Imvelaphi Yale Milo: Iingxaki

Ukuyiqonda ngokupheleleyo intsingiselo yeNdibano yaseMntla Ireland, umntu kufuneka aqale aqonde imfazwe enzulu eyayilwa ukuba iconjululwe. IMibango, ixesha lobuzwe obumanyeneyo, ingcamango, kunye nogonyamelo lwamahlelo olwaqhubeka ukususela ekupheleni koo1960 de kube nguMbutho oMhle weSindululo sangoMntla weSihlanu we-1998, wabulala abantu abangama-3, washiya ilifa lobugxwayiba. Imfazwe eyathi yabangela ukuba amaProtestanti ase-Northern Ireland ahlale eyinxalenye yoBukumkani obumanyene, ngokuchasene noninzi lwamaKatolika alobuzwe, nomkhosi wesizwe omanyeneyo, owezobupolitika, owenziwe ngomgano, okrwelo, nocalucalulo lwezindlu, kunye nocalucalucalucalucalucalulo kwizindlu kunye nomsebenzi okhuthathiweyo olyiweyo olyiswe ngamaqela eRiphabliki zomkhosi wase-Ireland (IRA) kunye noomkhosi onyanisekileyo, kunye nomkhosi omkhosi omkhosi omkhosi omkhosi onamandla omkhosi waseBrishishishishishishini

Imigudu yokufumana isigqeba sezobupolitika yaqala ngokunyanisekileyo ngoo1970 nangoo1980, kodwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo yaphoxeka. Isivumelwano sobuNgesi sonyaka ka-1985 sanika iRiphabliki yase-Ireland indima yokufuna uncedo kwimicimbi yaseMantla e-Ireland, kodwa yalahlwa ngabamanyani. Inkqubo yoxolo yaphumelela ngo-1990, iqhutywa ziintetho ezifihlakeleyo, ukupheliswa kwemililo, kwaye ukhokelo lwamanani afana noJohn Hume, uDavid Trimble, uGerry Adams, kunye noAlbert Reynolds ekugqibeleni yavunyelwana ngo-10 ku April 1998, eyaziwa ngokuba nguLutsha, xa iKillest Agreement (ngokuqhelekileyo ibizwa ngokuba yiKinglist Revell Revell Revell) yatyiward kunye namaqela asibhozo e-Irish e-Irish.

Esi sivumelwano savunywa yi-pareminds: 71% yabavoti eNorthern Ireland kunye no-199% kwiRiphabliki yase-Ireland yasivunywa. Lo myalelo wedemokhrasi wawubalulekile. Isivumelwano seGood Wesihlanu saseka isakhiwo esineengqungqungquthela ezintathu: iStrand Onenza iNdibano yaseNorthern Ireland kunye neGunyathelo loLawulo oluPhezulu (urhulumente we-Devolved phakathi kwe-UK); i-Strand 2 yaseka iBhunga loMntla-Mzantsi-Olongathiwe-mputhali ukuba ihlanganise i-Ireland kunye norhulumente wase-Ireland; kunye neStrand 3 adale iBrish-Irish Commu ye-Internstrievement. Ngalo ndlela iNdibano iyisitshixo solawulo lwangaphakathi, yenziwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba omabini umanyano kunye noluntu lwamazwe oluntu basebenzisana.

Isiseko Sesivumelwano Esihle SangoLwesihlanu

I-Good Wear Agreement iyisivumelwano soxolo esintsonkothileyo, esinezahlulo ezininzi esisekelwe kwimigaqo emininzi engundoqo: ukuvumelana, ukuxhasa amandla, amalungelo abantu, kunye nokulingana komgangatho wobunewunewu. Isivumelwano sithetha ukuba uMntla Ireland uhlala uyinxalenye ye-UK de uninzi lwabemi bawo luvote ngenye indlela. Umgaqo wamandla okhusela amagunya amakhulu omanyano kunye namaqela esizwe ubumba urhulumente omanyano. Isivumelwano siquka kwakhona amalungiselelo amakhulu ekuguquleni imikhosi, ukukhulula kwezixhobo zemikhosi yamatoliki, kunye nokukhululwa kwamabanjwa. Ikhusela amalungelo abantu ngeNkombutho yaseYurophu elwela amalungelo abantu kwaye ivelise iNtlanganiso ye-Ireyitriter Ireland ingurhulumente kunye ne-E-ofrommentation Commission.

