwe esiya ehluka-hluka, ngokuthe ngcembe, izindlu zowiso-mthetho ziya zisiba ngabameli babemi bawo.

Ukuqinisekisa ukuba iindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente zibonisa iinguqu zoluntu ezilukhonzayo luselucelomngeni oluqhubekayo nolubalulekileyo. Ukumela okugqwethekileyo kuzisa iimbono ezahlukeneyo kwiingxoxo zenkqubo kwaye kunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba umthetho uqwalasela iimfuno zabo bonke abemi.

Isiphelo

Abenzi bemithetho baseburhulumenteni banendima ebalulekileyo kwidemokhrasi yaseMerika, benza izigqibo ezichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ubomi bemihla ngemihla bezigidi zabantu.

Ukuqonda oko kwenziwa ngabamisi-mthetho bephondo kunika abavoti amandla okuba babandakanyeke ngokunempumelelo ngakumbi norhulumente wabo. Ngokuhlala benolwazi ngemisebenzi yezowiso-mthetho, ukunxibelelana nabameli, nokuba nenxaxheba kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho, abemi banokuba negalelo ekulungiseni iinkqubo ezilawula amaphondo abo.

Nokuba imeko yakho inendlu yowiso-mthetho eqeqeshiweyo okanye indlu yowiso-mthetho yenxalenye yenxalenye, la mabutho ahlala ebalulekile ukuze azimele. Umsebenzi wemimiselo karhulumente usenokungasoloko ufumana ingqalelo enikelwe kwezobupolitika zorhulumente, kodwa isoloko ineziphumo ezikhawulezileyo nezibonakalayo kuluntu nakwientsapho.

Njengabavoti, sinethuba nembopheleleko yokuqonda indlela esebenza ngayo indlu yowiso-mthetho, esisimelayo nendlela esinokuwenza ngayo amazwi ethu aviwe kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Ngokwenjenjalo, someleza idemokhrasi kwaye sincedisa ekuqinisekiseni ukuba urhulumente uyaqhubeka esabela kwiimfuno nezinto eziza kuqala zabantu abakhonzayo.

Ukuze ufumane ulwazi olungakumbi ngendlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe sakho, tyelela iwebhsayithi yowiso-mthetho karhulumente, apho ungafumana khona ulwazi lokuqhagamshelana nabameli bakho, umthetho wendlela yokufumana irekhodi, kunye nezibonelelo zokubhalisa ukubotshwa koluntu. Amaqumrhu anjengeNgqungquthela yesizwe yeSizwe yomthetho weSizwe ikwanikela iinkcukacha ezixabisekileyo ngendlela ezisebenza ngayo izindlu zowiso-mthetho kulo lonke ilizwe.

Khumbula ukuba abamisi-mthetho besizwe bakusebenzela. Musa ukuthandabuza ukufikelela, ukwabelana ngeembono zakho, kwaye ube nenxaxheba kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi. Ukuganana kwakho kwenza umahluko ekulungiseni imithetho nemigaqo elawula urhulumente wakho.