Imvelaphi Nendaleko Yezigulo Zezobupolitika

Amaqela ezobupolitika awaqali ukuqalwa; iingcambu zawo zibuyela emva koorhulumente abameli bokuqala. Kudala eRome, i- kunye namaqabane azimeleyo amele amahlelo angenazintlu-kuphembelelo, nangona ayengenazo izicwangciso ezisesikweni zamaqela anamhlanje. Iqela lezobupolitika lale mihla njengoko sisazi ukuba lavela kwinkulungwane ye-18 neye-19 ecaleni konyuko lwe-suffgesa kunye nokukhula kwemithetho yepalamente. EUnited States, iFederalists kunye ne-Democratic Republictures zayila inkqubo yokuqala yeqela, ngoxa isebenzisa imikhosi yezopolitiko, kodwa ikhuthaza iintlobo-ntlalo-ntle zezopolitiko. Ezi ntlalonke zalenzelwayo, kodwa zivelisa amalungelo eepolitiki amaqela alungele ukusetyenziswa yimeko ee.

Namhlanje, amaqela ezobupolitika akhoyo phantse kwidemokhrasi nganye, nangona iindlela zawo zahluka-hlukene kakhulu. Amanye amazwe, anjenge-United States kunye no-United Kingdom, aneenkqubo ezimbini ezikhuthaza imibutho ebanzi kunye nezibheno ze-centrist. Amanye, njengeJamani neIndiya, asebenza phantsi kwenkqubo edityanisiweyo efuna oorhulumente abalungelelanisiweyo kunye nomelo lolwahlulo. Isakhiwo senkqubo yeqela elinobuhlanga-"iicandelo elibini, icandelo elininzi, okanye icandelo elilawulayo /iziphumo ezinzulu zendlela esebenza ngayo idemokhrasi, ezichaphazela zonke izinto kukhetho lwevoti ukuze luzinze.

Imisebenzi Engundoqo YeziNtlanganiso Zezobupolitika

Amaqela ezobupolitika enza imisebenzi edibeneyo efunekayo ukuze alawule ngedemokhrasi. Le misebenzi idlulela ngaphaya kokunyulwa nokuchaphazeleka kwale ndlela yokumela nokwenza ityala kwezobupolitika. Ukuqwalasela ngokunzulu icandelo ngalinye kutyhila isizathu sokuba amaqela ahlale ebalulekile.

Umelo nomanyano lwezilangazelelo

Kwibutho labantu ezahlukahlukeneyo, akukho mntu okanye iqela elinokuthetha ngaye wonke. Umzekelo, i-demokhrasi idibanisa izilangazelelo ezingqubanayo zamacandelo ahlukeneyo abantu abahlala apho./abasebenzi, abaninizo zoqoqosho, abalondolozi bendalo, amaqela onqulo, kunye nokungaphezulu(ukudibanisa iinkqubo) zemigangatho. Le nkqubo ayilula; ibandakanya ukucebisana, ukulalanisa, nokubeka phambili. Umzekelo, iqela ledemokhrasi lisenokufuna ukulungelelanisa iimfuno zomanyano lwamashishini kunye nabo basemadolophini. Ngokwenjenjalo, amaqela alula umhlaba wezobupolitika ukwenzela uvoti, onokuthi ke akhethe phakathi kokhetho olubanzi olungamakhulu amatsha okanye iimbambano. Lo mmeli ubaluleke ngokukhethekileyo, umgangatho wedemokhrasi ontracrackies apho i-odemocrackie.

