Ukusasazwa kwamandla phakathi koorhulumente bakarhulumente norhulumente worhulumente ngumgaqo osisiseko wolawulo lwamaMelika. Le nkqubo eyaziwa njenge-unigalism, yahlula igunya ukuze ithi ligcine ulawulo olubalulekileyo kwiinkalo ezininzi zobomi bemihla ngemihla, ukusuka kwimfundo kunye nezothutho ukuya kumsebenzi wempilo kunye nomthetho wokusebenza. Ingcamango yamalungelo karhulumente kunye namagunya ezobupolitika agcinelwe oorhulumente kunokuba abe ngurhulumente wesizwe.....

Ayintoni Amalungelo KaRhulumente?

Amalungelo eRhulumente asekelwe kuMgaqo-siseko weSihlalo weSihlanu we-U.S., ovakalisa oku: "Amagunya angengagunya agunyaziswe eUnited States ngumGaqo-siseko, okanye angavumelekanga ngawo eUnited States, agcinelwe iUnited States ngokwahlukeneyo, okanye abantu. Oku kuguqula umgaqo wokuba urhulumente unamagunya adweliswe kuphela kuMgaqo-siseko, ngoxa lonke igunya lorhulumente lihleli kumazwe. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, iinkundla zitolike oku zithetha ukuba amagosa angokwefame anegunya elingumthetho lokulawula impilo, ukhuseleko, intlalo, nokuziphatha kwabemi bazo.

Amalungelo karhulumente akaphelelanga; akhoyo kwisakhiwo sobungangamsha borhulumente njengoko bumiselwe nguSupremacy Claus. Xa imithetho karhulumente norhulumente ingquzulwano, umthetho karhulumente jikelele ulawula. Kodwa imida yalo mlinganiselo isoloko ivavanywa ngomthetho, izenzo zolawulo, kunye nemithetho yeNkundla ePhakamileyo. Isiphumo sisenzo esintsonkothileyo semithetho yomgangatho karhulumente enokuhluka ngokuphawulekayo kwimibandela efana nomtshato, irhafuno-rhafu, umgaqo-mthetho wemekobume, kunye nemithetho yezolwaphulo-mthetho.

Imbali Yamalungelo KaRhulumente

Ingxoxo ngamalungelo karhulumente ibingumxholo oziphindaphindayo kwimbali yaseMerika, ngokufuthi esebenza njengendawo yokuzisa ingxwabangxwaba yesizwe. Uxinezeleko phakathi kwegunya lorhulumente nolawulo lukarhulumente luye lwaguqula iziganeko eziphawula iziganeko kwaye luyaqhubeka luphembelela ezopolitiko zanamhlanje. Iziganeko ezingundoqo zembali ziquka:

  • Ingxaki Yokungadibanisi
  • Imfazwe Yamakhaya YaseMerika Nokwakhiwa Kwayo
  • IQumrhu lamaLungelo laBami leMidlalo yoMsebenzi woMzantsi Afrika
  • IDereyi Entsha nokwanda kwegunya
  • Amadabi akutshanje anxamnye neinshorensi yempilo, imilinganiselo yemekobume, kunye nemithetho yokuvota

Ingxaki Yokungadibanisi Izinto

Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1830, uMzantsi Carolina waqinisekisa ilungelo lokuphelisa ukupheliswa kwemithetho yesizwe egqalwa njengengavisisaniyo nemithetho yesizwe, ephikisa ngelithi ingcaciso inokuthi ingakwazi ukuphelisa imithetho yesizwe kwimida yabo. Umongameli uAndrew Jackson wasongela umkhosi, kwaye ulalanisi womthetho waphelisa inkxwaleko ekhawulezileyo. Noko ke, ingcamango yokuphelisa inkcitho yahlala ihleli kwingcinga yasemazantsi, ibeka isiseko sobulumko sokuphembelela.

Imfazwe Yamakhaya YaseMerika

Imfazwe yamakhaya yayiyeyona yindlela yogonyamelo yokubonisa impikiswano yamalungelo karhulumente. Amatyala aseMazantsi aphikisa ngelithi ayenelungelo lokuzilawula, kuquka ukusekwa kobukhoboka, ngaphandle kokungenelela kwe-ovential. I-Union yaseka ukuba amagunya akakwazi ukuthatha indawo yegunya lorhulumente azimele alawule kwimicimbi emininzi. Noko ke, imfazwe ayizange ikwazi ukuphelisa inkxwaleko enzulu; yasuka nje yasusa imfazwe yaya kwiinkundla nakwiindlu zowiso-mthetho.

