Ukwazisa: Indima ephambili yomkhosi wobuphekula bobuphekula

Imigudu yale mihla yokulwa nezobuphekula ifuna intsebenziswano engenalusini kwiingingqi ezihlukeneyo, zobuchule, kunye nezibonelelo. Imikhosi elwayo yokulwa nezenzo zobuphekula iye yavela njengesixhobo esiphambili sokufumana olu manyano. Ngokudibanisa abasebenzi abakrelekrele, abanyanzeli bomthetho, abamkhosi, nemibutho yokhuseleko lwelizwe lakubo, le mikhosi yenza ukuba kungenelwe ngokumanyeneyo kwiingozi ezintsonkothileyo ezingenakubakho namnye umbutho onokuzisingatha kuphela. Ukubaluleka kwazo kuye kwakhula ngokuphawulekayo ukususela ekuhlaseleni kwe-9/11, njengoko uthungelwano lwabagrogrisi luye lwanesidima, luneengcacike ngakumbi, lunee, kwaye lusasaze kulo lonke lonke ihlabathi.

Yintoni Imikhosi Echasene Nezenzo Zobuphekula?

Amandla achasene nezenzo zobuphekula asemthethweni, amaqela adibanisa amandla karhulumente, urhulumente, asekuhlaleni, namanye amaxesha amaqabane ehlabathi ukukhusela, ukuphazamisa, nokusabela kwimisebenzi yobugrogrisi. Ngokungafaniyo nokusebenzisana kwezixhobo zobugrogrisi, la mandla asebenzayo phantsi kwemiqathango eyabelanayo, iinkqubo ezisesikweni, kunye nemijikelo yobuntlola.

Imeko Yembali Nendaleko

Ingcamango yokusebenzisana kweziko lobuphekula ngaphambi kwexesha elingu-9/11. Ingcamango yokulwa nezenzo zobuphengululi i-JTFs (FBI) yaseka imikhosi yokuqala yobunqolobi obudibeneyo (JTFs) ngo1980, okokuqala njengamaqela amancinane kwisiXeko saseNew York kunye namanye amaziko amakhulu asezidolophini. Le JTFs yazisa kunye ii-FBI, abacuphi basekuhlaleni, nabatshutshisi borhulumente ukuba bahlole amaqela abanqolobi. Noko ke, ukuhlasela ngoSeptemba 11, 2001, kwabhenca izithuba ezigxekayo ekubelaneni nokulungelelana konxibelelwano phakathi komanyano lwamaziko. Izindululo eziqulu : : : : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ukwakheka Kwamalungu Awo

Umkhosi oqhelekileyo ophakathi kwemisebenzi uquka abameli abasuka:

  • I-Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) – ikhokela uphando lwasekhaya lwe-JTFs kunye nophengululo lokuthintela ubuphekula.
  • Indawe yoKhuseleko lwasekhaya (DHS) – iquka ukufuduka neCummigtionment (ICE), iCCBP yoKhuselo loMda (CBP), Ulawulo loKhuseleko lwezothutho (TSA), kunye ne-Cybersecurity kunye ne-Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA).
  • I-Arhente yobuntlola ye-CIA - - negalelo kubukrelekrele bamanye amazwe, ingakumbi kwizisongelo ezivela phesheya.
  • Ikomkhulu lelizwe lobuphekula (NCTC) – inikezela ngohlalutyo olucwangcisiweyo kunye nokudibana kwesoyikiso.
  • [[UMTL:0] Isebe lokhuselo (DoD) – iquka iziqalelo ezivela kumyalelo wemisebenzi ekhethekileyo yase-U.S. (USSOCOM) kunye ne-Arhente yokhuselo lobuGcisa (DIA).
  • [[UMTL:0] I-Bureau of Alcohol, Icuba, Izixhobo zomlilo kunye ne-Explosives (ATF) – ubuchule kwiziqhushumbisi nakwimipu.
  • Umthetho wasekuhlaleni kunye nokugcinwa komthetho wasekuhlaleni – ugxeka ubukrelekrele obusekelwe kuluntu kunye nempendulo.
  • Abacuphi beSebe leJaji (DOJ) – qinisekisa ukudityaniswa ngokusemthethweni kwemisebenzi nobungqina.

