Indima Yempikiswano Kwiidemokhrasi

Ukususela kwiindibano zokuqala ezibhaliweyo zabemi base-Athene yamandulo, ingxubusho kawonke-wonke ecwangcisiweyo iye yayila isiseko solawulo oluvulekileyo. Iingxoxo zinika iingozi ezinqabileyo, eziphezulu, apho iingcamango ezikhuphisanayo zinyanzeleka ukuba zijamelane phantsi kohlolo lukawonke-wonke. Ziguqula izicelo zenkqubo ezingekho ngqiqweni zibe ziindawo ezibonakalayo abavoti abanokuzikala, bacebise okanye bazilahle. Ngaphandle kwale nkqubo yokuthetha ngqo kunye nokuquluphala, idemokhrasi yedemokhrasi ingena kuludwe lweziquluvo ezingasetyenziswanga, kunye nabemi abahlaliyo behlaziswe kwimi bemiyalezo eshwamkelweyo kunokuba babe ngabathathi abakhutheleyo abathatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo yokuzibophanga.

Omnye wemisebenzi ebalulekileyo yengxoxo bubuchule bokwenza abaphulaphuli babonakale. Xa iinkokeli kunye nabatshakazi bema kwiqonga ukuze bakhusele iirekhodi zabo kunye nezicelo, abanakufihla emva kokushicilela bekhupha okanye bacwangcise izibhengezo. Indawo eqiqayo ecacileyo, impazamo, okanye ukungavumi ukuphendula umbuzo ngqo kubaphulaphuli. Le ngcinezelo yexesha lokwenene inyanzela abathathi-nxaxheba ukuba balungiselele ngokucokisekileyo baze bacinge ngeenyawo zabo, banike ukhuthulo olucacileyo lobuchule kunye nengqibelelo yabo. [[FLT:] [[0] Inkqumrhu yomrhutho kwiingxoxo zoMongameli igxininise ixesha elide igxininise ukuba ezi ziganeko zithuba kuphela lokubona abanyulwayo abaninzi becala eliphambili, ukuphendula imibuzo efanayo.

Ukunyanzela I-Electorate Ecectorate

Ngaphandle kokuziphendulela ngokomntu ngamnye, iingxoxo zisebenza njengesixhobo semfundo esidibeneyo. Zidiliza imiba enzima yenkqubo kwiingxoxo ezingaqondakaliyo, zinceda abavoti baqonde kungekuphela nje oko kukholelwa ngabatshatisi kodwa isizathu sokuba bakukholelwe. Ingxoxo elungiselelwe kakuhle ityhila ingqiqo esisiseko (okanye ukungabikho kwayo) ebangela iingcebiso ezikhuphisanayo. Umzekelo, ngexesha lengxoxo yotshintsho lwezempilo, umntu oza kunyanzeleka ukuba achaze indlela icebo lakhe eliza kugquma ngayo iimeko ezikhoyo, oko liya kubiza, kwaye ngubani oya kuhlawula. Umchasi unokuvavanyaza ezo zizathu, ukunikela enye ingcebiso okanye iziphumo ezingacacingiyo. Oku kunika abaphulayo ingcinga etyebileyo, ukuqonda okuthe kokuba negalelo olungakumbi kunalo naliphi naliphi nalelo lomgaqo-mphulo.

Uphando oluqhubekayo lubonisa ukuba abavoti ababukela iingxoxo bayakwazi ukuchaza ngokuchanekileyo izikhundla zabahlohli kwimibandela engundoqo. Uhlolisiso olusuka kwiMelika ye-Economic Review [[FLT: 1] lufumanise ukuba iingxoxo zomongameli zinyusa ngokunzulu ulwazi lwezopolitiko, ingakumbi phakathi kwabemi abangafundanga kakhulu. Oku kubhekiswa ngokukodwa kubabukeli abangenamdla okanye abanemigangatho elungeleleneyo yomdla kwezobupolitika – kanye inani eligqiba iziphumo zonyulo.