Ukuhlaliswa Kwezobupolitika Nemfundo Yeziko

Kwakhona amatheko asebenza njengabafundisi-matheko. Ngezingqungquthela, iimbonakalo, imithombo-ndaba, kunye nokucanda ngeminyango, baxelela abemi ngemibandela ebalulekileyo, izicelo zomgaqo-siseko, kunye nokusebenza korhulumente. Le mfundo yezentlalo ibalulekile kwixesha lenkcazelo ephosakeleyo nelwenziwa phantsi kwezobupolitika. Iintlanganiso zinceda abemi bamazwe baqonde ukuba abasebenzi bangaziqondi iintengiso ngezantsi , umzekelo, kutheni irhafu eninzi ingaxhasa iinkonzo zikawonke wonke ezingcono okanye kutheni ukurhoxiswa kwerhafuthelo kunokuthi kubangele ukukhuthatyathwa kwezoqoqosho. Bakwaya kwakhona abatsha abavoti, abathi bathathele inxaxheba, abaxhasi, ababhiki-nxaxheba, nabahlonela iziphumo zezo. Ngaphandle kwamaqela, abemi abaninzi bazama ukurhwaqeqeshela intsba kwiimeko zolawulo lwanamhlanje.

Ukubuyiselwa kweCandidete kunye nokuKhetha

Amacandelo asebenza njengabagcini bamasango eeofisi zobupolitika. Afanisa, ivet, uloliwe, kunye nokukhuthaza abantu abafuna ukufikelela kwisikhundla sikawonke-wonke. Le nkqubo ayifezekanga ``inokuba luncedo kumalungu angaphakathi' kwaye ingakhutshwa ngaphandle kweqela elingaphandle' kwaye inika indlela ecwangcisiweyo yokhokelo. Amaqela amaqela afumana iikomiti zokukhetha kwi-United Kingdom, kwaye abaquququzeli badwe kwisixokelelwano sokulungelelanisa oorhulumente abanobuchule. Umgangatho wedemokhrasi uxhomekeke kumgangatho wababebekuyo, kwaye amaqela angundoqo oyintloko wokuvelisa. Ngaphezu koko, iziluleko zeqela ziqinisekisa ukuba amagosa akhethiweyo asondele kwiqonga elinguqule linye, nto leyo eyenza urhulumente alungele ukuvaleka nokuphendula.

Iintlobo Zemibutho Yezobupolitika

Asizizo zonke iinkqubo zedemokhrasi ezisebenza ngendlela efanayo. Inani nohlobo lwamaqela ezobupolitika libumba indlela asasazwa ngayo amandla nendlela enziwa ngayo iinkqubo. Izazinzulu zezobupolitika zidla ngokuhlula-hlula iinkqubo zamaqela ngokweendidi ezininzi ezibanzi, nganye ineengenelo zayo neenguqu zayo.

Inkqubo Yecandelo Elibini

Kwiinkqubo ezimbini eziziinxenye, njengalezo ziseUnited States nase United Kingdom, amaqela amabini aphambili akhuphisana ngenxa yokulawula, kwaye amaqela amancinane asoloko ephumelela kwisikhundla sesizwe. Eli lungiselelo lidla ngokuvelisa oorhulumente abazinzileyo, iindlela ezicacileyo zokulawula, kunye neziphumo zokwenza izinto njengoko omabini edibene nesiphakathi esikhuphiswana. Noko ke, abagxeki baphikisa ukuba iinkqubo eziziinxenye ezimbini zingacinezela amazwi amancinane, zinciphise ukhetho lovoti, zikhokelele kwi-politili ephambili ekuphumeleleni ukulawula. U. Umzekelo, isixokelelwano seqela amabini siye sagxekwa ngenxa yokuquququzelela ulwa kwekhefu ne-gridi kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje.

Iinkqubo Ezineenxalenye Ezininzi

Iinkqubo ezininzi zemithetho-siseko yempatho-siseko zixhaphakile kwidemokhrasi yepalamente kunye nomelo olulinganayo, olunjengeJamani, i-Itali, kunye neNetherlands. Ezi nkqubo zivumela uludwe olubanzi lweembono ukuba lumelwe ngezantsi (_imeko-ntle, intlalo-ntle, imimandla ebanzi, okanye imikhosi ekwingingqi, okanye amaqela akwizikhundla ekwakheni i-odola. Oorhulumente abaququzeleyo bayakwazi ukuphumelela kwizihlalo kunye nenkqubo yempembelelo yempembelelo. Amava e-Itali, ngokukhawuleza, akhuthaza ukuyekelela nokuvumelana. Noko ke, iinkqubo ezininzi ezidityaniswa zinokukhokelela koorhulumente abadityani, ukudityanisekana okudedede, kunye nokuzinziswa kobuhlanga okubangela ukuba kube nzima ukunikezela okanye ukusolwa kwetyala. Amava e-altali, kunye nokujika kwawo ngokukhawuleza koorhulumente, zibonisa zombini kunye neenkqubo zokusebenza.