IQumrhu Lamalungelo Abemi

Kwinkulungwane kamva, amalungelo karhulumente aphinda acelwa ngezantsi . Eli xesha lokuxhathisa umanyano kunye namalungelo okuvota kuma-Afrika. Amazwe asemazantsi adlulisa imithetho kwaye amkela iinkqubo ezenziwe ukujika imithetho karhulumente enjenge Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo[. Urhulumente waphendula nge-Civil Rights Act ka-1964 kunye noMthetho wamaLungelo we-Voting, osebenzisa umthetho wezorhwebo kunye noMgalelo we-14565, oye wasebenzisa umthetho wezorhwebo kunye nowe-1459th Refection (iiiii-Gradiation) ukuphelisa imithetho yezemfundo yesizwe ekhuthaza ucaluko lohlanga.

Ulwando Olutsha Nolwando Lomanyano

INew Deance yee-1930 yabona ukwanda okukhulu kwegunya likarhulumente worhulumente wesizwe njengoko urhulumente wesizwe wathatha indima kumgaqo wezoqoqosho, kwintlalo-ntle yoluntu, kunye nezibonelelo. INkundla ePhakamileyo yaqala yawisa iinkqubo ezininzi zeNew Deance njengokwaphula amalungelo karhulumente, kodwa emva kongquzulwano lwezopolitiko noMongameli Franklin Roosevelt, iNkundla yatshintsha indlela eyayicaciswa ngayo, ivumela ukufundwa okubanzi kwegunya likarhulumente phantsi komgaqo wezorhwebo. Oku kwaqalisa kwixesha lolawulo lwentsebenziswano, apho urhulumente norhulumente babesoloko benoxanduvane neembopheleleko.

Imbambano Yangoku Enxulumene Namalungelo KaRhulumente

Kule nkulungwane yama-21, amalungelo karhulumente ayaqhubeka eyimbambano ephakathi kwimimandla emininzi yezomgaqo-nkqubo. Njengoko ukwanda kwemimandla yezobupolitika, uninzi lwamazwe luye lwaba yimizila yeenkqubo zedemokhrasi (okanye, kuxhomekeka kwimbono yakho, kumabala emfazwe) apho imithetho ihluke kakhulu kweyamazwe angommelwane. Imibandela emikhulu yanamhlanje iquka:

  • Ulawulo lwempilo nolawulo lwe-inshorensi
  • Inkqubo yemfundo nolawulo loqeqesho
  • Imithetho yokusingqongileyo nokutshintsha kwemozulu
  • Imilinganiselo yolawulo lwemipu kunye noHlaziyo lwesibini
  • Ukuqhomfa kwamalungelo okuzala
  • Ulawulo lonyulo nolawulo
  • Ukubhaliswa ngokusemthethweni kweziyobisi

Imithetho yonyango

UMthetho we-Affordive Care Act (ACA) wamela eyona njongo ibalulekileyo yongenelelo lwamazwe ekunyamekeleni impilo ukususela ekusekweni kweMedicare kunye neMedicaid. Kodwa amaphondo ahlala enobuchule obuninzi: angakhetha ukuba andise iMedicaid, amisele ii-inshorensi zawo zempilo, kunye neentengiso ze-inshorensi. Ngenxa yoko, izigidi zabantu abadala abafumana imali ephantsi kumazwe angenayo intlawulo, lokwandiswa, lo gama abemi base-menti bema befumana ulwandiso olubanzi. Amazwe alawula iteledicinekiso lwe-Ad, inkcinekiso yezonyango, kunye namanyathelo empilo kawonke afana nezindululo. Inkundla ephakamileyo ye-2012 ixhasa ulawulo lomntu ngamnye kodwa ilawula uxinzelelo lwesizwe kwimo yeMedica elungele ukuhambelana kwemiqatha kwiinkqubo zempilo.

Imfundo

Imfundo ibisoloko ithathwa njengembopheleleko kade. Amazwe amisela imigangatho yemfundo, amisela iimfuno zokufundisa, kunye nemali ehlawulwayo. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iimfazwe ezingaphezulu kokuqulunqwa kwezifundo zohlelo oluneengcamango zohlanga, imfundo yesini, kunye nembali yembali, kwaye ziye zakhula, namazwe athile anika imithetho ethintela imibandela ethile ngoxa amanye ewagunyazisa. Iinkqubo zokukhetha izikolo, kuquka abaxhasi bezikolo, nazo ziyahluka kakhulu. Isiphumo siwukuthi amava okufundisa komfundi axhomekeke kakhulu kwilizwe nakwisithili sesikolo ahlala kuso.