Imeko - ngqondweni: Iingxoxo Ezazaguqula Iintlanga

Isithethe sengxoxo yezobupolitika njengesiganeko esisesikweni, sikawonke-wonke asiyonto isungulwayo yanamhlanje. Sibhekisa emva kwiRiphabliki yamaRoma, apho abaququzeleli beya kuphikisana nemithetho ecetyisiweyo kwiForum. Kumazwe aphantsi kwelizwe laseMerika, iintlanganiso zeholo yedolophu zasebenza njengezizathu ezingacwangciswanga kodwa ezinamandla zokuphikisana apho abemi abaqhelekileyo babenokucell ’ umngeni iinkokeli zasekuhlaleni. Ezi zenzo zokuqala zabeka isiseko seziganeko ezicwangcisiweyo, ezikhutshwe ngocoselelo lwesizwe ngoku ezilawula imijikelezo yonyulo.

Ingxoxo yeLincoln-Doglas ka-1858

Ingxoxo esoloko icatshulwa njengomgangatho wegolide wengxoxo yezobupolitika yaseMerika, iinkxwaleko ezisixhenxe phakathi kuka Abraham Lincoln noStephen Douglas ngexesha lohlanga lweNdlu yeNtlanga yeIllinois zazingaphezulu kakhulu komboniso wephulo lephulo. Yayiyincoko enzulu yesizwe emalunga nobukhoboka, amalungelo karhulumente, kunye nekamva le-Union. Ingxoxo nganye yalandela ucwangciso olungqongqo: intlanganiso yeeyure ezintathu eneentetho ezitshintshiweyo ezimalunga nemizuzu engama-90. Le ngxoxo inyanzelela ukuba amadoda omabini akhule ngokucothayo, axhathisa impikiswano. Ngoxa uLincoln waphulukana isihlalo seNdlund, ithelela ukuba abe sisigxina sesizwe kwaye alungise ubugcisa bakhe. Intetho epheleleyo isafundwa nanamhlanje kwiizifundo zezopolitiki zezo zezopolitiko zezo zezo zezobupolitiko kwingxoxo ekhuthazayo.

Ingxoxo kaKennedy noNixon ka 1960

Ingxoxo yokuqala yomongameli e-United States yaphawula inkqubela-phambili kunxibelelwano lwezopolitiko. Okwesihlandlo sokuqala, izigidi zamaMelika zazinokubona abaza kubhaptizwa bazo ngamacala, zingaziva nje kunomathotholo. Umahluko obonakalayo phakathi komfono-mfono, owenziwe wakhululeka, uJohn F. Kennedy, noluphaphathekileyo, ngokubonakalayo, bemthulula ngokubonakala. Abaphulaphuli bakanomathotholo, ababeva kuphela oko kuqulethwe yimpikiswano, ngokufuthi becinga ukuba uNixon uphumelele; ababukeli be-mabonwakude babebathandayo kakhulu uKennedy. Esi siganeko sabonisa ukuba izinto ezibonakala zingathi ziluqikelelo, kwaye siguqula ngonaphakade indlela amaphulo alungiselela ngayo iingxoxo, hayi kwiingongoma kuphela kodwa ukuqwalasela inkangeleko, ulwimi lomzimba, kunye nobukho bekhamera. UKennedy-Nixen-en inikeza isifundo esinamandla phakathi kwe-fidiyo kunye nokubonisa.

Ingxoxo ye-Obama-Romney yowama-2012

Kule mihla yexesha lentlalo-ntle kunye nemijikelo yamaphephandaba ethatha iiyure ezingama-24, iingxoxo phakathi koBarack Obama noMitt Romney zibonisa indlela ekwakunjalo ngayo ukukhangela kwenyaniso kunye ne-intanethi yokucacisa ingxubusho ingandisa ixesha lengxoxo. Imisebenzi enamandla kaRomney kwingxoxo yokuqala itshintshe ngokuphawulekayo, ngelixesha isimo sobundlobongela soobhabha ekuquzeleni kwalandelayo samnceda wafumana kwakhona umhlaba. Le ngxoxo ikwabalaselisa ucelomngeni lwe "izinkcitho" – inkumbulo enye ye-lineslaners ezisoloko zigqumathe ingxubuliso yengxoxo encinci. Bagxininisa imfuneko yokukhangela ukudlula kwizinto zokudlala umdlalo wemidlalo kwaye bavavanya iziphelo eziphambili phantsi kweliso eligxekayo.