Iinkqubo zeDominita-Pateni

Kwezinye iidemokhrasi, elinye iqela liphumelela ngonyulo ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwixesha elide, lidala ulawulo olunye lweqonga njengoko unyulo luqhubeka. Imizekelo iquka i-African National Congress eMzantsi Afrika (okanye ngo19994) kunye neLiberal Democratic Party eJapan (1955-19933, kwaye kwakhona kwimimandla yowama - 2010). Iinkqubo ze-dominita-cate zinganikezela ngokuqhubekeka kunye nokuceba ixesha elide, kodwa zikwabeka engozini ukungakhathali, ukunganyaniseki, kunye nokunganyaniseki komgca phakathi kweqela nezwe. UVoters angaphoxeka ukuba inkcaso ayinalo lokwenene lokulawula, icukuthelisa ukhuphiko lwedemo-demo-demokhrasi.

Indlela Imicimbi Yezobupolitika Elawula Ngayo

Impembelelo yamaqela ezobupolitika idlulela ngaphaya konyulo. Xa ekwisikhundla, imibutho yamaqela iphembelela phantse zonke iinkalo zolawulo, ukusuka ekwenzeni umthetho ukuya kutsho ekumiselweni kwezolawulo. Ukuqonda ezi nkqubo kutyhila isizathu sokuba amaqela engapheleli nje kwizithuthi zamabhongo kodwa nakumaqumrhu asisiseko olawulo lwedemokhrasi.

Ukumisela IAgenda Yomthetho

Kwinkqubo zepalamente, iqela eliyalela urhulumente (okanye umnqophiso) libumba urhulumente lize lilawule ucwangciso lwemithetho. Iinkokeli zeqela zigqiba ukuba ngawaphi amatyala aziswa kwivoti, ixesha elabelwe impikiswano, kwaye yintoni ezo zilungisekayo ezamkelekileyo. La mandla anokusetyenziswa ukumisela izindululo ezitshayo `ezifana nenkqubo ye-Affordback Care Act e-U.S., edluliswa ngumthetho odityanisiweyo wedemocratic ngokugqithiseleyo, oza kuthintelwa, njengoko kubonwa ngexesha leekomiti ezahlulekileyo. Kwanakwiinkqubo zeqela, iziqhubo ezinyanzela ukuba amalungu elayinini, ukuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo karhulumente iqhubela phambili.

Ukwakha Imali Eyimfuneko Nokulalanisa

Kwiinkqubo ezininzi, akukho qela linye eliphumelelayo ngokungqalileyo, ngoko ke amaqela kufuneka adibane. Le nkqubo ibandakanya ukuthelekisa phezu kwee-ofisi zekhabhinethi, izinto eziphambili, kunye neenkqubo zowiso-mthetho. Isivumelwano esiphumayo singuxwebhu olubophelelayo oluchaza amacebo ahlukeneyo. Izivumelwano zingavelisa imigaqo-nkqubo eqinileyo nengaqukekiyo kuba anyanzelisa amaqela ukuba adibane iimbono ezahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, “umnqophiso-nye owenyuliweyo” phakathi kwe-Democrats neNcubeko Democrats (203-20) yenza ungeniso olungundoqo kumandla avuselelwayo kunye nomvuzo lwesizwe. Kodwa ke, iminqophiso iyakwazi ukukhokelela kwinkqubo yezongavumelani nento engavumelaniyo xa amaqabane engazivumelaniyo, njengoko kuvelwa kubume borhulumente base-Riphabliki-202020 ngonyaka ka-20.