Imithetho Yokusingqongileyo Nendlela Esetyenziswayo Kwimozulu

Xa urhulumente worhulumente uhlenga-hlengisa umgaqo wemeko- bume, amazwana adla ngokungena kwiKhalifoniya, umzekelo, kudala emisela imilinganiselo engqongqo yokukhutshwa kwezithuthi kune-odonga yorhulumente, umniki-msinya ovunyelwe nguMgaqo-moya ococekileyo. Amanye amazwe amkele imigangatho yeKhalifoniya, adala imarike eninzi yezithuthi zepetroli. Ekutshintsheni kwemozulu, amaphondo njenge New York, Washington, kunye neMassachusetts aye amisela amaxhoba anzima ekharbon, ngelixa amanye ebeka uphuhliso namandla kwaye echasa imigaqo yemozulu. Lo msebenzi uyakwazi ukukhokelela kwiimfazwe ezisemthethweni kunye nokuhamba kwe-arhentelliccien, kodwa kwakhona uvumela ukuhla kwemeko-mo-ntle yengingqi.

Amanyathelo Okulawula Imipu

UHlaliso lwesibini lungelo lokuphatha izixhobo lutolikwa ngokwahlukileyo kumazwe. Amanye amaphondo aneengqikelelo zemvelaphi yendalo yonke, amaxesha okulinda, nemiqathango yezixhobo zokuhlasela; amanye aye amisela "engenakuzithwala" imithetho evumela abantu ukuba bathwale imipu efihliweyo ngaphandle kwemvume. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo sikwayiNew York State Rifle & Lamp; Priston Association v. Bruen [2022]) icacisa ukuba iSecond Remplitement ikhusela umntu ekuthwaleni umlonkqenkcedwa, kodwa ikwali kwegumbi lokulawula imbali. Oku kubangele ukuba kubekho igalelo elitsha lembali kunye nomthetho, kunye nokuvavanya kwemida yegunya labo elilawulayo.

Ukukwazi Ukuqhomfa

Emva kobhukuqo lweNkundla ePhakamileyo . Amazwe ashukuma ngokukhawuleza ukuvala ukuqhomfa, ngelinye ixesha ebeka imithetho ekhusela ukufikelela okanye ukwandisa iinkonzo. Ulwahlulo lwezwe lwezibonelelo lwadala "iintlango" kwaye lubangela ukuhambelana nocwangco. Lo mba uveza indlela amalungelo ombuso anokukhokelela ngayo kwiziphumo eziphawulekayo kubemi abaxhomekeke kwindawo yabo.

Impembelelo Yamalungelo Karhulumente Kuluntu Lwasekuhlaleni

Iziphumo zamalungelo karhulumente zibonwa ngokusondeleyo kumgangatho woluntu. Ukusuka kwimithetho yokusebenza kwiindawo ezithile ukuya kumsebenzi wobupolisa, ukusuka kwirhafu yempahla ukuya kwizithuthi zikawonke-wonke, izigqibo ezenziwa ziindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente zilolonga ngokuthe ngqo ubomi babemi. Imimandla engundoqo yempembelelo iquka:

  • Izakhiwo zolawulo lwangaphakathi
  • Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo
  • Ukuganana kwasekuhlaleni kunye nombutho
  • Inkqubela yezoqoqosho nerhafu
  • Imigaqo-nkqubo yobulungisa neyobupolisa

Ulawulo lwasekuhlaleni

Imithetho karhulumente imisela amagunya kunye neembopheleleko zezixeko, izixa-mali, kunye nezithili ezikhethekileyo. Kumazwe amaninzi, ulawulo lwamakhaya lunika oomasipala igunya elibanzi lokudlulisela imithetho kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni, lo gama amanye amazwe ekhupha ulawulo olunzima lwasekuhlaleni, ingakumbi kwimibandela efana nomvuzo omncinane, ulawulo lwerente, kunye nolawulo lwemipu. Olu xinezeleko phakathi korhulumente norhulumente wasekuhlaleni lubizwa ngokuba "Umthetho weDillon" ngokunxulumene nomthetho "lomgoma"