Uhlaziyo olusembindini luyimo yesivumelwano esinyanzelekileyo soLawulo oluPhezulu. UMphathiswa wokuqala nesekela lomPhathiswa Wokuqala bakhethwa kunye yiNdibano kwisiseko esinqamlezileyo, efuna inkxaso kuzo zombini iingingqi zomanyano kunye nesobuzwe. INdibano ye-11 yolungiselelo inikwe amaqela esebenzisa indlela yombutho we-d'Hondt, esekelwe kwisabelo sawo sezihlalo kwiNdibano. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba kwanamaqela angaphumelelanga zihlalo zininzi elungeniswe ngurhulumenteni ukuba adibana nomda. INdibano ngokwayo isebenzisa umxube wesivumelwano esinxulumeneyo (inko yomibini yombutho kunye namalungu owesizwe) kwaye ityekele umninzi (60% wawo onke amalungu akwindawo nganye ekwizigcisa ngalinye) kumthetho ngamnye, inqanda naliphi naliphi naliphi ibutho lawo elikwizigxobo ezimele omnye kwilungu lomthetho.

Isivumelwano sasungula udidi olutsha lowiso-mthetho: "izigqibo ezingundoqo" ezifuna inkxaso enqamlezayo. Imizekelo iquka unyulo loSomlomo, ukuguqulwa kwimiyalelo emileyo, kunye nemvume yoqingqo-mali. Ezi nkqubo zenzelwe ukunyanzela ulalanisa kunye nentsebenziswano. Ukukhutshwa kwezixhobo zomkhosi kwakungumba othanda ukuphikisana, ekugqibeleni ofezwa ngo-2005 phantsi kolawulo lweziqu ezizimeleyo. Imithetho yahlaziywa ngokudalwa kwenkonzo yamapolisa eNyakatho ye-Ireland (PSNI) kunye nokuphunyezwa kolawulo lwamaKatolika, ukwanda komelo nokwazisa izindululo lwezibonelelo.

Indibano Yasemntla Ireland Yamagunya Nemisebenzi

INdibano yaseMntla Ireland yindlu yowiso-mthetho engowesiThunga-waka enamalungu angama-90 eSivumelwano soMthetho (MLS), enyulwe luvoti enye edlulisiweyo (STV) ukusuka kwi 18-malungu amahlanu. INdibano inobuchule obupheleleyo bokumisela imithetho phezu "ukufuduswa" kwemicimbi: ubulimi, imfundo, impilo, iinkonzo zoluntu, urhulumente wasekuhlaleni, inkqubela-ntle yezoqoqosho, inkcubeko, inkcubeko, kunye nemidlalo. Isenokwenza nemithetho ekwimicimbi "ekulungiselwa iPalamente yezaphuli-mthetho neyomthetho" ngemvume yePalamente ye-UK, kunye "indawo efana nemicimbi yamazwe asemzini, ukukhusela, kunye nerhafutheliswa kwerhafu) ihlala phantsi kolawulo lwe-Westernstern.

INdibano ihlolisisa umsebenzi woMphathi-Msebenzi omiselwe ngeekomiti eziphethe isithunzi sesebe ngalinye likarhulumente. Ezi komiti zihlola amatyala, ziqwalasela inkqubo, zize ziphendule abalungiseleli. INdibano ikwanezicelo zenkxalabo yezoML, ezivumela naziphi na ii-ML ezingama-30 ukuba zifune ivoti yokunqamleza kumthetho ocetyisiweyo, zithintele inkoliso elula ekuxhaseni izilangazelelo ezincinane. Oku kuye kwasetyenziswa rhoqo ukuthintela umthetho ongqubanayo, ingakumbi ukuma okunxulumene nomtshato onxulumene nokuqhomfa, de kamva itshintshe ngenkaniswe ngumthetho weWesterman.