Ukuphendula nokulawula

Amaqela ezobupolitika akwanendima ebalulekileyo ekubekeni ulawulo lobuzwilane norhulumente. Amaqela enkcaso ahlolisisa izenzo zikarhulumente, acebisa ezinye iindlela, kwaye agxininisa ukungaphumeleli kolawulo oluphezulu ngonxibelelwano lolawulo lweziko loburhulumente. Oku kusetyenziswa ngamandla kwimpilo yedemokhrasi, kwaye kuqinisekisa ukuba iqela elilawulayo alinakwenza nto lingenasohlwaywa. Kwinkqubo yentsebenziswano yeWestminsternberg, “ixesha lokuphendula kwemibuzo” liyisithethe samihla ngemihla apho inkcaso i-MPS icela abefundisi. Kwi-U.S.

Iingxaki Zangexesha Elidluleyo Ezijamelene Nemibutho Yezobupolitika

Phezu kwayo nje indima ehlala ihleli, amaqela ezobupolitika kwimimandla emininzi elawulwa ngoodemokhrasi ajongene neenkxwaleko eziphawulekayo. Ukuthembana kwabantu ngamaqela kuye kwancipha kakhulu kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, njengoko uhlolisiso oluvela kuPew Research, kwi-European Social Survey, nakwezinye imithombo lubonisa. Oku kuncitshiswa kokuthembana kwemiqobo emininzi enxulumeneyo amaqela amele athethe ngayo ukuze ahlale efanelekile.

Ukwenziwa kwelanga okunyukayo kunye nokutshixwa kweGrid

Olunye ucelomngeni olubonakalayo kukuthamba kweengcamango. Kumazwe afana ne-United States, umsantsa phakathi kwamaqela amabini amakhulu uye wanda ngokuphawulekayo ukususela ngo-1970. AmaDemocrates kunye namaRiphabliki ngoku ayaphikisana ngamaxabiso angundoqo, kwaye asoloko ejongana njengezisongelo ezikhoyo kunezo zichaseneyo ezisemthethweni. Oku kuthath'aamandla kukhokelela kwi-drock yowiso-mthetho, njengoko ukuyekelela kubiza imali eninzi ngokwezobupolitika. Kukwandisa ukukhutshwa kwentetho kawonke-wonke kwaye kunciphisa ukholo kumaqumrhu edemokhrasi. Ngoxa ukuhla kweminoloji kungeka akuyo imiba enzima yecandelo langoku ekhoyo. ```ukuchasana okungakuthethwayo kubangelwa zii-alpharectrives, i-gergerman, kunye neenkqubo eziphambili zokucoceka kwe-opera.

Urhwaphilizo Nokuphelelwa Kwentembelo

Uphando olubandakanya ukuxhasa, ukunyoba, kunye nokunyoba luye lonakalisa igama lamaqela ehlabathini lonke. Ngokomzekelo, eIndiya, amaqela amaninzi aphambili aye ajamelana nezityholo zorhwaphilizo ezinxulumene nezabelo zamalahle kunye neerekhomu zamalasha. EBrazil, i- “Lava Jato" (Carshat) lutyhile ukunyoba okuqukekileyo okubandakanya onke amaqela amakhulu. Ezi ngciso zokurhoza zibangela amafutha okugxekwayo kwaye zinciphisa ukuvota, ingakumbi phakathi kwezizukulwana ezincinane. Iintlanganiso zingakulwa oku ngokwamkela imithetho ecacileyo, iikomiti zemithetho ezimeleyo, kunye neengxabano ezingqongqo zokulwa nolwaphulo-mthetho. Kodwa izisusa zokuphelisa ulawulo zihlala zinamandla xa kuguqulelwa amandla ezoqoqosho.