Iinkonzo zikawonke-wonke kunye nezibonelelo

Urhulumente ulawula iiprojekthi zemali ezisetyenziswa kwizikolo, iindlela, iindlela, kunye nothutho lukawonke-wonke. Ukuzinikela kukarhulumente ekuveliseni izibonelelo, kwakunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yakhe yerhafu, kumisela ubunjani beendlela, iibhulorho, kunye nezixhobo zikarhulumente. Umzekelo, uthi ukunyusa irhafu yepetroli ukuxhasa imisebenzi yezothutho kusoloko kunezibonelelo ezingcono kunezo zixhomekeke kuphela kwimali karhulumente. Ngokufanayo, izigqibo zikarhulumente kulwando lweMedicaid zichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukufumaneka kweenkonzo zonyango emaphandleni nasezindaweni ezigciniweyo.

Ukubandakanyeka nomthetho woLuntu

Amalungelo esizwe adala amathuba ezenzo zobugqwirha. Xa izenzo zikarhulumente zivala, amaqela olawulo lwezikhundla adla ngokuguqukela kwiindlu zowiso-mthetho okanye kumanyathelo okuthatha inxaxheba ukuhambisela phambili iinjongo zawo. Imizekelo iquka amaphulo omthetho okwenza umbande, unyuko oluncinane, amanyathelo okulawula indalo, neLGBTQ+ nokhuseleko lokungadiscriveki. Idemokhrasi yomgangatho karhulumente ivumela abemi ukuba babe nomgaqo-nkqubo wokuzimo qobo ngokubhekiselela nokukhumbula unyulo, ikhuthaza ingqiqo yokuthabatha inxaxheba kwezentengiso yoluntu enokuba yindawo ekhawulezileyo kunezobupolitika zesizwe.

Ulungelelwano Lwamandla: Igunya likaRhulumente

Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla karhulumente kunye norhulumente akuzinziswanga; kuguqula ngeenguqu zobupolitika, iinkcazelo zomthetho, kunye neemfuno zezentlalo. Kwiimeko ezininzi zenkulungwane yama-20, intsingiselo yayikukuba kubekwe embindini ngezantsi. urhulumente wesizwe wafumana imbopheleleko ekhulayo yamalungelo abantu, ukhuseleko lwemekobume, intlalo-ntle, kunye nolawulo lwezoqoqosho. Noko ke, ukususela ngo-1990, ukusetyenziswa kokuphikisana notshintsho: ukubuyisela amandla kumazwe ngemiqathango, izithintelo, iintambo, kunye nokulungelela ukugweba okuncinane kwegunya lesizwe.

Oku kusebenza ngamandla kudala zombini iinzuzo kunye nezithintelo. Kumacala alungileyo, iimeko zingazama iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo, zivumele ulwakhiwo olunempumelelo ukuba lwamkelwe kwezinye iindawo. Kwicala elingalunganga, iimeko zingakhuphisana nemigangatho esezantsi(a "utsalo kumazantsi") "kwimimandla efana nolawulo lwenkampani, ulawulo lwemeko-bume, kunye nokhuseleko lwamandla. Inkundla ePhakamileyo isoloko isebenza njengomkhapheli, igqiba ukuba ngowuphi umgangatho karhulumente onegunya kwiimpikiswano ezithile. [[FLT: 0] izigqibo ezisandul'ukufumana, [[FLT:] MY] MY] v. NCAA[FLT:] [208] ibandakanya ukubheja imidlalo, kunye [[FLT2] ne-Nbel.Nbel.[FFFF][3] [12]

Iingxaki Nokugxekwa Kwamalungelo KaRhulumente

Phezu kwako nje ukunqweneleka kwentanda - bulumko nokusetyenziswa kolawulo olufanelekileyo, amalungelo karhulumente anzima.

  • Ukungaguqu-guquki kwemithetho nemigaqo-nkqubo kwiingingqi
  • Iza kukhusela ngokungenalwaluko
  • Ukungakwazi ukucombulula iingxaki zesizwe okanye zomhlaba wonke
  • Ukucinywa kwemithetho yasekuhlaleni yizindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente
  • Umngcipheko wokubanjwa kolawulo olukhethekileyo

Ukungaguquki Emithethweni Nasezimisweni

Ukusuka kwelinye ilizwe ukuya kwelinye kusenokudibana neendawo ezisemthethweni ezahlukeneyo ngokuphathelele ukuhlaliswa kwemitshato, irhafu, ukuhlaliswa kwerhafu ngobuchule, amalungelo emipu, kwanawokuhlaziywa kwezinto. Lo msebenzi unokubangela ukudideka kubantu ngabanye nakumashishini asebenza kwii-panel zikarhulumente. Umzekelo, umnini-mashishini omncinane usenokufuna ukuhambisana nemithetho ehlawulwayo, ishiya iimfuno, kunye nemigangatho yezogcino-lwazi.