Ngaphandle komthetho, iNdibano ilungiselela uququzelelo lukawonke-wonke lwengxoxo yezobupolitika, emela iimbono ezahlukeneyo. Iqhuba iimibuzo, ihlolisisa amadinga kawonke-wonke, kunye neengxoxo zokubaluleka kwesizwe njengempembelelo yeBrexit. Umphathi-mikhosi (Othetha) uqinisekisa ukungakhethe. IKhomishini yeNdibano ilawula impahla yesiko, abasebenzi, kunye noqingqo-mali. INdibano ikwanendima kulwalamano lwezizwe ngezizwe, ingakumbi ngeNdibano yePalamente yaseBritani kunye namakhonkco neEuropean Union.

IGama eliLawulayo

UMphathiswa wokuqala noMphathiswa Wokuqala oLawulayo waseMantla eIreland uququzelelwa ngumPhathiswa wokuqala, isekela lomPhathiswa Wokuqala (oziintloko ezimanyeneyo zikarhulumente), kunye nabaphathi-mikhosi abali-10 abatyunjwe yinkqubo ye-d'Hondt. Lo mPhathiswa wokuqala kunye nesekela lomPhathiswa Wokuqala banyulwa ngokumanyeneyo ngeNdibano kwivoti enqamlezayo. Banobume obulinganayo kwaye basebenza kunye kwizigqibo ezininzi, njengokufaka uqingqo-mali okanye abalungiseleli abatyunjwa. Eli lungiselelo libonisa umgaqo osisiseko wokuba akukho butho linokulawula elinye.

UGunyazo lungasekwa kuphela ukuba i-Result Incentive ne-social amaqela ayavuma ukuba nenxaxheba. Ukuba elinye iqela liyarhoxa, ukuwa okupheleleyo. Oku kwenzeke amaxesha amaninzi: amaxesha abalulekileyo okujijwa kwenzeka ngo 2000, 2002-20017, kwaye kutshanje ukusuka ku 2020 ku-IResuble Heat Incentive (RHI) ehlazisayo. Ingxaki nganye ifuna uxokelelwano olunzulu phakathi kwe UK noorhulumente base-Ireland ukuze balungise amaziko. Amandla-ophakal, ngelixa ebuthathaka, anyanze amaqela asebenzisana okanye ajongene nomthetho osuka eLondon, othe kakhulu akathandwa.

Izigqibo zoqingqo-mali zinzima kakhulu kuba uMlawuli oLawulayo kufuneka anike oovimba kuzo zonke iinkonzo zombini ngoxa enelise zombini uluntu. Ukunqongophala kwenkcaso esesikweni kumzekelo wokuqala kwagxekwa, kodwa i-2022 New Decare, isivumelwano esitsha sokufikelela komthetho sasungula inkcaso esemthethweni kumaqela akhethayo ukungathathi nxaxheba. Oku kuye kwavumela ukuba aqwalaselwe ngokuqatha ngakumbi kwaye aphendule.

Uyilo loLuntu nokwenza umatshini

UML njengoko kufuneka bazichaze ngokwabo njenge-miliniki, i-socialism, okanye enye xa betyobela umqulu wamalungu. Esi sigqeba siqhuba inkqubo yokuvota enqamlezayo-octumy. Ukuze umthetho udlule njenge "isigqibo sesitshixo," kufuneka yamkele mhlawumbi (a) uninzi lwamalungu adibanisa uninzi lwamalungu omdibanisi kunye ne-omatiloshe (imvume ye-UNICEF) okanye (b) noko 60% yawo onke amalungu amalunga nama-40% egama ngalinye (oyena wonke-sininzi). Oku kunyanzelela ukuba anxibelelane ngapha nangapha nangapha kolwahlulo. Ekuqheliseni, inkoliso yomthetho igqithisa kuninzi kwinkoliso, kodwa imiba efana neflegi, imiboniso, umboniso, kunye nophawu lwenkcube yenkcube ixhobisa iimfuneko ze-commo.