Imikhosi yomsebenzi isenokuba yeyokwexeshana ukwenzela imisebenzi ethile okanye esisigxina, njenge-FBI i-104 JTF ekwi-United States.

Iinzuzo Eziyintloko Zentsebenziswano Enxulumeneyo

Ukwabelana ngobuchule obunyusiweyo kunye nokufumana

Enye yeenzuzo eziphambili zemikhosi ephakathi kwemikhosi yempatho-mbini kukukwazi ukudibanisa ubuntlola kwimithombo emininzi. Amaqhinga amaphekula asoloko ebandakanya izibonisi ezibonakala zingenangozi ngokuzikhetha ``intengo' yokuthengwa kwenyongo, ipateni yokuhamba ukuya kwindawo yemfazwe, ulwando lwe-intanethi. Uhlalutyo lwe-intanethi lungaphosa umlinganiselo. Ngokuqwalasela ulwazi olusuka kwi-CIA yomntu wasemzini, uphando lwe-FBI lwasekhaya, umda we-DHS kunye ne-visa isikrini sovavanyo, kunye neencam zamapolisa asekuhlaleni, amaqela omsebenzi enza umfanekiso obanzi. [iSikongamelani sobuzwelo-FLT [FLT:] [FLT] asebenza njengendawo yophando lwenkcisongelo-mali yomhla nenkqubo yovavanyo lwemini.

Ukwenziwa kwesakhelo esisisigxina kunye nokuphumeza ukusebenza

Imisebenzi yokulwa nobuphekula inegalelo eliphakathi kovimba. I- Surveillance, umsebenzi ongaphantsi komgqumo, uphando lwekhompyutha, kunye nenkxaso yezobugcisa ifuna ubuchule obukhethekileyo kunye nezixhobo ezibiza imali eninzi. Ukuqokelela uqingqo-mali kunye nabasebenzi abanqumla amasebe kunciphisa ukwenziwa kokhuphiswano kunye nokusetyenziswa kobuchule bokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokulinganisa irhafu. Umzekelo, umkhosi unganikezela nge-emoyeni kunye namandla aphambili okunqanda ukunqandwa, ngelixa i-FBI inika igunya elisemthethweni kwizixhobo zocingo zasekhaya. Isiphumo siluncedo ezisebenzayo ekuhlawuleni irhafu kunye nemisebenzi ekhawulezayo.

Amaxesha Okusabela Ngokukhawuleza Kwiimeko Ezinzima

Xa isiganeko sabanqolobi senzeka ``intshatsheli esebenzayo, ukudubula, ukudubula, okanye ukuhlasela ngekhompyutha] iiyure zokuqala zinzima. Amandla angaphakathi emsebenzini ngaphambi kwendima, iimbopheleleko, kunye nemithetho elandelwayo yonxibelelwano, inceda ukulungiselela impendulo elungelelanisiweyo ngemizuzu nje. Ngonyaka ka-2015 iSan Bernardino uhlaselo, iFBI exhotyiswe nge-JTF efakwe kanye kanye ecaleni kwamaqela e-SWT kunye nabameli be-DHS, ukuqulunqa upha nokuqinisekisa ukuba ingqokelela yobungqina ayingquzulani nemisebenzi yeqhinga.