Ukungakhathali Kwamalungu Adilikayo

Ngaphaya kwemigangatho emiselweyo, amalungu eqela njengepesenti yabavoti ancipha kakhulu. Ngoo1960, malunga ne-10-15% yabavoti babengamalungu eqela kumazwe amaninzi aseYurophu; namhlanje elo nani lihamba linyuka lijikeleza malunga ne-2-5%. Oku kuthotywa kuthetha ukuba amaqela ajongene nolwakhiwo oluncinci, abanikeli abambalwa abanikelayo ukuxhasa amaphulo, kunye neengcambu ezingenamandla kwingingqi. Kwalo xesha, ivota ihla kumazwe amaninzi, ingakumbi phakathi kwabaselula. i-rest, ngaphandle-oout -tomsss bajolise kwimists ezixandux kunezinto ezinxulumene notyando zotyaniso ezidla ngokuchaziwe njengesizathu. Ukuguqula oku, ezinye izimvoti zezo ezivulekile, amalungu e-intanethi, kunye neengxoxo ezithe ngqo nabaxhasi abasebenzisanabameli-okanye nabaquququququ.

Impembelelo Yangaphandle: Imali, Amajelo Osasazo, Namaqela Anomdla

Amaqela asebenza ngokusebenza kwimeko-bume apho imikhosi yangaphandle inokuthi igqwethe iinjongo zayo. Indima yemali kwezobupolitika, ingakumbi emva kwezigqibo ezifana neNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. ] ISibalo se- silawula (2010), inika abanikeli-mali nabasebenzi bemibutho etyebileyo abakhupha impembelelo kwiqonga leqela. Okwangoku, i-Atlanti ye-media ikhupha ii-Pices ``iiiintel' kunye ne-ikhomputha ye-echoliti, ngokufuthelela amaqela akwizikhundla zawo. Amaqela anomdla, ukusuka kwiSizwe se-Rofle ukuya kwi-SClarm, amaqela amkela iintetho eziqhelekileyo. Inxenye kufuneka ifumane iindlela zokuzigcina ii-Exmastboans ngexesha eliphakathi lamaqela anamandla.

Ikamva Lemibhiyozo Yezobupolitika: Ngaba Kukuguquka Kwezinto Okanye Kukungabikho Kwanto?

Ikamva lamaqela ezobupolitika aliqinisekanga, kodwa imbali icebisa ukuba angamaziko anyamezelayo. Aye asinda ekuvelisweni kwezixhobo zobuzwe, ukuthotywa kwezobupolitika ezisekelwe kudidi, kunye nocelomngeni lwepopulist. Namhlanje, izicwangciso ezininzi ziyayiguqula indlela amaqela alungelelanisa ngayo kunye nephulo.

Ubandakanyeko lwamanani kunye nephulo logcino-lwazi lokwenza inkqubela

Amaqonga ezentlalo-ntle anjenge-Twitter, i-Facebook, kunye ne-WhatsApp aguqule unxibelelwano lwezopolitiko. Ngoku amaphulo anokufikelela kubavoti ngqo, agqitha abagcini-sango besithethe. Impumelelo kaBarack Obama ka-2008 kunye no-2012 ekusebenziseni ulwazi olunobunzululwazi kwi-data ekwizihlomelo ezincinane, kwaye kamva iphulo le-Brtit lokusebenzisa izibhengezo ezithenjiweyo, libonisa amandla ezixhobo zobugcisa. Noko ke, ezi zixhobo zikwaphakamisa inkxalabo ngenkcazelo, imfihlo, imfihlo, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwengqiqo kawonke wonke umntu. Izivumelwano ezithi ziyakwazi ukukhuthaza ngokunempumelelo abaxhasi bezixhobo ezikwindawo ezikwindawo ephezulu, kodwa kufuneka zenze njalo ngoko kumgangatho wolawulo lwedemo-demo-demokhrasi.

Ulwalamano kunye nomelo

Ngokwembali, amaqela aye agxekwa ngokulawulwa ngamadoda amakhulu, anezityebi, amhlophe. Ekuphenduleni, amaqela amaninzi ngoku amkela ii-odola kunye neenyathelo zokwahlukahlukana. Umzekelo, i-UK Labour Party yasungula bonke abafazi abashwankathelayo kwezinye ii-constitue, kwaye i-African National Congress inikwe izithuba kumabhinqa akwizikhundla zolawulo. Amaqela amatsha, njengePodemos okanye i-New Power Par yaMail yaseTaïwa, agxininise ngokucacileyo ubutsha kunye neengca. I-Inglayensia ayiyo nje imfuneko yokuziphatha, kwaye ayiyo kuphela. Iintlanganiso ezingakwaziyo ukubonakalisa umahluko wobugqalise bentlalo lwawo olukhulayo, ingakumbi ulutsha nabantu abambalwa.