Inkqubo yokuchaza iye yagxekwa ngenxa yokwahlulwa kwamahlelo, njengokuba i-MLA inyanzelekile ukuvakalisa ubunikazi boluntu kunokuba ibe yingcamango enye. Amanye amaqela, njengeParti ye-Alliance, aye aphikisana ngokususwa kwayo. Noko ke, le nkqubo ihlala ililungu lesivumelwano, ilungiselela umnatha wokhuseleko kwiqela elincinane. Izicelo zenkcubeko, ezivumela ama-ML angama-ML ukucelela ivoti yokunqamleza i-commony kumbandela, iye yasetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo; umzekelo, iDemocratic Union Party (DuP) isebenzise ukuvala umtshato ofanayo owe-exxpress iminyaka emininzi, de kube ingene kwi-minstern.

Iingxaki Neentlekele: Ukuphelelwa Lithemba, Ukubuya Kwengqondo Nokubuyiselwa

INdibano ijongene neemeko ezininzi ezikhoyo. Ukuzimela kokuqala kwenzeka ngoMeyi 2000, kwiinyanga ezimbalwa emva kokuba amaziko efumene igunya, ngenxa yokuba i-IRA yayingazange iphumele izixhobo. Emva kokungaphumeleli kweMitchell Review, uPeter Mandelson, ngoko unobhala wezwe laseNorthern Ireland, waxhoma iNdibano. Yabuyiselwa kwakhona ngoMeyi 2000 emva kokuba i-IRA yenze isiqinisekiso sokukhupha umkhosi. I-IRA yaqhutyekwa ngaphezulu kwenzeka ukususela ngo-Oktobha 2002 ukuya kuMay 2007, ilandela izityholo zokungasebenzi kwe-IRA e-Squandersont. Ngeli xesha, i-Northern Ireland yaphinda yalawulwa ngumthetho ongqalileyo ukusuka eNtshona Ntshona.

Isivumelwano seSt Andrews ka-2006 sokulungisa, sacela i-Dup ukuba yamkele amandla okulawula kunye neSinn Féin ukuxhasa ubupolisa kunye nokusesikweni. I-Democratic Unionis Party, ikhokelwa yi-Ian Paisley, kunye neSinn Féin, ekhokelwa nguGerry Adams, yavuma ukwabelana ngegunya, kwaye iNdibano yaphinda yahlanganisana ngo-2007 nePaisley njengoMphathiswa wokuqala noMartin McGuinnes njengesekela lomPhathiswa Wokuqala. Eli xesha lozinzo olunxulumeneyo laqhubeka de kwangoJanuwa 2017, xa iN.

Iminyaka emithathu eyalandelayo yayilelona xesha lide kungekho rhulumente osebenzayo. U-UK norhulumente wase-Ireland baqhekeza ishumi leminyaka elitsha, isivumelwano esitsha soFilozo-Mgaqo 2020, esabuyisela amaziko ngeenguqu kuquka inkcaso eyomeleleyo, ulwimi olutsha kunye nempahla yenkcubeko (kuquka ukhuseleko lolwimi lwase-Ireland kunye nekhomishini yeUlster-Scots), kunye neenguqu kwi-Promssion of Confectrance. INdibano yaqalisa kwakhona ngo-11 kaJanuwari 2020.

IBrexit yaphakamisa ucelomngeni olukhulu kwi-UK ye-UK e-Irish Wearvent Treaunce. Ukurhoxa kwe-UK e-UNIC kwadala umda onzima kwisiqithi sase-Ireland, owabeka engozini yokuphazamisa inkqubo yoxolo. Isivumelwano soMntla Ireland, kamva sathathelwa indawo yiWindsor Framework, sagcina i-Northern Ireland ihambisana nemithetho emininzi ye-EUC yenterrect, isenza umhlanode kuLwandle lwe-Irish. Amaqela e-Unist, ingakumbi i-Dupu, yayibona njengesongelo kwindawo yoxolo eMntla Ireland eUK kwaye ekugqibeleni yasebenzisa i-Andrea yoMvumelwano-Mkhosi ukuze ivukele. I-DUPP' ithintele unyulo lonyulo lwe-Deccolo kuMgalelo de Februwa 2024, xa kwafika isivumelwano esitsha esibizwa "ukulungisa i-Uni okutsha nokusetyenziswa kwe-Uni." i-Ampmpmps.