Ukulungelelaniswa komthetho nokwaphulwa komthetho

Usongelo lobugrogrisi luya luqalwa ngemida yesizwe. Umsebenzi oqala ngokujongwa eJamani, ubandakanya i-wap eUnited States, kwaye uphele ngokubanjwa eKenya kufuneka ulungelelwaniso olululo lomthetho kunye nezivumelwano zobugqeba. Le mikhosi iquka iziphathi-mikhosi ezisemthethweni kunye namagosa onxibelelwano aqinisekisa ukuba ubungqina bungachaphazeleki enkundleni, ukuba ubulumko bokwabelana ngezivumelwano (njengeNdlela Entlanu Yamehlo) ilandelwa, kwaye oko kugqubune nezenzo ezivumelana nomthetho wezizwe ngezizwe. Olu manyano luthintela imiqobo engokwasemthethweni enokuthi ibangele ukuchatshazelwa okanye ukuphikiswa.

Ucelomngeni Olujamelene Namaqela Athantamisayo

Nangona ziphumelela, imikhosi elwa nezenzo zobuphekula ayingenamiqobo ebalulekileyo. Ukuqonda ezi ngxaki kubalulekile ekuyileni inkqubo esoloko iphucula intsebenziswano.

Idabi loBurhulumente neleenqanawa

Izindululo zelifa lemveli bezikhusela ngokwembali ulawulo lwazo, uqingqo-mali, kunye nolwazi. Umzekelo, iFBI ne-CIA, zinokhuphiswano olubhalwe kakuhle olunokuthi luthintele ukwabelana ngolwazi. Iinkokeli zomsebenzi kufuneka ziqhube izinto eziphambili ezikhuphisanayo kunye nokuxhathisa kolawulo. Iinkqubo zobuchule ```````````National Countintellicce'''' kunye neSiko sokhuseleko' kunye nemiyalelo yobuntlola obudityaniweyo, kodwa utshintsho lwempucuko luhlala lucotha. I-Akhawunti ye-APropolatement Office ifumanise-40% ye-JTFF ixe ukuba kulibazise ukulityelwa kobulumko obuvela kwamanye amasebe.

Ulwazi Isilos Nezithintelo Zokucalucalulo

Kwanaxa amasebe ekulungele ukwabelana, iinkqubo zokuhlela zingaphazamisana. Iingxelo zeFBI zisenokuba ziphawulwe njenge-Law Enforcement Cookie (LES), ngoxa i-CIA inguMgangatho weShut/SCI enobuchule obukhethekileyo bokuphatha i-mody. Abasebenzi bomsebenzi kufuneka bagcine ii-crediation ezifanelekileyo kwaye badibane ngokwasemzimbeni ukwabelana ngolwazi olunovakalelo. Ukwanda kwee-neenkqubo ezichanekileyo (JIC, SIPRNNET, FBI’S STINETY) kudala imiqobo yobuchule. Imigudu yanamhlanje, njenge-ODNI I-IIII yoluvo loMnganiselo lweMbutho loluntu lwemeko (IE), injongo yokwenza ulwazi olunye olunovelwanolwazi, kodwa inkqubo egciniweyo iyaqhubeka.

Izithethe zolungelelwano ezahlukahlukeneyo kunye neMidlalo eDibanisayo

Amaziko agunyazisa umthetho asebenza phantsi kwemodeli yomtshutshisi, aqokelela ubungqina bokuvavanywa nokusebenza ngemithetho engqongqo yenkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho. Amaqumrhu akrelekrele amisa ukuqokelelwa nokuhlaziywa kwemiqathango, ngokufuthi ngokunyamezela okukhulu kokufihla imfihlo. Amaqela emikhosi ajolise kwisantya, ukubulala, kunye nokuphumeza imisebenzi. Oku kungakhokelela ekungaziqondini kakuhle izinto eziza kuqala, ii-linee-exesha, kunye nomngcipheko owamkelekileyo. Umzekelo, u-JTTF unqwenela ukulibazisa ukuvalelwa ukuze aqokelele ubulumko obungakumbi, ngelixa umkhosi ufuna ukuphelisa ngokukhawuleza ixhoba elinexabiso eliphezulu. Amandla omsebenzi aphumelelayo athengiselwa ekuqeqesheni, iziqinisekiso ezidibaniweyo, kunye neenkqubo zokunxibelelana iintambo zonxibelelwano.