Ukuba Nempembelelo Yokucalucalucalulo Nokukhuselwa Ngokungalinganiyo

Amalungelo esizwe aye acelwa ngokwembali ukuthethelela imithetho yocalucalulo, ukusuka kuJim Crow ukuya kwimfuno zesi sithethe sangoku echaphazela ngokungenakulinganiswa abavoti abambalwa. Ngoxa urhulumente wesizwe enokuthi angenelele ngokulungisa komGaqo-siseko okanye umthetho wamalungelo abantu, isantya solo ngenelelo sidla ngokucotha, sishiya amaqela aphantsi esengozini kumazwe apho angenawo amandla ezobupolitika. Ungquzulwano phakathi kolawulo lwe-IMPIFM nelomfama-ntle yamalungelo abantu luhlala lungenye yeyona mibaluleka nebalulekileyo kumthetho waseMerika.

Ucelomngeni Ekucombululeni Iimbambano Zesizwe

Iingxaki ezifana nokutshintsha kwemozulu, ubhubhani wempilo kawonke-wonke, ukungalingani kwengeniso, kunye nokuthotywa kwesiseko akufane kuhlonelwe imida karhulumente. Iimpendulo ezisebenzayo zifuna ukulungelelaniswa kwesizwe okanye kwanentshukumo yomhlaba wonke. Xa amazwe efuna iindlela ezidibeneyo zokufikelela ngezantsi /amanye amazwe amukela iinkqubo zemozulu ezinobundlobongela, amanye angenawo onke, umphumo womnatha ungonelanga ukufikelela kwiinjongo ezingaphezulu. Umzekelo, ngexesha lobhubhani we-COVID, ukunqongophala kwemiba yempilo kawonke-wonke, ukunqongophalaza imigudu enzima nokubangela ukudideleka kwemiqathango yemiqathango yeminye, kunye nokusasa kwemichiza-yo.

Ukucinywa kweMithetho yasekuhlaleni

Uxinzelelo olukhulayo kulwamalungelo karhulumente kukusetyenziswa kolawulo lokucinezela ulawulo lwezolawulo ukugqitha imithetho yasekuhlaleni. Kumazwe amaninzi, izindlu zowiso-mthetho ziye zabeka imithetho ethintela izixeko kunye nobalo lokunyusa umvuzo omncinci, ukuseka ulawulo lwerente, okanye ukulawula ukurhwaphiliza nokuxhobisa. Ngoxa ucalulo lukarhulumente lungadala ukulingana, lungakwathintela ukwenza izigqibo zedemokhrasi zasekuhlaleni, ingakumbi xa urhulumente onamandla ofuna intsebenziswano ekwakheni imigaqo yengingqini.

Isiphelo

Ingcamango yamalungelo karhulumente ikude lee nento ekhoyo kumacala eengxoxo ze-19-centurry. Ihlala ingumgaqo ophilayo, ojikelezayo olawula ubomi bemihla ngemihla bomntu ngamnye waseMerika. Ngokusuka kumgangatho wemfundo abantwana abafumana iindleko zonyango, ukusuka emoyeni abaphefumla kumalungelo abo, ulungelelwano phakathi korhulumente namandla karhulumente kunye norhulumente luneziphumo ezibonakalayo. Nangona amalungelo esizwe enika abantu amandla asekuhlaleni agunyazisa imimandla yasekuhlaleni kwaye ekhuthaza inkqubo ephuculiweyo, aphakamisa imibuzo enzima engokolinganayo, ukungaguquguquki, namandla okusingatha iingxaki ezifanayo. Njengobahlali besazi ngemeko-mgangatho olawulayo abamele baluthelekele nje ulawulo lwezemfundo, ulawulo lwezemfundo oluphezulu. Ukuqonda amalungelo abantu avumela ukuba bakhuthaze ngokunempumelelo imigaqo yabo, abalawuli abanyuliweyo, banikele ngoncedo kuhlanga olumele lube nolwanohlobo lwesizwe se-United States.