Ukwanda kwamatheko eentshukumo kunye namajelo azimeleyo

Izakhiwo zeqela lasekuhlaleni ziyacelw'elwa yimibutho elungelelanisiweyo njenge-Occupy Wall Street, i-Yellow Vests eFransi, okanye i-Five Star Movement e-Itali. Le ntshukumo idla ngokugatya imibutho yeqela eliphethe abaphathi-mikhosi exhasa idemokhrasi kunye “engenalo igosa”. Eminye iye yaguqukela kwiqela elisesikweni, ngoxa eminye ihlala ingenalupyrici. I-Intententensi ziyazuza i-mentengiso , ngokunjalo kumzekelo, kwi-202020.S, abanyuli abafana no-Senator Bernie Sanders babaleka phakathi kweqela kodwa bakhe intshukumo ngaphandle kwayo. Ukuba amaqela awakwazi ukuthatha la mandla matsha, anokutshintshwa yimibutho eenzalo engakumbi, elungele ukudibana nenkcuba.

Ukudityaniswa Kwehlabathi Neengxaki Zamazwe Ngamazwe

Impikiswano enjengokutshintsha kwemozulu, ukufuduka, urhwebo, kunye nezifo ezimandundu kwimida yesizwe, zinyanzelisa amaqela ukuba acinge ngezizwe ngezizwe. Amanye amaqela aye aseka imibutho yamazwe ngamazwe, njenge European People’s Party okanye iSocialist International. Noko ke, amaqela amaninzi ahlala ejongene nesizwe, ngokufuthi akhuthaza ubuhlanga obuvela ekulweni nemikhosi yomhlaba wonke. Uxinezeleko phakathi kobuGawulams behlabathi kunye nobuGawula-mazwe lungachaza ukhuphiko lwamaqela amashumi eminyaka ezayo. Iiparies ezinokunikela izicombululo ezinokuthenjwa zombini womgangatho wemisebenzi yasekuhlaleni neyo yonke, ukufuduka, kunye nemozulu kunye nemozulu iza kusetyenziswa kakuhle.

Isiphelo: Imfuneko Enyamezeleyo Yemisitho

Amaqela ezobupolitika ahlala enxibelelana nemithetho yolawulo-demokhrasi. Asebenzisa iinjongo ezahlukeneyo, iinkokeli eziqeqeshiweyo, abavoti, kwaye abeke ityala koorhulumente. Nangona ukungafezeki kwawo kuninzi, --polaration, ukunganyaniseki, i-elitism, kwaye enye indlela yokusebenza ifunyenwe isenza le misebenzi kwisikali esifunekayo kumazwe anamhlanje azimeleyo. Ikamva lamaqela lixhomekeke kubuchule bawo bokuziqhelanisa: ukwamkela izixhobo zobugcisa ngoxa egcina inyani, esukela ukuthembeka ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa yi-conutation, kwaye ebandakanye neengxaki zehlabathi lonke ixesha idemokhrasi ikho, njengoko kusekho imfuneko yamaqela alungele ukuguqulela amaqela asekuhlaleni aza kuthandwa kwinkqubo kawonke wonke. Amaqela ezobupolitika, ngenxa yeziphakatholo zawo, akwanempumelelo kakhulu kwizithuthi eziyimfuneko.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya kwindima yamaqela ezobupolitika, bona i yeNtsebenzo yophando lweqela , i- ifunda kwidipotimenti nguDalton et al., kunye ne [[FLT:] ACENEctoral Network yemisebenzi yeqela. . Ezi zinto zinika ukunyuselwa okunzulu kumsebenzi wenkqubo ezenza amaqela omabini anamandla kunye nemibutho ekhuphisanayo kwidemo-demo-demokhstan.