Inkxalabo Engokwasemthethweni Neyamakhaya

Imisebenzi yobuphengululi egosayo ekhokelwayo kwimizi-mikhosi kufuneka ivumelane noMthetho weSine soLawulo lweNgqino yeNtshona Koloni, i-FBI, kunye neAttorney Guidelines jikelele ukwenzela imisebenzi ye-FBI. Ufakelo-lwazi oluphakathi kwe-FBI lungaphakamisa inkxalabo malunga “nodonga” phakathi kobuchule kunye nokugcinwa komthetho, eyathi ngokwethutyana emva komhla ka-9/11 kodwa ihlala kwimimandla engundoqo. Abaxhasi benkululeko yoluntu baphikisa ngelithi amandla emisebenzi angakhokelela ekuchopheliseni abantu abamsulwa, ingakumbi kuluntu abangamaSulumane-Melika. Ukulawula iBhunga, i-Oficial kunye nezibonelelo zeLibers kunceda ukuthoba ezingozi, kodwa inkcinezelele.

Imizekelo yehlabathi lokwenene yemikhosi yezobuphekula yolwaphulo-mthetho

Imikhosi yobugrogrisi Edityanisiweyo YeFBI (iiJTF)

I-JTTF lunesiseko sobuphengululi basekhaya. I-JTTF nganye iquka abasebenzi abasuka kwiFBI, i-DHS, imo yesizwe namapolisa asekuhlaleni, yaye ngamanye amaxesha abatshutshisi borhulumente. Kukho i-109 JTTFs ezweni lonke, enamalungu angaphezu kwama-4000. Ziye zasetyenziswa kwiimeko ezininzi eziphezulu, kuquka ukuphazamisa isiqwenga somzila ongaphantsi komhlaba waseNew York City, ukubanjwa kwe “Boston Marathon bombrorker". Ngokusebenza kunye nokususwa kweeseli eziphikisayo zasekhaya. I-JTFS isebenza phantsi kwenjongo “yomyalelo” imodeli evumela ukuguquka ngoxa kusenziwa iimigangatho ze-Cycester.

Iziko lezobuphengululi besizwe (NCTC)

I-NCTC isebenza njengentlangano ephambili yesizwe edibanisa kwaye ihlalutya bonke ubukrelekrele obunxulumene nobugrogrisi. Ivelisa iinkcazo ezifanelekileyo, iliso lokuhamba kwabanqolobi, kwaye igcina i-Terminaties Data (TIDE) yogcino-lwazi. I-NCTCC ayiqhubeli misebenzi kodwa inika umbutho osisingqinisi wemiqathango yezomsebenzi. Abahlalutyisi bayo bakhutshwa kwiCIA, i-DHS, i-DHS, kunye nobuchule basemkhosini. Umsebenzi wesiko ngulo “ukukhokela umkhosi wohlanga ukuba lulwe nomkhosi wasekhaya nakwamanye amazwe.” ngokuqinisekisa ukuba onke amasebe afanele ayazi kakuhle imeko ukuze enze into.

Imikhosi Yomsebenzi Yamazwe Ngamazwe: Amehlo Amahlanu Nangaphaya Kwawo

Intsebenziswano yentsebenziswano yandisa ngaphaya kwemida yase-U.S. Umbutho wamehlo amahlanu (U.S., UK, Canada, Australia, New Zealand) ucebise ngokusesikweni ukuba ulwe namaqela asebenzayo asebenza kunye ne-otherobhathisi. Imikhosi yemisebenzi efana ne-U.S.-Pakistan Counter Projective Prophecial Diaxination okanye umkhosi we-U.S. Saudioudio Bay kuBugrogrisi, ukunceda umanyano lwamazwe amaninzi. Amandla omsebenzi kwimimandla enjengeSahel (G5 Sahel Joint Mand) kunye neTrison of Africa (Umkhosi odityaniweyo wobudlela Womsebenzi we-Afrion - Horn) ibonisa ukusetyenziswa kwemodelication yehlabathi.