Indlela Yokuzilungisa Neenkqubo Zeenkqubo Zeenkqubo Zeenkqubo Zeenkqubo Zeenkqubo Zeenkqubo Zeenkqubo Zeenkqubo Zeenkqubo Zeenkqubo Zeenkqubo

Ukuqonda iinkalo ezahlukeneyo kunceda abavoti bahlolisise amandla nemilinganiselo yesiganeko ngasinye.

Inkcazo esesikweni okanye i-Oxford-Style

Le mithetho ingqongqo: umenzi-nkqubo umisa isigqibo esinye, kwaye icala ngalinye linikela iintetho zokuvula, iimpikiswano eziphikisayo, kunye neempikiswano zokuvala phakathi kwemida yexesha elibekiweyo. Ukunqamleza kusoloko kuvumelekile, ukwenza umva nomva ocacileyo onokuthi ubonise iimpazamo ezivakalayo. Le ndlela iqhelekile kwizicwangciso zemfundo kunye nezinye iingxoxo zezobupolitika. Inika ingcebiso enzulu nolwazi nokucinga okukhawulezileyo kodwa iyakwazi ukuva ngqongqo nokungeyonto ebanzi yabaphulaphuli jikelele. Ngaphandle kokuba isebenza, ihlala inguvavanyo olunzima lobuchule bokuxambulisana.

Ingxoxo yeHolo yeDolophana

Kule ndlela, abavumi babuza ngqo abaphulaphuli abaphilayo abangakhange bafumane okanye abangaxabananga nabavoti, kunokuba baqulethwe ziintatheli. Imibuzo idla ngokuba yeyobuqu kwaye isekelwe kwinkxalabo yemihla ngemihla – iindleko zonyango, ukhuseleko lomsebenzi, imfundo – kunaleyo ibuzwa ngabaququzeleli abangoochwepheshe. Iingxoxo zeholo yedolophi zingenza abantu abatsha abatsha kwaye zityhile amandla abo okunxibelelana nabantu abaqhelekileyo. Noko ke, kwakhona bavelisa amathuba okufumana amathuba okuqalisa iqonga, njengoko abatshatiweyo besenokusebenzisa abanoveliswa ngovelwano lokuthetha kwangaphambili. Ukuncokola kwabaphula abaphulaphuli-ndlebe kungenza nyani, ixesha eli-36 elingenakubhalwa.

Ingxoxo zamanani nezenyani

Isifo se-COVOID-19 sikhawulezisa ukusetyenziswa kwamaqonga eengxoxo ezizenyani. Amacandelo abonakala kwii-studio ezikude, kwaye umququzeleli ulawula isandi kunye nevidiyo ukuqinisekisa ukutshintshisana okucwangcisiweyo. Ngelixesha aba baphikisi bengxoxo belahlekelwa bukho obubonakalayo kunye nokungabikho kwe-abhal-kuxhasa ubuso nobuso, bafumana amandla okuchaza amaphepha eengxoxo, baphila ngokuzigcina izinto eziyimfuneko, kwaye kwanomngcipheko wabaphulaphuli. Journal kaDeviccation ihlola indlela i-mfono yemichini enokuthi ikwazi ngayo ukuthatha inxaxheba, ivumela abavoti besuka kwiindawo zasemaphandleni okanye iingxaki zokuqhuba izinto ngexesha lokwenene. Noko ke, umngcipheko wonxibelelwano lobugcisa, i-intanethina, kunye nokuxoxisana kwabachasi be-internegar-neev.

Impembelelo Engqondweni Yengxoxo Engokuziphatha Kwezidanga

Iminyaka emininzi yophando lwenzululwazi yengqondo kwezobupolitika ingqina ukuba iingxoxo ziphembelela abantu ngeendlela ezintsonkothileyo nezingaqondakaliyo, azidluliseli nje inkcazelo; aziphembeleli nje iimvakalelo, zibangela ukuba umntu acinge ngendlela acinga ngayo yaye zibangela ukuba umntu acinge ngendlela afanele afune ukubhalisa.