Kuzo zonke ezi ngxaki, iNdibano ibonise ukumelana nokuzinza. Ukubuyiselwa ngakunye kuqinisekisa ukuzinikela kwawo onke amaqela – kwanalawo achasa iProtocol – kwimigaqo yesivumelwano sangoLwesihlanu esilungileyo. Esi siko sisaphila ngenxa yokuba akukho enye indlela ethembekileyo. Umthetho othe ngqo ujongwa njengokusilela kwedemokhrasi yasekuhlaleni, kwaye abantu bayaqhubeka bexhasa ngokuphandle ukupheliswa kwedemokhrasi.

Impembelelo Entlalweni Nakwezoqoqosho

Ubukho beNdibano buye baba neziphumo ezinzulu ngaphaya kwezobupolitika. Ulwahlulo loxolo luzisele urhwebo olubalulekileyo, ulwando lobukhenkethi, kunye nenkqubela phambili. Isixeko saseBelfast siye satshintshwa, kunye neehotele ezintsha, neevenkile zokutyela, kunye neendawo zenkcubeko ezifana neTitanic Carpont. Ulawulo lwezibonelelo luye lwangavelela kwiprojekthi ezingundoqo, kuquka ulwando lweA5 lwezithutho zeBelfast City Airport. Utshintsho, uphuhliso lwezempilo, kunye neenkqubo zezindlu zoluntu zingenele ngokungqalileyo.

Noko ke, ucalucalulo lwamahlelo luhlala luqinile kwizindlu, imfundo, kunye nobomi bentlalo. Malunga nama-90% abantwana bafunda kurhulumente (obona baProtestanti) okanye kwizikolo ezinamaKatolika. Iindonga zoxolo zisahlula abantu eBelfast. INdibano iye yazama ukuphendula le miba ngakunye: Ukwakha ucwangciso loMbutho woMbutho oManyeneyo kunye nenkxaso-mali ukwenzela imisebenzi yokunqamleza. I-ofisi yeNkulumbuso wokuqala nesekela lomPhathiswa Wokuqala ilungelelanisa iNkqubo yeCohesionon, iyabelana, kunye ne-Integration.

INdibano ikwadlulise umthetho obalulekileyo kwimibandela eyayivalwe ngaphambili yiSicelo Sobudlelane, esifana nomtshato onyanzelekileyo (owenziwe ngokusemthethweni ngowama-2020 emva kongenelelo lweWestminster) kunye nokuqhomfa (okwamkelekileyo nguWestminster). Ukunqongophala koMlawuli ixesha elide kwathetha ukuba imibandela emininzi yentlalo yashiywa ingaconjululwanga, kodwa xa ibuyiselwe, iNdibano ibonise ukuba iyakwazi ukutshintsha imibandela echukumisiweyo xa kuyimfuneko.

Amathemba Angoku Nawangoku

Ngonyaka wama-2025, iNdibano yaseMntla Ireland isebenza emva konyulo olude. UMphathiswa wokuqala ngoku nguMichelle O'Neill (Sin Féin) kunye nesekela lomPhathiswa wokuqala ngu-Emma Little-Pengelly (Dup), ebonisa uloyiso lwembali njengeqela elikhulu kunyulo lwama 2022. UmPhathiswa ophetheyo ujongene nocelomngeni olukhulu: inkonzo yezempilo enzima, uluhlu oluphezulu olulindayo, iingxaki zezindlu, kunye neendleko eziqhubekayo zeengcinezelo zokuphila. Ilifa leMbango zihlala zingalungiswa, namaqela amaxhoba afuna uncedo olusuka kuMthethweni (owadlula ngonyuko lwaseWestman kodwa ajongeneengxaki ezisemthethweni).