Ubugcisa kunye nezixhobo zokuxhasa imisebenzi

Amandla ancedisanayo axhomekeke kubugcisa obuhambe phambili ukulungiselela ubuninzi bogcino-lwazi olwenziwa luphando. Izixhobo ezingundoqo ziquka:

  • Iqonga lodibaniso [[FT:1] – Iinkqubo ezifana neNational Center Fusion Nethwekhi idibanisa i-JTFs kurhulumente kunye namaziko odityaniso asekuhlaleni, enika umfanekiso oqhelekileyo wokusebenza.
  • I-open source buntry (OSINT) alytics - imikhosi yomsebenzi ijonga i-media yentlalo, i-web emnyama, kunye ne-apps ezifihliweyo zokuthumela imiyalezo zisebenzisa izixhobo ezifana ne-datamnr kunye ne-software ekhethekileyo.
  • ubuntlola obunobuchule bokuchaza – i-Homeland Ehambele phambili yolwazi ye-DHS (HART) inkqubo yeNdlela yolwazi yeNdlela Elandelayo ye-FBI i-Identification (NGI) ivumela amandla omsebenzi ukuba abonise ngokukhawuleza iimkrokro ezithelweyo ngeminwe, ubuchule bokuqwalasela ubuso, kunye nescreen.
  • [[NTL:0] ubuntlola obuzenzekelayo kunye nomatshini wokufunda-AI isetyenziswa ngokukhulayo ukufumanisa iintlobo zohambo, uthengiso lwemali, kunye nothungelwano olunokubonakalisa ucwangciso lwabagrogrisi. I DHS' i-Science kunye noLawulo lwezobuxhakaxhaka bezixhobo zobuxhakaxhaka be-AIP iqhubele izixhobo ze-AIP ukufumanisa isisongelo.

Noko ke, ubugcisa bukwadala ubungozi bokungaqiniseki-kanga, ukuphazamisana kwasese, kunye nokukwazi kotshaba ukusebenzisa inkcazelo. Imikhosi yomsebenzi kufuneka ilungelelanise ulwakhiwo nobuchule bobugocigoci.

Imisebenzi yesakhelo esemthethweni nesolawulo

Imikhosi yezobuphekula isebenza kubume obukwimeko enzima engokwezomthetho.

  • Umthetho weUSA PATRIOT (2001) – amandla ophando olwandisiweyo kunye nokwehlisa ukwabelana ngenkcazelo phakathi kobukrelekrele nokugcinwa komthetho.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] I-Federal Information Paradition Act (2015) – ivotelwe imisebenzi ekhoyo yokwabelana ngolwazi olunxulumene nobugrogrisi phakathi kwengingqi, urhulumente, kunye namaqumrhu asekuhlaleni.
  • Umthetho wobuntlola bamazwe angaphandle (FISA) – ulawula ukhangelo lwe-elektroniki kunye nophando lomzimba lobukrelekrele bamanye amazwe, ufuna imvume yenkundla yokujolisa “abantu base-U.S.."
  • Attorney Isikhokelo Jikelele - - ichaza imiqobo yokuqalisa uphando, imisebenzi yokufihla, nokusetyenziswa kwabangazingisi abayimfihlo.

Ukulawula kunikezelwe yi-Ofisi yeSebe leSigwebo seNkcubeko Jikelele, iikomiti zoBunganiso (umz., iKomiti yoKhuseleko lweHomeland, iKomiti yobuNtlanganiso), kunye neSifuba kunye neSikhundla sobuLungu soMsebenzi (PCLOB). Iingxelo zakutshanje zePCLOB zibalaselise imfuneko yokuba cace ngakumbi kwindlela amajoni asebenzisa ngayo ulwazi kumaziko embutho kunye nokujongwa kwezentlalo-ntlalo.