Imiphumo Yokunganyaniseki Nemiphumo

Abaxhasi badla ngokukhumbula oko bakuvayo kuqala (utshintsho) noko bakuvayo emva (utshintsho). Oku kungenxa yokuba ukuvula nokuvala iingxelo kubhalwe kakuhle. Isiqalo esinamandla siyakwazi ukucwangcisa indlela ezitolikwa ngayo zonke iimpikiswano ezilandelayo, ngexa ukuvala okunamandla kungazicima iimpazamo zangaphambili. Candidates ziqeqesha kakhulu ukwenza la maxesha, ngokufuthi usebenzisa izibongozo ezingokweemvakalelo – amabali ongquzulwano, imibono yomanyano lwesizwe – olungaphaya kokuqonda.

Isiqinisekiso Se Bias kunye nokuKhetha

Ababukeli abaninzi ababukeli iingxoxo ngengqondo evulekileyo. Baza nezinketho ezikhoyo, kwaye batyekele ekuchazeni iintetho ezididayo njengezixhasa iimbono zabo ezikhoyo. Olu qinisekiso luthetha ukuba impikiswano efanayo inokubonwa njengoloyiso olucacileyo ngabaxhasi bazo zombini. Ngaphezu koko, ababukeli abachaphazelekayo bangakhetha ukubukela kuphela uhlalutyo lwasemva kwimithombo yendaba enobuhlobo, ukuxhasa utoliko lwabo. Abafundisi neenkokeli zezentlalo bangakuphikisa oku ngokukhuthaza abavoti babukele ukutya okungalungiswangakhange baphendulelwanga kwaye baxubuthe nabantu abanolwano mbono eyahlukeneyo.

Indima Yonxibelelwano Olungekho Ndlu - mlomo

Iintetho zobuso, ukuma, izimbo zezandla, kwanendlela oza kunqumama ngayo phambi kokuba aphendule inganika ubuchule, ukunyaniseka, okanye uloyiko. Uphando olupapashwa ku uphando lubonise ukuba ubuchule bokufikelela kwiziphumo zonyulo obufutshane ezisekelwe kwimifanekiso emifutshane yevidiyo ingaxela iziphumo zonyulo ngokuchanekileyo okumangalisayo. Ingxoxo ivumela abavo ukuba babone baze bave abaqwalaseli bevile ixesha elide, benika ugcino-lwazi olunyulukileyo lokuhlola okuthe ngqo nokungaqondisiyo.

Iingxaki Ezijamelene Neengxoxo Zanamhlanje

Phezu kwako nje ukubaluleka kwazo, iingxoxo zezobupolitika zanamhlanje zijamelene nocelomngeni olunzulu olubangelwa yinkqubo yezopolitiko olunokuyidodobalisa injongo yazo yolawulo - melo.

Media Bias kunye ne "Igumbi leSpin"

Ingxolo ekhawulezileyo yesiphelo sesiphelo idla ngokugxininisa hayi kwintsingiselo yeempikiswano kodwa kuba ngubani "oyena" osekelwe kwisimbo, igaffes, okanye ongenakulibaleka kwi-lines. Iintatheli kunye nee-puntitits kwisakhelo segumbi lokujikeleza ingxelo phambi kokuba abavoti abaninzi babe nethuba lokubukela isiganeko esipheleleyo. Oku kunokukwazi ukuqwalasela uluntu kunye nokuvuza abatsha abavuzi besandi abanobuchule kunabo bakhoyo bemigaqo eqikelelekayo. Eminye imibutho yezixhobo zezixhobo zekhompyutha iye yaqalisa ukulungiselela ingxoxo engachukumisekiyo isebenzisa ikhompyutha kunye nemibutho ekhangela inyani ukubonelela umo-mezoqobo, kodwa intethelekiso ephambili isabunjwa ngumjikelo we-oyile yama-24 e-oyile.