IWindsor Framework kunye ne 2024 "Ukulondoloza iManyano" ulwakhiwo luye lwadambisa ezinye izikhalazo zomanyano, kodwa uxanduva olusisiseko luyaqhubeka. I-Dup ihlala ikhaliphile naluphi na ulungelelwaniso ngemithetho ye-EU, kwaye iSin Féin iyaqhubeka iphulo lophendlo olumanyeneyo lwe-Ireland. INdibano libala apho le mibono ikhuphisanayo imele ixolelaniswe khona. Ukukwazi kwayo ukusebenza kuxhomekeke ekuzimiseleni kwawo onke amaqela ukusebenza kwizakhiwo zeGookstry Avemblity.

Ukuthemba uluntu kula maqumrhu akunakuphumelela. Uhlolisiso lubonisa ukuba abantu abaninzi baseMntla Ireland bayadimazeka ngenxa yokungazinzi kwezobupolitika. Sekunjalo, iNdibano isekuphela kwento esemthethweni kurhulumente okhuthuzayo. Ukubakho kwayo kuthintela ukubuyela kulawulo olungqalileyo, kunye nomngcipheko wogonyamelo olutsha. I-Pace Proces ayiphelelanga; ifuna ukulungiswa okuqhubekayo. INdibano yinjini egcina loo nto, kwaye ukusinda kwayo kuyimfuneko ukuze kubekho uxolo, impumelelo, kunye nekamva le-Ireland.

Isiphelo: Umsebenzi Ozinzileyo

INdibano yaseNorthern Ireland ingaphezulu kakhulu kunequmrhu lowiso-mthetho; luphawu lwempumelelo yeGood Wear Agreement ekuguquleni ibutho labantu eliphazanyisiweyo yimfazwe libe yelo likwaziyo ukuqhubana ngoxolo. Ngoxa likhubeke, lixhotyiswe, lijike, lize lijike, alizange liphele ngonaphakade. Ingxaki nganye iye yadityaniswa nengxoxo entsha, esoloko ibandakanya oorhulumente baseBritane ne-Ireland abasebenza njengabaxhasi. INdibano inguwo elawula imigaqo yemvume nentlonelo, ingqinelane nokuvusemgangathweni wemozulu, ukubulala abantu ngokwezobupolitika, kunye nezinyuso ezikhulu zikawonke wonke.

INdibano ayisombululi zonke izahlulo ezinzulu kuMntla Ireland. Yinkqubo yokuzilawula, ikhokelela kwimpikiswano engquzulwaneni yepalamente norhulumente odibanisayo kunokuba ibe lugonyamelo. Kubantu baseMntla Ireland, iNdibano inika ilizwi – elingefezekanga, elidimazayo, elidla ngokuphazamisa – kodwa ilizwi. Logama nje elo lilizwi lithetha ngazo zombini ezi zithethe, i-Good Wear Revenment iza kuqhubeka. INdibano ayilo nje lifa loxolo; lisenzo soxolo samihla ngemihla.

Isivumelwano asisosisivumelwano kodwa sisenzo. Amaziko asiyondlela yakuphela, kodwa asiyondlela yokuziphilisa; iNdibano yiyo apho kusetyenzwa nzima khona ukuxolelanisa imibutho emibini, izithethe ezimbini, neenjongo ezimbini.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, jonga kwi webhsayithi ye- enomNtla Ireland yeNdibano, i Umbhalo wesivumelwano othe ngqo [, kwaye uhlalutyo olusuka ku [[FLT:] Ixesha elilungileyo kuLwesihlanu i-Active condurectory .

Ikamva liza kuvavanya kwakhona iNdibano – kunye nohlolo lomda, utshintsho lwamanani, kunye nelifa leBrexit. Kodwa ukuba imbali inguwo naluphi na ukhokelo, amaziko aza kutshintsha. INdibano yaseMntla Ireland ihlala ingundoqo wenkqubo yoxolo, itestamente yoko kunokwenzeka xa ulawulo lwezobupolitika lukhetha ukuxhasa amandla alawulayo, kwaye xa abantu bekhetha ukwakha ikamva elahlukeneyo.