Imigaqo Yexesha Elizayo Yokuntsonkotha

Njengokuba indawo eyingozi iguquka, kufuneka isebenze. Intsingiselo engundoqo iquka:

  • [[FLT: 0] Ukudibanisa okukhulu kakhulu kukarhulumente kunye namaqabane asekuhlaleni -uhlaselo oluninzi lucetywa luze lubulawe ngabagrogrisi abatshayo abahlala ekhaya phakathi koluntu. Amapolisa asekuhlaleni asondelelene kakhulu nolo luntu. Ukwandisa ii-JTTF ukuquka amagosa asekuhlaleni angakumbi kunye neeseli zodityaniso ziza kunyusa ukubhaqwa kwangoko.
  • Ubalo lwezisongelo zekhompyutha kunye neWMD – Ukwanda kweziphene zentlawulelo nxamnye neziseko eziceliweyo eziceliweyo kunye nokusenokwenzeka kokuhlaselwa kwemichiza okanye imichiza kufuna ubuchule obutsha. Amandla omsebenzi ongezelela iingcali ze-iblogsecurecure kunye namagosa ezempilo.
  • [[NTL: 0] Ubukrelekrele obungebobobobobobo bokusebenza ngempumelelo – i-Al inganceda i-triage ikhokela, ixele kwangaphambili iipateni zohlaselo, kwaye ityhile iinethwekhi ezifihlakeleyo. Noko ke, ukuqinisekisa okusesikweni kwe-algorithm nokuphepha izinto zobuxoki kuhlala kulucelomngeni.
  • Enza ukuba umanyano lwezizwe ngezizwe – ubugrogrisi bomhlaba wonke abunamida. I-U.S. inyusa uqhagamshelwano lomsebenzi ne-ITERPOL, Europol, kunye nemibutho yengingqi ukwenzela ukuba kubekho ubuntlola bexesha lokwenene.
  • [[NTLA] Ukuthatha inxaxheba ekujongeni uxanduva kunye nokuthembana kwabantu ngokubanzi---1] - Umsebenzi ngamnye ophezulu weprofile ohambayo (umz., ukuqhushumbisa kweBoston apho ubukrelekrele babungahlangani ngokupheleleyo) kuphelisa ukuthembana. Amandla omsebenzi kufuneka amisele izifundo ezifundiweyo kunye nehambo ecacileyo emva kweSend Action Reviews.

Isiphelo

Amandla olawulo achasene nezenzo zobuphekula akangowona malungiselelo asebenzayo nje kuphela, kwaye angowona mqobo wokhuseleko lwesizwe kwinkulungwane yama-21. Ngokuqhekeza iindonga ezazikhe zahlula ubukrelekrele, ukugcinwa komthetho, kunye nemimandla yomkhosi, la mandla abangela ukufikelela korhulumente okupheleleyo okungaphezulu kwenani lawo. Imingeniselo yezolawulo, inkcubeko, inkcubeko, kunye nomthetho iyinto yokwenene, kodwa iya kuthethwa ngolungiso oluzinzileyo nolawulo oluzinzileyo. Njengoko izisongelo zabanqolobi zisiba ntsonkothile kwaye zisandlongondlongo, amandla abameli okusebenza kunye ngokungenalusini azakugqiba ukhuseleko lwamaqela oluntu emhlabeni wonke. Ukuqhubeka koshishino-zixhobo, ubugcisa, kunye nenkqubo zomthetho ziyimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukuba intsebenzi ephakathi kwentsebenziswano-mthetho, isemthethweni, isemthethweni, kunye nolawulo oluthenjiweyo.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, jonga kwigosa leFBI iphepha lobuphengululi bobuphengululi kunye nengxelo yeNkonzo yophando yeKhompyutha yoMbutho Ukungagqibeki kobuGcinezeli kwi-Cuquzelo-bugrogrisi.