Izithethe Ezivakalayo Nophuhliso

Ngemida yexesha elilinganiswe ngemizuzwana ukwenzela iimpendulo kunye nemizuzu yokuphinda uphicotho, ingxubusho yenkqubo entsonkothileyo isoloko incitshiswa ibe ngamabinzana ashukumayo. Umvotelwe unokuba nemizuzwana engama-90 kuphela yokuchaza isicwangciso serhafu, ekhokelela ekuqhatheni ngaphezulu kokungakhomba okungangephi okungabangela ukuba ivoti ifumaneke. Uxinzelelo lokuvelisa umgca ongenakulibaleka lungaphezulu kwemfuneko yocoselelo kunye nokuntsonkotha kolawulo. Oku kusikelelwa kokungalungiseleli okungako ngokupheleleyo; luxinzelo olusemgangathweni phakathi kwemfuneko yokucotha nokuntyo.

Uqhaqho-zincwadi loLuntu noLolongo

Njengoko ukwanda kwezithuba ezithe tyaba, abavoti abaninzi bagqiba ukuba ngubani ozakuxhasa ingxoxo yokuqala, bebenza bangabi namathuba okusenziswa lulwazi olutsha. Abaphulaphuli abaphilayo basoloko bezaliswe ngabaxhasi abarhoxisayo abaxhamla abachasanayo nabagculelayo, bedala umoya ofana nongqubano ophelisa ingqiqo yempikiswano. Kwanaphakathi kwababukeli ekhaya, utyekelo lokubukela kuphela iingxoxo ezibalaselisa iimbono ezikhoyo zinciphisa umsebenzi onokuba luncedo wokulungisa intlola. Ezinye iidemocrafizio ziye zalinga "ukuvavanya okungenayo" apho iqela labameli be-vocimbi bebukele ingxoxo kwaye emva koko incoko ithetha ngamaqela amancinane aphakathi, anokunceda ukuchasana ii-evavavavavals.

Ukulungiselela Ingxoxo: Ukhokelo Olusebenzisekayo Kwabathathi - nxaxheba

Enoba ufanele angene kwisikhundla sikawonke - wonke, umfundi kukhuphiswano lwaseklasini, okanye inkokeli yeshishini ekhusela izicelo, ukulungiselela ingxubusho ephumelelayo kulandela imigaqo elandelelanayo.

  • Uphando olunzulu kumacala omabini enkupho. Ukwazi iimpikiswano zotshaba kusengaphambili kuvumela umphikisi ukuba alungiselele iingxoxo kunye nojongo olubuthathaka. Oku kuquka ufundo kungekuphela nje lwezibakala zenkqubo kodwa kwanoshicilelo lomchasi, iingxelo zikawonke-wonke, kunye necebo lokuphendula.
  • Ukunika izicwangciso zokuhambisa phantsi kwemiqathango yexesha. Ingxoxo enkulu enikezelwe kancinci kakhulu okanye ngokukhawuleza iphulukana namandla ayo okuyekelela. Ucwangciso nge-stowch, iintlanganiso zokushicilela, kwaye ukufumana ingxelo enyanisekileyo kuntanga kuyakha intuthuzelo nechanekileyo.
  • [[NTL: 0] I-master ubugcisa besikhonkwane. Xa ejongene nombuzo okanye uhlaselo olungonwabanga, umphikisi onobuchule angawuvuma kancinci aze abhekise incoko kumxholo onamandla. Obu buchule kufuneka busetyenziswe ngokunqanda ukunqanda ukuvela, kodwa kubalulekile ukuze ahlale kumyalezo.
  • Lungisa amaxesha angalindelekanga. Ukungaphumeleli kobuchule, iiphazamiso zobugxwayiba, okanye ukuhlasela kobuqu kungadiza kwanononcedo olulungiselelwe kakuhle. Ukuqhelisela ngengqondo indlela yokuhlala uzolileyo kwaye uchwetheze phantsi koxinzelelo kuyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokukulungela.

Ikamva Lempikiswano Kubomi Bedemocratic

Njengokuba imimandla yedemokhrasi iguquka, kufuneka iphinde ibe namaziko axhasa ukuqiqa ngolwazi. Injongo engundoqo yokuphikisana – ukucel ’ umngeni iingcamango, ukubhenca iimpikiswano, kunye nokunceda abemi ukuba benze ukhetho oluqiqayo – lusasebenza njengakuqala. Kodwa ke, iifomati, iindlela zokusasaza, kunye nolindelo lwenkcubeko olunxulumene nengxoxo zisenokutshintsha ngokuphawulekayo kumashumi eminyaka azayo.

Iingxoxo Zokwenene Ezizezokwenene Nezandileyo

Ubugcisa obudibanisayo bungavumela abavoti ukuba babe namava eengxoxo kwimeko-bume ezizimelayo, apho banokubuza khona imibuzo yabo, bajonge intelekelelo yogcino-lwazi lokwenene, okanye bade bathabathe indima yomvotelwa ojongene nezigqibo ezinzima. Ezi zintsha zinokunyusa ukuganana, ingakumbi phakathi kwabavoti abaselula abakhululekileyo ngezixhobo zokunxibelelana. Kodwa baphakamisa amaxhala ngokusebenzisana: i-athom yomntu osisigxina nyani inokuba nemilinganiselo efanayo yomntu ophilayo?

Iimpikiswano Zamazwe Ngamazwe

Inkqubo yezizwe ngezizwe, njengotshintsho lwemozulu kunye nokuzilungiselela, kufuna incoko enqamlezayo. Singakubona ukuvela kwengxoxo yehlabathi lonke apho iinkokeli ezivela kumazwe ahlukeneyo ziphikisana ngohlobo lwengingqi phambi komphulaphuli ozweni lonke. iZizwe ezimanyeneyo[ zivavanye iingxoxo ezicwangcisiweyo, kodwa iingxoxo ezisesikweni zihlala zinqabile kumgangatho wezizwe ngezizwe. Ukwandisa lo msebenzi kungakhuthaza ukuqondana nokuphendulana okungakumbi phakathi kwamazwe.

Ukuhambelana nemfundo yeKhabhini

Ukwandisa ixabiso ledemokhrasi leengxoxo, izikolo kufuneka zidibanise ukubukela, uhlalutyo, kwaneengxoxo ezixelwayo kwizifundo zesikolo. Abafundi abafunda ukuchaza iimpazamo ezisengqiqweni, uvavanyo, kunye neembono ezichasanayo bakulungele kakuhle ukuba ngabathengisi abagxekayo bentetho yezobupolitika. Iinkqubo ezifana neNational Speech & Debatection Association sele zibonisa ukuba ukuqhelisa rhoqo kwiingxoxo ezicwangcisiweyo kuphucula ubuchule bokucinga kunye nokuzibophelela kwezentlalo. Ukwandisa iinkqubo ezinjalo kunganceda ukuhlengahlengahlengisa ukuchasana nokuchasana nokunganyeliswa kwemeko yezopolitiki ezisongela impilo ye-democrasehlabathi lonke.

Isiphelo: Iingenelo Ezihlala Zikho Zengxoxo

Iingxoxo zezobupolitika azifezekanga. Zingalawulwa ngokwezikolo, zincitshiswe zibekwa phantsi zize zityeshelwe ngabemi abafuna kakhulu ulwazi. Kodwa akukho siko ledemokhrasi elinikela inkxwaleko ecacileyo, ebonakalayo yemibono ekhuphisanayo kwixesha elizayo. Kwihlabathi elinamagumbi eentloko zesandi, ukukhuthuza, nokungathembani namaziko, ukuncokola ngeengcamango, okungabhalwanga zizinto zihlala zikho, okungasayi kuhlala zikho kwezona zixhobo zinamandla zokuziphendulela nokukhanyisela. Iintlanga ezibukela iingxoxo ngeliso eligxekayo, zixoxa ngabantu abaneembono ezahlukeneyo, kunye nevoti esekelwe kwimibandela esekelwe kwiingxoxo kunokuqinisa ulawulo-demokhrasi ngokwazo. Ingxoxo yengxoxo ayiso nje ingumsebenzi wembali; iyinto emele ihlaziswe ngokuhlaziya, kwaye ikhuselwa.